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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Enables readers to grasp the fundamentals of applied electromagnetics through a blended pedagogical approach
Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves comprehensively covers both fundamentals and advanced topics in applied electromagnetics (EM) for the professional, going above the basic static and dynamic EM field theories that are covered in most undergraduate EM textbooks. The textbook introduces complex topics with illustrations of modern technologies that use the topics, followed by a simple presentation of the basic vector analysis and Maxwell’s equations, supported by many practical examples, math essays, math puzzles, and the most modern technological developments from the websites of prominent technology companies.
The textbook includes review questions at the end of each topic to enhance the students’ learning experience and outcomes. It provides the links for multimedia lecture videos and directs students to relevant open sources such as YouTube videos and lecture materials from the prestigious universities of developed and developing nations. The textbook is supported by presentation slides, a solution and instructor’s manual, and MATLAB program downloads.
Written by prolific teacher Dr. Karmakar, Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves discusses topics including:
- Fundamental theories of resonators, optical waveguides and fibers, antennas and antenna arrays, wireless systems, and electromagnetic compatibility
- Electrostatic field theory and detailed derivations of electromagnetic fundamentals such as electric charges and Coulomb’s law
- Applications of time-varying electromagnetic fields, covering transmission lines, impedance matching techniques, and waveguides
- How electromagnetics has impacted our day-to-day life and how we use it in our workplace and on social media
- Historical anecdotes and evolution of EM theory from its inception to Maxwell and Hertz
Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves is an essential reference for researchers, professionals, and policy and decision makers in the fields of electromagnetics, electrical engineering, wireless communications, and defense.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Emerging Technologies That Use Advanced Electromagnetics
1.3 Wireless Mobile Communication Systems
1.4 Modern Pedagogy in Advanced Electromagnetics
1.5 Design Project: Wireless Energy Harvester
1.6 Conclusion
1.7 Questions
References
Notes
Chapter 2: Vector Analyses
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vector Analysis
2.3 Vector Operators: Gradient, Divergence and Curl
2.4 Divergence Theorem
2.5 Stokes’ Theorem
2.6 Two Vector Null Identities
2.7 Chapter Summary
2.8 Problems
Notes
Part I: Historical Perspective
Chapter 3: Electromagnetism
Section I: Historical Perspective of Electromagnetism
3.1 Introduction to Electromagnetism
3.2 Historical Perspective of Electromagnetic Theory
3.3 Time-varying/Dynamic Electromagnetics Field
3.4 Discussion of Advanced Electromagnetic Theory
3.5 Problems
Notes
Chapter 4: Electrostatics
Section II: Electrostatic Theory
4.1 Detailed Revision of Electromagnetic Fundamentals
4.2 Electric Field Intensity
4.3 Gauss’ Law
4.4 Electrostatic Current and Ohm’s Law
4.5 Electric Energy and Joule’s Law
4.6 Boundary Value Problem and Electrostatic Boundary Conditions
4.7 Electrostatic Potential Energy
4.8 Summary of Electrostatic Theory
4.9 Problems
References
Notes
Chapter 5: Magnetostatics
Section III: Magnetostatic Theory
5.1 Magnetostatic
5.2 Magnetic Flux Density
5.3 Ampere’s Circuital Law
5.4 Magnetic Vector Potential
5.5 Boundary Conditions of Magnetic Fields
5.6 Boundary Conditions for Tangential Components of
H
5.7 Magnetic Energy and Inductance
5.8 Mutual Inductance
5.9 Duality Between Electric and Magnetic Circuit Quantities
5.10 Summary of Chapter
5.11 Problems
References
Notes
Chapter 6: Time-varying Electromagnetics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Dawn of Time-varying Electromagnetic Field
6.3 Maxwell’s Current Continuity Equation
6.4 Relaxation Time and Conductivity of Conductor
6.5 Displacement Current
6.6 Example of Displacement Current
6.7 Maxwell’s Equations
6.8 Boundary Conditions in Static Electromagnetic Fields
6.9 Boundary Conditions of Time-varying Electromagnetic Fields
6.10 Non-homogenous Wave Equation for Potential Functions
6.11 Retarded Potentials
6.12 Homogenous Electromagnetic Wave Equations
6.13 Usefulness of Phasor Notation of Field Quantities
6.14 Electromagnetic Spectrum
6.15 Summary of Time-varying Electromagnetism
6.16 Chapter Summary
6.17 Problems
References
Notes
Chapter 7: Uniform Plane Wave
7.1 Introduction to Uniform Plane Wave
7.2 Fundamental Concept of Wave Propagation
7.3 Plane Wave Concept
7.4 One-dimensional Wave Equation Concept
7.5 Wave Motion and Wave Front
7.6 Phase Velocity of UPW
7.7 Wave Impedance
7.8 Time Harmonic Field Wave Equations
7.9 Refractive Index of Medium and Dispersion
7.10 Time Harmonic Wave Solution
7.11 Polarisation of UPW
7.12 Poynting Theorem
7.13 Static Poynting Theorem
7.14 Energy Balance Equation in the Presence of a Generator: In-flux and Out-flow of Power
7.15 Time Harmonic Poynting Vector
7.16 Application: Doppler Radar
7.17 Summary of Chapter
7.18 Questions: UPW Propagation
Notes
Part II: Boundary Value Problems
Chapter 8: Reflection and Transmission of Uniform Plane Wave
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electromagnetic Waves Analysis in the Context of Boundary Value Problems
8.3 Reflection and Refraction at Plane Surface
8.4 Normal Incidence at Dielectric Boundary
8.5 Concept of Standing Waves
8.6 Problems
Reference
Notes
Chapter 9: Propagation in Emerging and Advanced Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Applications
