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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Rapid Reference
- Sprache: Englisch
Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner Practical guide to using color flow and spectral Doppler in interpreting echocardiographic findings in veterinary practice Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner provides a clinically oriented quick reference to using color flow and spectral Doppler to interpret echocardiographic findings, enabling readers to learn and apply these techniques and acquire background knowledge of technical factors affecting diagnostic color and spectral Doppler. Practically, the text also serves as a quick checklist for the Doppler features of commonly acquired cardiac diseases in the dog and cat. To aid in reader comprehension, the text contains color images and video clips to support the descriptions. This handbook is not intended as a comprehensive explanation of the echocardiographic features associated with heart disease in animals. Rather, it is intended as the next step for the general practitioner and the non-cardiac specialist that have learned to acquire diagnostic 2D and M-Mode echocardiographic studies. Written by a highly experienced professionals with nearly 40 years of experience in the field of veterinary echocardiography, sample topics covered in Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner include: * Doppler principles as they apply to accuracy and evaluation of the color flow and spectral Doppler examination * Imaging planes required for accurate evaluation of flows in the heart and an explanation of and application of Doppler pressure gradients * Interpretation of color flow signals and common Doppler features of the most frequently acquired heart diseases in dogs and cats * Specific intricacies of the field, including isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and imaging planes techniques of the mitral valve and aorta Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner is a highly valuable resource and practical guide for all professionals in the field who have learned to acquire diagnostic 2D and M-Mode echocardiographic studies and now need to understand how to learn and apply these techniques in a myriad of practical applications. Related Titles Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner Second Edition By June Boon 9781119028536 Life-Threatening Cardiac Emergencies for the Small Animal Practitioner By Maureen McMichael and Ryan Fries 9781119042075 Cardiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses By H. Edward Durham 9780813813530
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Seitenzahl: 132
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
Section 1: The Basics: What You need to know
DOPPLER PRINCIPLES AS THEY APPLY TO ACCURACY AND QUALITY OF THE EXAM
OPTIMIZING DOPPLER DISPLAYS
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
Section 2: The Doppler Examination
Section 3: Applications
Section 4: Doppler Features in Common Acquired Cardiac Diseases
Appendix 1: Spectral Doppler Reference Ranges for the Dog and Cat
Appendix 2: Abbreviations
Recommended Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 As this ambulance drives toward the person on the right it encoun...
Figure 1.2 (a) As sound waves encounter blood cells moving away from the tra...
Figure 1.3 (a) A Doppler cursor placed in the aorta on an apical 5 chamber p...
Figure 1.4 The Doppler cursor is aligned with aortic flow leaving the left v...
Figure 1.5 The multiple lines of Doppler sound in a color flow sector are fi...
Figure 1.6 While color flow Doppler locates possible areas of abnormal flow ...
Figure 1.7 The spectral display baseline is moved up or down as needed to ac...
Figure 1.8 (a) The downward flow is not fully displayed and wraps to the top...
Figure 1.9 (a) Pulmonary artery systolic flow in this image does not exceed ...
Figure 1.10 (a) This high‐frequency transducer has a PW frequency of 4.4 MHz...
Figure 1.11 Increasing depth of a PW gate decreases the Nyquist limit, resul...
Figure 1.12 Any deviation from parallel to flow will underestimate the true ...
Figure 1.13 Peak flow should be measured at the modal velocity. This is the ...
Figure 1.14 (a) Adjust color gain until speckling occurs over the color and ...
Figure 1.15 Two‐dimensional gain that is set too high can prevent color Dopp...
Figure 1.16 Although color flow Doppler is forgiving of angles, images that ...
Figure 1.17 Lower Nyquist limits entrain lower flow velocities into the alia...
Figure 1.18 Larger color sector boxes slow down frame rate, resulting in slo...
Figure 1.19 Normal blood flow through the heart is laminar. Blood travels in...
Figure 1.20 Normal laminar blood flow has hollow PW envelopes since there is...
Figure 1.21 When flow becomes turbulent it is no longer laminar, and multipl...
Figure 1.22 Non‐laminar flow causes filled‐in PW flow profiles. This is call...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 (a) Spectral Doppler of the mitral valve can be obtained from the...