9.3 Normal Incidence on Imperfect Media
9.4 Applications of Normal Incidences on Lossy Dielectric Boundary
9.5 Oblique Incidence in Lossy Medium
9.6 Emerging Applications AEM in Precision Agriculture
9.7 Summary of Chapter
9.8 Problems
References
Notes
Chapter 10: Electromagnetic Passive Guiding Devices
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Various Transmission Lines
10.3 Transmission Line Theory
10.4 Calculations of Distributive Parameters of Transmission Lines
10.5 Loaded Transmission Line
10.6 Smith Chart
10.7 Conclusion
References
Notes
Chapter 11: Electromagnetic Testing Method
Summary
11.1 Basic Principles
11.2 History of Electromagnetic Testing
11.3 Who Conducted ET Method?
11.4 Standard for ET Method
11.5 Type of Standard
11.6 Types of ET
References
Chapter 12: Simulation Tools and Artificial Intelligence
12.1 Summary
12.2 Key Applications of AI in EM Simulation
12.3 History of Artificial Intelligence
12.4 Functions of AI
12.5 Antenna Design and Optimisation
12.6 Electromagnetic Simulation and Modelling
12.7 Electromagnetic Interference and Electromagnetic Compatibility
12.8 Wireless Communication
12.9 Non-destructive Testing
12.10 Radar and Imaging Systems
References
Chapter 13: Radio Frequency Sources and Interference
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fundamentals of RF Sources
13.3 Types of RF Sources
13.4 Design and Operation of RF Sources
13.5 Introduction to EMI/EMC
13.6 Sources of EMI
13.7 Effects of EMI
13.8 EMC Design Principles
13.9 Testing and Measurement for EMI/EMC
13.10 Case Studies and Applications
13.11 Future Trends and Technologies
13.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Deep Space Communications and Positioning
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The History of NASA’s DSN
14.3 The DSN Functional Description
14.4 Advanced Techniques in Deep Space Navigation
14.5 Telemetry Operations in the DSN
14.6 DSN Capabilities and Innovations
14.7 Data Types and Handling in the DSN
14.8 The Role of the DSN in the Apollo Program
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Chapter 1 outline.
Figure 1.2 Laws of EM and complex perception of the AEM discipline by learning.
Figure 1.3 (a) IoE. (b) A fighter plane is packed with so many advanced levels RF/microwave...
Figure 1.4 (a) Wireless charger.
Figure 1.5 A modern cellular system.
Figure 1.6 A modern transceiver with transmitter, receiver, and digital control section.
Figure 1.7 (a) Modern microwave transmitter and (b) receiver block diagram.
Figure 1.8 A chipless RFID tag reader at 4–8 GHz developed at the Monash Microwave, Antenna...
Figure 1.9 A VNA at MMARS laboratory with a test setup for array antenna return loss vs fre...
Figure 1.10 (a) Time-varying magnetic fields induce a across loop terminals. (b) Block diag...
Figure 1.11 Handheld GPS receiver.
Figure 1.12 CST animated radiation propagation of electromagnetic wave showing how the spher...
Figure 1.13 UPW in rectangular coordinate.
Figure 1.14 Different types of transmission lines. (a) Coaxial cables. (b) two-wire system. ...
Figure 1.15 An example of the Smith Chart.
Figure 1.16 A terminated transmission line.
Figure 1.17 Mobile phone simulations with human head and hand models.
Figure 1.18 (a) 3D Simulation of a directional antenna beam. (b) 3D Simulation of an omni-di...
Figure 1.19 Voltage and current on a half-wavelength dipole antenna.
Figure 1.20 Radiation pattern of a 22 × 22-element patch antenna array (Altair Feko simulati...
Figure 1.21 (a) Rectangular patch antenna with field distribution, impedance and currents, a...
Figure 1.22 Array pattern is a combination of element pattern and array factor.
Figure 1.23 An inset direct feed rectangular patch antenna design on FR4 substrate.
Figure 1.24 MMARS Laboratory’s chipless RFID reader system team in anechoic chamber.
Figure 1.25 (a) Schematic of EMI and (b) types of EMI.
Figure 1.26 Various sources of EMI.
Figure 1.27 (a) Electromagnetic theory in shielding in action and (b) configuration of coaxi...
Figure 1.28 Simple passive electronic components are used to filter out the interference.
Figure 1.29 Modes of delivery and augmented resources for pedagogy in advanced electromagnet...
Figure 1.30 An advanced electromagnetic laboratory to teach the concept of UPW propagation, ...
Figure 1.31 A wireless energy harvester is called a rectenna, comprised of a microstrip patc...
Figure 1.32 (a) A passive RFID system wireless near field coupling through reader and tag co...
Figure 1.33 A wireless clock designed with an array of rectifying patch antennas. The dots a...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Chapter outline.
Figure 2.2 A modern robot manoeuvres its arms and legs in many dimensions of coordinate sys...
Figure 2.3 Concept of vector from the ray of light from a candle.
Figure 2.4 Representations of vector in Cartesian coordinate system.
Figure 2.5 (a) -field lines between a collection of positive and negative charges as for a ...
Figure 2.6 One-dimensional dynamic field oscillates and propagates in a particular direction.
Figure 2.7 (a) A rectangular waveguide, (b) optical fibre and (c) antenna radiation pattern...
Figure 2.8 Generic or curvilinear coordinate system with its differential volume, , unit ve...
Figure 2.9 Rectangular coordinate system with its differential volume , alongside different...
Figure 2.10 Rectangular coordinate system with its differential line , differential surface and differential volume...
Figure 2.11 Spherical coordinate system with its unit vectors, , and , the vector -field w...
Figure 2.12 Spherical coordinate system with its unit vectors, , and , constant lines and s...
Figure 2.13 Spherical coordinate system with a differential volume at a radial distance fr...
Figure 2.14 Conversion between rectangular and spherical coordinate systems: Cartesian to sp...
Figure 2.15 Cylindrical coordinate system with a differential volume at a radial distance ...
Figure 2.16 Physical illustration of cross product of two vectors and is . The cross produ...
Figure 2.17 Physical meaning of dot product: (a) and (b) work done along the ground.
Figure 2.18 (a) Vector cross product and its physical meaning in 3D setting. (b) The right-h...
Figure 2.19 Definitions of line and surface integration. The left-hand closed contour repres...
Figure 2.20 A magnetic field exists along a rectangular loop of sides ABCD with position co...
Figure 2.21 Physical meaning of gradient: (a) A disc with separation distance and supportin...
Figure 2.22 Concept of divergent of a vector change . (a) The -field lines are emanating out...
Figure 2.23 Physical meaning of a curl operator via the Ampere’s circuital law: in different...
Figure 2.24 A magnetic field is curling along the periphery of a disc of 2 m radius. Find th...
Figure 2.25 Conceptual diagram of divergence theorem. Due to the volume change density insi...
Figure 2.26 The displacement vector emanating out of the enclosed surface of a cube due to ...
Figure 2.27 Two cases of open surfaces to enhance the understanding of Stokes’ theorem...
Figure 2.28 A magnetic field vector is circulating along the rectangular loop of sides . Fi...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Outline of Section I.
Figure 3.2 Maxwell’s six legendary experiments to verify static electric theory.
Figure 3.3 Prominent chronological development of advanced electromagnetics field theories ...
Figure 3.4 Evolution of electromagnetics theory by the prominent scientists.
Figure 3.5 Electromagnetic theories and laws for time-varying field quantities.
Figure 3.6 Evolution of Maxwell’s equation and the Helmholtz wave equation.
Figure 3.7 Statue of James Clerk Maxwell in George Street, Edinburgh, Scotland (FF-UK/Wikim...
Figure 3.8 Wireless mobile communications system.
Figure 3.9 (a) Generation of plane wave via a horn antenna in CST. (b) Uniform plane wave p...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Outline of Section II.
Figure 4.2 Force acting from charge to charge . The direction of the force is from to...
Figure 4.3 Total force is the summation of individual forces for a collection of number of...
Figure 4.4 Flowchart to calculate the total electric force on a charge under test by multip...
Figure 4.5 Operation of a laser printer (Laser printer-Writing.svg by Dale Mahalko/Wikimedi...
Figure 4.6 (a) Field lines of equal charges digresses from each other and (b) opposite char...
Figure 4.7 (a) A point charge at origin (0, 0, 0) and associated electric field at an obse...
Figure 4.8 Electric field analysis of a line charge density of length 10 m.
Figure 4.9 Electric field analysis of a loop charge density of radius .
Figure 4.10 Electric field analysis of a line charge density of length .
Figure 4.11 Electric field analysis of an infinitely extent surface charge density using cy...
Figure 4.12 Electric field at observation point due to uniform volume charge density .
Figure 4.13 Illustration of three different paths to calculate the potential from the origin...
Figure 4.14 Equipotential lines are shown orthogonal to field lines for a point charge.
Figure 4.15 (a) Metallic sphere of radius with charge is enclosed by a pair of hemispher...
Figure 4.16 The flux through a differential surface , which has a direction normal to the su...
Figure 4.17 Procedure to calculate the enclosed charge , the electric field intensity from ...
Figure 4.18 Electric current is flowing through a bar of cross-sectional area due to the f...
Figure 4.19 Three types of currents: (i) convection current is the mass transport of charged...
Figure 4.20 A bar with conductivity for deriving the circuit theory form of Ohm’s law.
Figure 4.21 Coaxial cable with lossy filler of conductivity .
Figure 4.22 Illustration of the example.
Figure 4.23 Boundary condition for a line integral.
Figure 4.24 Boundary condition of Gauss’ law.
Figure 4.25 Analysis of Example 4.13 for boundary conditions of electric fields.
Figure 4.26 A uniform surface charge containing an inclined surface defined with .
Figure 4.27 Current through a conical strip.
Figure 4.28 Current through a conical strip.
Figure 4.29 Transmission through a dielectric window.
Figure 4.30
Figure 4.31
Figure 4.32
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Outline of Section III.
Figure 5.2 (a) The magnetic field lines emanating out from the north pole (N) of a magnet b...
Figure 5.3 (a) Upon application of a magnetic field, the wire is deflected in a direction n...
Figure 5.4 Magnetic field lines form closed loops, so the net flux through a Gaussian surfa...
Figure 5.5 Two possible Amperian paths around an infinite length line of current [2].
Figure 5.6 Component values for the equation to find the magnetic field intensity resulting...
Figure 5.7 Calculating resulting from a current sheet in the x-y plane. Figure adapted f...
Figure 5.8 (a) Infinitely long cylindrical conductor with current distribution , (b) cross-...
Figure 5.9 Plot of versus .
Figure 5.10 (a) A coaxial cable carrying current I, (b) cross section.
Figure 5.11 Field calculation due to a line current on -axis.
Figure 5.12 Procedure to calculate the far field magnetic field due to any arbitrary source ...
Figure 5.13 Three different current sources (a) line, (b) surface and (c) volume.
Figure 5.14 Differential magnetic field due to a current flowing through a line.
Figure 5.15 Component values for the equation to find the magnetic field intensity resulting...
Figure 5.16 Coordinate system of a ring charge on -plane.
Figure 5.17 (a) Configuration and (b) equivalent cavity resonator with top and bottom electr...
Figure 5.18 Boundary conditions calculation for magnetic flux density at the interface of tw...
Figure 5.19 Boundary conditions calculation at the interface of two magnetic media.
Figure 5.20 Analysis of
Example 5.4
boundary conditions of magnetic fields.
Figure 5.21 (a) Coaxial cable with thin outer cylinder and with uniform flux in the dielectric r...
Figure 5.22 Configuration of solenoid with dimensions and induced magnetic field.
Figure 5.23 Two coils coupling with magnetic field from the primary coil with current to ...
Figure 5.24 Mutual inductance calculation of two concentric solenoids.
Figure 5.25 Cochlear implant inside a human ear. Cochlear implants, https://www.mayoclinic.o...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Chapter outlines.
Figure 6.2 (a) Static electric and magnetic fields exist in isolation and (b) time-varying ...
Figure 6.3 (a) A 50 Hz high voltage waveform for power transmission. (b) A 1.575 MHz Global...
Figure 6.4 Brief history of RF and microwave engineering. Photo courtesy: Dixon & Son/Wikim...
Figure 6.5 Faraday’s experiment with two coils.
Figure 6.6 An increasing magnetic field out of the page induces a current or a .
Figure 6.7 A pair of conductive loops of radius cutting a dynamic magnetic flux density .
Figure 6.8 Depiction of current continuity equation. This shows that the changing charge de...
Figure 6.9 Heinrich Hertz’s experiment shows the induced spark in the loop antenna in the p...
Figure 6.10 Concept of conduction and displacement current that exist in a conductor and a d...
Figure 6.11 Boundary condition for the time-varying electric flux density with a conducting ...
Figure 6.12 Boundary condition for time-varying electric field. For simplicity the time func...
Figure 6.13 Illustration of the magnetic flux density boundary condition.
Figure 6.14 Depiction of boundary condition for tangential magnetic field at the interface o...
Figure 6.15 Retarded potential concept with source coordinate and observation coordinate , ...
Figure 6.16 (a) Time-domain 1D field along -axis and (b) its polar form of phasor notation...
Figure 6.17 Illustration of the polar form of a phasor vector with and amplitude and refer...
Figure 6.18 For problem P6.4
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Outline of Chapter 7: Uniform Plane Wave I.
Figure 7.2 Wireless communications networks show how the electromagnetic waves harness each...
Figure 7.3 Depiction of electromagnetic wave propagation (a) wave propagation due to the ti...
Figure 7.4 (a) Electromagnetic wave propagation via a dipole antenna connected with a generator...
Figure 7.5 (a) Definitions of near field (spherical) wave and the far field (flat) waves at...
Figure 7.6 Definitions of near field (spherical) wave and the far field (flat) waves at a d...
Figure 7.7 Illustration of string waves: (a) stretched string at equilibrium, (b) disturban...
Figure 7.8 Concept of the field solution of the plane wave propagation with forward and rev...
Figure 7.9 Concept of the wave front of the electromagnetic wave as it propagates away from...
Figure 7.10 Concept of the phase velocity (a) analogy of car travelling a distance at a vel...
Figure 7.11 A radar hits a target in free space and the returned echo from the target is rec...
Figure 7.12 (a) Index graded optical fibres. (b) refractive indices of various parts of a hu...
Figure 7.13 General wave solution of an -directed field propagating in -direction.
Figure 7.14 (a) -polarised electric field. (b) Illustration of a phase front approaching a ...
Figure 7.15 (a) An RLC ac circuit with impressed voltage , (b) equivalent Poynting theorem ...
Figure 7.16 A wire with radius a, which is carrying a DC current . The conductivity of the ...
Figure 7.17 Depiction of energy balance Poynting theorem.
Figure 7.18 The Poynting theorem of near field of a horn antenna with dimensions .
Figure 7.19 Doppler effect of a moving vehicle.
Figure 7.20 (a) Doppler effect (a) distance between , at initial time and (b) distance b...
Figure P7.11 A microwave oven launches a signal at 2.45 GHz from a high-power microwave sourc...
Figure P7.14 On Antenna Polarisation.
Figure P7.26 A radar targets a plane with different wave impedances than that for the free space.
Figure P7.34 On antenna polarisation.
Figure P7.47 Circular patch antenna radiation mechanism.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Roadmap of the theory of transmission and reflection of UPW at the interface of ...
Figure 8.2 (a) Illustration of a microwave medical imaging vest on a patient, (b) microwave...
Figure 8.3 Ground penetration radar signals reflect from underground layers. See the pictur...
Figure 8.4 Boundary conditions for (a) electric field and (b) the magnetic field at the int...
Figure 8.5 Refraction of light wave ray from a denser medium to a lighter medium.
Figure 8.6 Diffraction of the signal at the hill’s crest helps receive the signal at the ne...
Figure 8.7 Generic plane wave incidence at the interface of two media. Here, we only show t...
Figure 8.8 Normal Incidence of a UPW at the interface of two dissimilar dielectric media: (...
Figure 8.9 AEW radar signal reflected from seawater.