Figure 2.2 (a) Trans mitral valve flow shows the two phases of diastolic lef...
Figure 2.3 Measuring trans mitral flow involves measuring peak E wave veloci...
Figure 2.4 (a) Spectral Doppler of the aorta and outflow tract can be obtain...
Figure 2.5 The aortic spectral envelope is always downward and rapidly accel...
Figure 2.6 (a) Right ventricular outflow tract flow can be obtained from the...
Figure 2.7 (a) A gate placed just distal to the pulmonary valve (arrow) reco...
Figure 2.8 Pulmonary artery flow profiles are symmetrical with peak velocity...
Figure 2.9 (a) Isovolumic relaxation time can be measured from apical 5 cham...
Figure 2.10 (a) IVRT is the time period between end of ejection to start of ...
Figure 2.11 Pulmonary venous flow is continuous and phasic. During systole w...
Figure 2.12 Pulmonary venous flow can be obtained from several left atrial v...
Figure 2.13 Spectral evaluation of pulmonary venous flow uses PW Doppler onl...
Figure 2.14 Each component of pulmonary venous flow is measured. Peak S, D, ...
Figure 2.15 Left auricular filling and emptying is obtained from either the ...
Figure 2.16 Use PW for left auricular flow. The gate is placed at the percei...
Figure 2.17 Color flow Doppler of the mitral valve can be obtained from the ...
Figure 2.18 The right parasternal 4 chamber view can be used to evaluate MV ...
Figure 2.19 Apical 4 chamber views provide excellent color flow information ...
Figure 2.20 Apical 5 chamber views are used to evaluate mitral valve color. ...
Figure 2.21 The right parasternal inflow outflow view is used to evaluate ao...
Figure 2.22 Left cranial long axis inflow outflow views are used to evaluate...
Figure 2.23 Apical 5 chamber views are used to evaluate color flow of the ao...
Figure 2.24 The subcostal view of the aorta often shows good color flow but ...
Figure 2.25 The right parasternal transverse view at the heart base of the p...
Figure 2.26 The oblique (modified) long axis view of the pulmonary artery ty...
Figure 2.27 Pulmonary artery images obtained from the left cranial long axis...
Figure 2.28 Color on left cranial transverse views of the pulmonary artery i...
Figure 2.29 Right parasternal 4 chamber views can be used to evaluate tricus...
Figure 2.30 Right parasternal transverse heart base views at either the left...
Figure 2.31 The left cranial transverse imaging plane is ideal for recording...
Figure 2.32 The apical 4 chamber view is sometimes a good plane to record di...
Figure 2.33 Images of the right auricle from the left cranial location show ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Typical normal pressures in the heart and great vessels are shown...
Figure 3.2 The Bernoulli equation used to determine pressure gradients in th...
Figure 3.3 Blood always flows from high to low pressure. If peak velocity in...
Figure 3.4 Adding volume to blood moving through a valve or vessel will incr...
Figure 3.5 Blood flow velocity must increase to move through a narrowed area...
Figure 3.6 Increased pressure driving regurgitant flow elevates flow velocit...
Figure 3.7 There are times when the modified Bernoulli equation will overest...
Figure 3.8 Pressure gradients across a mitral regurgitant jet when LV pressu...
Figure 3.9 (a) A blood pressure of 80 mm Hg is consistent with an LV peak sy...
Figure 3.10 Flow velocity across a narrowed pathway is elevated and reflects...
Figure 3.11 (a) When right ventricular pressure is normal the driving pressu...
Figure 3.12 The vena cava as it crosses the diaphragm should collapse almost...
Figure 3.13 As right atrial pressure increases above normal the pressure bac...
Figure 3.14 Diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery drives the velocity o...
Figure 3.15 When Class 1 diastolic dysfunction exists, early diastolic filli...
Figure 3.16 When Class 1 diastolic dysfunction exists, relaxation is impaire...
Figure 3.17 Class 1 diastolic dysfunction causes the mitral valve E wave vel...
Figure 3.18 As diastolic dysfunction progresses into Class 2, LA pressure in...
Figure 3.19 Increased LA pressure during diastolic dysfunctional Class 2 all...