Figure 8.10 AEW radar signal reflected from seawater as a lossy medium.
Figure 8.11 Various analytical methods of standing wave theory.
Figure 8.12 Formation of standing wave in a calm reservoir with a disturbance created by a s...
Figure 8.13 Standing wave pattern in frequency in the spatial domain (a) resultant field an...
Figure 8.14 Standing wave pattern in the time domain with finite reflection coefficient.
Figure 8.15 The incident electric field mixes with the reflected field and forms a standing ...
Figure 8.16 Normalised resultant electric field in medium 1 (a) phase representation and (b)...
Figure 8.17 (a) A coaxial cable based VSWR measurement system and (b) waveforms at different...
Figure 8.18 Analogy of the phase vector representation of the standing wave is shown with th...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Chapter outline of incidence of plane waves on lossy media.
Figure 9.2 Chapter outline of wave propagation in lossy medium.
Figure 9.3 Emerging application areas of wave propagation in lossy media.
Figure 9.4 Applications of wave transmission and reflection in lossy media in (a) Biomedica...
Figure 9.5 Normal incidence in lossy medium with classification for single and multiple bou...
Figure 9.6 Flow chart of field analysis of normal incidence on imperfect conducting boundary.
Figure 9.7 Normal incidence of uniform plane wave at imperfect conducting boundary.
Figure 9.8 (a) Equivalent transmission line model of the electromagnetic system of a conduc...
Figure 9.9 A wireless orthopaedic needle using wireless power transfer.
Figure 9.10 Magnetic resonance image of skin layer of a dorsal upper left arm of a human [5].
Figure 9.11 (a) Magnetic resonance image of the skin layer of a dorsal upper left arm of a h...
Figure 9.12 Plastic casing coated with aluminium foil: (a) perspective view and (b) cross-se...
Figure 9.13 Oblique incidence from a lossless medium 1 to a lossy medium 2 with an incident ...
Figure 9.14 The constant amplitude and phase planes of a wave incident on and refracted in a...
Figure 9.15 Oblique incidence on a good conductor .
Figure 9.16 Oblique incidence of uniform plane wave incident at the interface of two lossy media.
Figure 9.17 Comparison of modified and intrinsic propagation constants of a 1 MHz signal inc...
Figure 9.18 (a) Comparison of intrinsic and modified propagation constants as a function of ...
Figure 9.19 Oblique incidence of uniform plane wave incident at the interface of two conduct...
Figure 9.20 Comparison of modified and intrinsic propagation constants of a 1 MHz signal inc...
Figure 9.21 Variation of modified and intrinsic propagation (attenuation) constants with i...
Figure 9.22 Variation of refraction angle and with incident angle for perfect dielectric ...
Figure 9.23 (a) NASA’s SMAP remote sensing for soil moisture measurement NASA / Public Domai...
Figure 9.24 TDR measurement method for calculation of soil moisture contents.
Figure 9.25 Operating principle of soil moisture sensor.
Figure 9.26 CST simulation of chipless RFID soil moisture sensor [17].
Figure 9.27 (a) Concept of multi-beam soil moisture radiometer, (b) radiometer.
Figure 9.28 Experimental set to measure soil moisture in a laboratory setting.
Figure 9.29 Experimental procedure of soil moisture radiometer.
Figure 9.30 Received signal strengths with moisture content at (a) L-band, (b) Ku-band, (c) ...
Figure 9.31 A simple phantom of breast cancer tumor.
Figure 9.32 A Perspex display case.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Chapter outline of the transmission line theory and Smith chart.
Figure 10.2 A kilowatt television broadcast coaxial cable under test (Courtesy Radio Frequen...
Figure 10.3 Point-to-point microwave link and significance of transmission line and impedanc...
Figure 10.4 Various configurations of transmission lines, metallic waveguide and optical fib...
Figure 10.5 (a) Transmission line with length (b) waveform of (a), (c) transmission line of...
Figure 10.6 (a) A two-wire uniform transmission line of arbitrary cross sections with unifor...
Figure 10.7 Theory of distributive elements of transmission lines.
Figure 10.8 Equivalent circuit model of an infinitesimal transmission line of length with t...
Figure 10.9 Different types of transmission lines based on the conditions of circuit elements.
Figure 10.10 Equivalent circuit model of a lossless infinitesimal transmission line of length...
Figure 10.11 Configuration of parallel plate transmission line.
Figure 10.12 Configuration of parallel plate transmission line on FR4 substrate.
Figure 10.13 Configuration of two-wire transmission line.
Figure 10.14 Configuration of parallel plate transmission line on FR4 substrate.
Figure 10.15 Configuration of coaxial cable.
Figure 10.16 Configuration of coaxial cable.
Figure 10.17 (a) Configuration of a microstrip transmission line and (b) photograph of a prin...
Figure 10.18 Configuration of microstrip line as for Example 10.7.
Figure 10.19 (a) Configuration of stripline, and (b) field distributions of microstrip.
Figure 10.20 Approximate model with four sides electrical walls forming a rectangular wavegui...
Figure 10.21 A terminated transmission line with characteristic impedance is connected with ...
Figure 10.22 A terminated transmission line with characteristic impedance is connected with ...
Figure 10.23 (a) Goal setting, (b) carpet rolling concept and (c) input impedance calculation...
Figure 10.24 Mud map and procedure for full analysis of terminated transmission.
Figure 10.25 Directions of the forward voltage and reverse voltage and forward current and...
Figure 10.26 (a) The equivalent circuit model of a lossy transmission line of the characteris...
Figure 10.27 Load conditions of terminated transmission line.
Figure 10.28 Lossless terminated transmission line with perfect matched condition .
Figure 10.29 Lossless terminated transmission line with short circuit condition .
Figure 10.30 Lossless terminated transmission line with open circuit condition .
Figure 10.31 (a) Keysight 85520A 4-in-1 OSLT Mechanical Calibration Kit, DC to 26.5 GHz, Type...
Figure 10.32 (a) Practical via hole for a termination. (b) A virtual ground created by a st...
Figure 10.33 (a) Optus MobileSat communications system with mobile ground terminal on a vehic...
Figure 10.34 (a) -loaded line with load impedance . (b) Two-element antenna array feed networ...
Figure 10.35 Phasor vector diagram of standing wave of a loaded transmission line.
Figure 10.36 (a) Slotted coaxial transmission line terminated with for voltage standing wave ...
Figure 10.37 A GMS base station antenna system as the loaded transmission line.
Figure 10.38 Analogy between the crankshaft phasor representation of the voltage standing wav...
Figure 10.39 (a) Loaded line with various parameters. (b) Crankshaft phasor representation of...
Figure 10.40 Constant circles of Smith chart as per Eq. (10.137)
Figure 10.41 Constant circles of Smith chart as per (10.140).
Figure 10.42 (a) Constant resistance circle for centred at (0.5,0) and (b) constant reactanc...
Figure 10.43 Polar Plot of with constant and circles on -plane (subscript is dropped in t...
Figure 10.44 (a) Analogy of Smith chart with an Indian hand fan. (b) Procedure to plot load i...
Figure 10.45 (a) Loaded line with real impedance values, (b) normalised impedance values, (c)...
Figure 10.46 The voltage standing wave phasor representation on a complete Smith chart to il...
Figure 10.47 Different features of a Smith chart.
Figure 10.48 VSWR calculation using Smith chart.
Figure 10.49 (a) Standing wave pattern on a terminated transmission line of load impedance . ...
Figure 10.50 Conversion of impedance to admittance using Smith chart.
Figure 10.51 (a) A loaded line of load impedance of and characteristic impedance . (b) Graphic...
Figure 10.52 Trajectory of the impedance along a lossy transmission line on the Smith chart.
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 A figure of EC testing method.
Figure 11.2 Stages of Certification ISO 9001 in TÜV Rheinland [6]/TÜV Rheinland.
Figure 11.3 Standard of testing method.
Figure 11.4 EMC standard [10].
Figure 11.5 Process of the European Union testing standard [11].
Figure 11.6 How ECT works [12]/The Severn Group.
Figure 11.7 An EC separator [14]/OSNDT.
Figure 11.8 Crack detection [14]/OSNDT.
Figure 11.9 How RFT works [18]/ LMATS Pty. Ltd.
Figure 11.10 RFT works in both near field and remote field modes with two separate coils [18]...
Figure 11.11 RFT for internal defects detection on tube [19]/CMS.
Figure 11.12 A representation of a general MFL setup and the effects of magnetic flux on a fl...
Figure 11.13 Magnetic flux leakage testing [23]/Seacorr Industrial & Marine Inspection Consul...
Figure 11.14 Alternating current field measurement [26]/Arise Global.
Figure 11.15 Alternating current field measurement [30]/ Eddyfi Technologies.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Components of Shakey the Robot [3]/Sri International.
Figure 12.2 Flowchart of the genetic algorithm [9]/The MathWorks.
Figure 12.3 Flowchart of GA [13]/Medium.
Figure 12.4 Overview of training data preparation and CNN architectures [20]/ MDPI/CC BY 4.0.
Figure 12.5 Enhanced energy detection using matched filter for spectrum sensing in cognitive...
Figure 12.6 Cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm [24]/IEEE.
Figure 12.7 Concept-of-dynamic-spectrum-access [25]/IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Figure 12.8 Radio environment monitoring [26]/LinkedIn.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Simplified block diagram of a signal generator.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Two-way Doppler measurement [10]/NASA/Public Domain.
Figure 14.2 Two-way or three-way Doppler measurement. Adapted from [12].
Figure 14.3 Typical data flow [35]/NASA/Public Domain.
Figure 14.4 Typical communication links [35]/NASA/Public Domain.
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Emerging technologies in the twenty-first century.
Table 1.2 IEEE frequency band designation.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Dot products of unit vectors of rectangular and spherical coordinate systems.
Table 2.2 Conversion between rectangular, spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems.
Table 2.3 Dot products of unit vectors of rectangular and cylindrical coordinate systems.
Table 2.4 Conversion from base vectors to rectangular, spherical and cylindrical coordinat...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 The classification of static and dynamic electromagnetism and relevant laws.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Magnetostatic laws for nonmagnetic medium.
Table 5.2 Comparative analysis of boundary conditions for electric and magnetic cases.
Table 5.3 Standard configurations and their inductances.
Table 5.4 Analogy between electric and magnetic fields (static).
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Applications of RF and microwave frequencies in military, wireless communication...
Table 6.2 Maxwell’s equations in both time-domain and phasor vector notations.
Table 6.3 Electromagnetism frequency spectra and applications.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 1D electromagnetic field wave equations.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Measured volumetric moisture content with their corresponding theoretically calc...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Comparison of characteristics of various transmission line types.
Table 10.2 Distributive parameters and characteristic impedance for common transmission lines.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgements
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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IEEE Press
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Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves
Nemai Chandra Karmakar
Monash University
Clayton Campus
Melbourne, Australia
Copyright © 2026 by Nemai Chandra Karmakar. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence technologies or similar technologies.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for:
Hardback ISBN: 9781394262823
ePDF ISBN: 9781394262847
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Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © marian/Getty Images
This book is dedicated to my parents
Later Sri Haridan Karmakar, a reverend headmaster, who contributed to the loves of many thousand pupils, and my later mother Srimati Raju Bala Karmakar, my inspiration to prosper.
Preface
Electromagnetics deals with the abstract nature of electromagnetic fields and waves and their interactions with matter. It is the most abstract discipline in the entire electrical and electronics engineering field. The theories of electromagnetics also influence other fields such as particle and quantum physics, optics and thermodynamics and so on. This textbook presents a holistic approach to the advanced electromagnetics (AEM) field and wave theory and modern applications. The uniqueness of the textbook is that each topic is supported by the most recent technological developments, analogies, similes, anecdotes and emerging applications of electromagnetics in a novel pedagogy. The chapter outlines of the book are provided in the table below. The textbook can be studied over one or two semesters in a modern university. The hours that cover the topic in a 12–14-week semester are also provided in the table. These hours are indicative.
Chapter 1
(2 hours)
Introduction
Introduces the book and its contents
Chapter 2
(4 hours)
Vector Analyses
Deals with the fundamentals of vector analysis relevant to electromagnetism
Chapter 3
(4 hours)
Electromagnetism
Deals with electric and magnetic phenomena from a generic perspective
Chapter 4
(4 hours)
Electrostatics
Introduces the electrostatic phenomena
Chapter 5
(4 hours)
Magnetostatics
Deals with the magnetostatic phenomena
Chapter 6
(4 hours)
Time-varying Electromagnetics
Deals with the fundamentals of time-varying electromagnetic fields with Maxwell’s equations
Chapter 7
(6 hours)
Uniform Plane Wave
Deals with the fundamentals of plane wave fields, near and far-field concepts, polarisations of electromagnetic fields
Chapter 8
(6 hours)
Reflection and Transmission of Uniform Plane Wave
Deals with the generic theory of transmission and reflection at discontinuities and the detailed theory of normal and oblique incidence
Chapter 9
(6 hours)
Propagation in Emerging and Advanced Materials
Deals with the generic theory of wave propagation in various non-conventional media and emerging applications in biomedical engineering, telecommunications and EMI/EMC
Chapter 10
(8 hours)
Electromagnetic Passive Guiding Devices
Presents the various guiding structures, properties and their matching techniques
Chapter 11
(2 hours)
Electromagnetic Testing Method
Deals with the fundamental concepts of electromagnetic testing methods in industry
Chapter 12
(2 hours)
Simulation Tools and Artificial Intelligence
Introduces various electromagnetic numerical methods and simulation Tools and AI used antenna design, microwave engineering, telecommunications and EMI/EMC
Chapter 13
(2 hours)
Radio Frequency Sources and Interference
Introduces various electromagnetics sources and interferences and their solutions in electromagnetic compatibility
Chapter 14
(2 hours)
Deep Space Communications and Positioning
Introduces deep space satellite communications and Positioning system used globally for moon missions, interplanetary communications
Total 56 hours
Experimental learning is the prime to gaining a solid foundation in AEM. Each important abstract theory is supported with many examples, problems, review questions, analogies and anecdotes from the built environment and nature, enabling students to correlate the complex AEM processes with objects, artefacts and natural phenomena. At the same time, such abstract theories are provided with detailed derivations so that a beginning student can understand each step of the developed theory. Therefore, the textbook has both depth and breadth of the covered AEM topics.
In conclusion, this textbook presents comprehensive AEM materials so that when a student leaves university to pursue his or her career in the field, she or he would competently deal with the design and decision-making problems related to the technical issues of wireless and guided electromagnetics. This type of AEM knowledge and transferable skills are highly sought after in the modern industry. Therefore, this book provides graduating engineering students and experienced engineers with an enhanced learning experience and outcomes of the most recent and state-of-the-art wireless communications technologies that utilise the AEM discipline.
Finally, prudent feedback from a PhD student on the textbook:
Regarding the chapter, the abstract ideologies on electromagnetics were excellently demonstrated with the simple and real-life examples which I found the most interesting part of reading. Besides, the in-detail analysis and discussion on the fundamentals were really helpful for the readers. The final integration of the real-world applications attached to the topics is also very useful and quite relevant to the topic of discussion.
I am pretty much confident that this book will be really helpful in the field of electromagnetics which will directly benefit our groups’ present and future students.
I wish you all the best with this book and feel very lucky to assist you in this megaproject. – Shahreen Hasan, PhD student, Monash Microwave, Antenna, RFID and Sensor (MMARS) Laboratory, Monash University, 1 July 2020.
Therefore, the main motto of the textbook is to give the practising engineers and would-be practising engineers advanced knowledge on AEM and skills to solve problems associated with the state-of-the-art applications of AEM. Utmost care has been taken, and research has been performed to find the emerging and cutting-edge applications of the AEM in the range of digital design, signal integrity, biomedical, mining and geoscience, telecommunications, power engineering, electronics, signal processing, antenna technology, radio frequency identification, wireless sensors and microwave active and passive design, atmospheric engineering, remote sensing, satellite communications, precision agriculture, food safety and security, climate change, driverless cars, vehicle-to-vehicle communications, radar engineering, optical communications, defence, reconnaissance, tactical engineering and optical engineering. These vast applications of AEM and their depictions of fundamental theories enrich the textbook. Not only university students and educators but also all the decision-making leaders in many government departments and non-profit organisations (NGOs) would benefit from this book.
Nemai Karmakar
Monash University
November 2024
Acknowledgements
Monash University has a long tradition of teaching and research in advanced electromagnetics. I express my sincere gratitude to my previous and present colleagues who taught the topic at various levels and enlightened me in the subject matters. They have been great teachers and researchers in the field.
For the scholarship in teaching and leadership in education. The inspiration to write this manuscript came from Monash University. I express my sincere appreciation to Monash University, and in particular, to the Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering (ECSE) for creating an opportunity for this scholarly pursuit of writing a reference book on advanced electromagnetics. This pursuit also provides an Australian contribution to advanced electromagnetism (AEM) pedagogy in the modern university.
My PhD students are the lifeblood of my teaching and research, and an inspiration for this textbook. I am tremendously indebted to their contributions in all aspects of the manuscript. Without their countless bits of help and sacrifice, patience and encouragement, the project cannot be completed. Therefore, it was big teamwork like any of my big research projects with my PhD students at my research laboratory. I have no language to express my hearty gratitude to them for their invaluable and timely contributions and their sacrifice. Trong Ho helped me from the beginning to the end of the manuscript. He was my inspiration and walked along with me without any hesitation all the time. He not only helped me to edit, draw many of the images and format many of the chapters with great enthusiasm, but also prepared the summary for each chapter. I am indebted to his unique contributions to the manuscript. Guanghui Ma took on major responsibilities for the final logistics of preparing the manuscript, including appropriate acknowledgements and citations for all figures, tables and contents, and uploading the materials in Wiley-provided OneDrive. He spent countless hours for the preparation of the manuscript and led the team of PhD students in the book project. Farah Bilawal, Shahreen Hassan, Huu Nguyen, Javad Aliasgari Mosleh Abadi, Parya Fathi, Jiewei Feng, José Gabriel Argañarás, Mahabub Alam and Kim Trinh contributed tremendously towards the preparation and editing of the manuscript. Without their help, the book project would not have come to fruition. Shahreen indebted me to write a judicious reflection after reviewing and editing Chapter 7. Trong Ho, Guanghui Ma, Likitha Lasantha and Farah Bilawal checked many of the problems in the chapters.
Jiewei Feng was so kind to do prompt simulations of a few important AEM applications in computer simulation technologies for Chapter 1. I express my deepest heartfelt thanks to Dr. C.J. Reddy, Fellow ACES and Vice President of Business Development – Electromagnetics, Americas, for his valuable feedback and for some simulation results and artworks for Chapter 1.
I also acknowledge a group of students from Chang Gung University, Taiwan who did internship in 2024. They have contributed to the last four chapter of the textbook as part of their internship.
During the galley proof editing I got tremendous support from my elder brother Mr. Hirendra Nath Karmakar, my sister-in-law Mrs. Jharna Karmakar, my nephew Anando Karmakar, my daughter-in-law Mrs. Tithi Sarkar and my two grandchildren Tivaan and Tanvi. Their surroundings keep me active during the rigorous editing of the proof.
Nemai Karmakar
05 July 2025
Chapter 1Introduction
Learning Objectives
The learning objectives of Chapter 1 are as follows:
Introduction to emerging wireless and guided electromagnetic technologies that have impacted our everyday life.
Introduction to the practical applications and significance of the advanced electromagnetics in our everyday life
Introduction to topics usually covered in modern textbooks on advanced electromagnetics. The basic definitions of wireless transceivers, wireless channels and uniform plane wave propagation, various transmission lines and waveguides, optical fibres, antennas and antenna arrays, and finally, electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
The modern pedagogical practices in advanced electromagnetics at the university.
A design project to show the applications of the learned theories of wireless and guided electromagnetics.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the chapter, you will be able to comprehend the following:
The contributions and significance of wireless and guided electromagnetics.
A concrete understanding of the fundamental building blocks of wireless and guided electromagnetics.
New pedagogical methods used in modern universities.
A design project that sets the foundation for the practical application of the learned theories of wireless and guided electromagnetics.
Chapter Outline
The outline of the chapter is shown Figure 1.1. First, the emerging applications of advanced electromagnetics are introduced. The chapter has introduced many interesting applications of advanced electromagnetics in modern emerging technologies that have impacted our everyday life, business practices, medical treatments, social interactions and leisure. The modes of delivery of pedagogical practices have evolved from whiteboards and overhead projectors to the multi-media based interactive teaching and learning sessions with modern laboratory facilities, and cutting-edge design projects to enhance students’ learning experiences. It is a non-trivial task to design a laboratory to enhance the learning experiences through experiments in advanced electromagnetics. Usually, radio frequency (RF) and microwave sources, receivers and measuring equipment are too expensive to implement, need specific sets of expertise and the teaching methods are too abstract for students to digest. A very low-cost innovative laboratory setup that was derived for the author’s research laboratory is introduced for advanced electromagnetic teaching. A design project of wireless energy harvesting is also introduced so that students can apply their knowledge gained from the theories learned in each topic of the textbook. Laboratory experiments can be applied in a real world, emerging and ubiquitous design project with the aid of full-wave electromagnetic solvers such as computer simulation technologies (CST) Microwave Studio™ (MSW) and Keysight Advanced Design System (ADS™). These specialised software tools are used in industry for high-end design. Hands-on knowledge and skills gained in the design project develop the graduate skills and employment readiness of learners. Besides these, the knowledge and skills developed in calibration methods and measurement using a full two-port vector network analyser are also an