Figure 3.20 Because left atrial pressure has increased in Class 2 diastolic ...
Figure 3.21 Class 2 diastolic dysfunction with mildly elevated left atrial p...
Figure 3.22 Progressively deteriorating relaxation and accompanying poor com...
Figure 3.23 Significantly elevated left atrial pressure in Class 3 diastolic...
Figure 3.24 Significantly elevated left atrial pressure prevents the atrium ...
Figure 3.25 Class 3 diastolic dysfunction results in high E/A ratios, short ...
Figure 3.26 This image shows a summary of mitral valve flow profiles, isovol...
Figure 3.27 This table shows a summary of mitral valve flow profiles, isovol...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 An insufficient jet that barely extends into the left atrial cham...
Figure 4.2 A regurgitant jet that occupies less than 20% of the left atrium ...
Figure 4.3
Regurgitant jets that encompass between 20% and 60% of left...
Figure 4.4 Mitral regurgitant jets that occupy greater than 60% of left atr...
Figure 4.5
Color regurgitant jets that essentially fill the LA are ref...
Figure 4.6 The Coanda effect underestimates the severity of regurgitant flo...
Figure 4.7 (a) Pressure gradients recorded from mitral regurgitant flow are ...
Figure 4.8 Left atrial pressure drives the E wave velocity of mitral flow in...
Figure 4.9 The pressure gradient (PG) of a tricuspid regurgitant jet reflect...
Figure 4.10 Pulmonary insufficiency can also reveal the presence of pulmonar...
Figure 4.11 (a) This right parasternal 4 chamber view shows a centrally dire...
Figure 4.12 The pressure gradient of a mitral regurgitant flow reflects left...
Figure 4.13 The ratio of E:IVRT can predict the presence of elevated LA pres...
Figure 4.14 (a) Left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic obstruc...
Figure 4.15 (a) Sometimes an obstruction to flow out of the left ventricle (...
Figure 4.16 As systole progresses in hearts with hypertrophic obstructive ca...
Figure 4.17 Flow velocities in or out of the auricle less than .25 m/s place...
Figure 4.18 Once in Class 2 (pseudonormal) atrial size may start to increase...
Figure 4.19 Turbulent color flow is seen in the right ventricular outflow ta...
Figure 4.20 Dynamic right ventricular outflow tact obstruction (DRVOTO) crea...
Figure 4.21 (a) Nonspecific cardiomyopathy usually has no outflow obstructio...
Figure 4.22 Tricuspid and pulmonary insufficiencies are common in normal hea...
Figure 4.23 Pulmonary stenosis needs to be ruled out before the diagnosis of...
Figure 4.24 Normal pulmonary artery flow profiles are symmetrical with peak ...
Figure 4.25 (a) Higher RV pressure ejects blood with more force and pulmonar...
Figure 4.26 Significant pulmonary hypertension often decreases volume throug...
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
About the Companion Website
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Appendix 1 Spectral Doppler Reference Ranges for the Dog and Cat
Appendix 2 Abbreviations
Recommended Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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The Rapid Reference series
Books in the Rapid Reference series are ideal quick references, using a concise, practical approach to provide small animal practitioners with fast access to essential information. Designed to be used at a patient’s side, these books make it easy to quickly diagnose cardiac disease. Rapid Reference books are an indispensable tool for the exam room.
Other Rapid Reference series titles
Two‐Dimensional and M‐Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner, 2nd Edition (2017)By June A. Boon9781119028536
A Practical Approach to Neurology for the Small Animal Practitioner, 1st Edition (2020)By Paul M. Freeman and Edward Ives9781119514589
Life‐Threatening Cardiac Emergencies for the Small Animal Practitioner, 1st Edition (2016)By Maureen McMichael and Ryan Fries9781119042075
Practical Transfusion Medicine for the Small Animal Practitioner, 2nd Edition (2017)By Carolyn A. Sink9781119187660
Doppler Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner
June A. Boon, MS
Instructor and Echocardiographer
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
This edition first published 2023First edition © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for
Paperback ISBN: 9781119730170
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Courtesy of June A. Boon
To Dave – my biggest supporter.Thanks for always believing I can do anything.
Preface
Two‐Dimensional and M‐Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner
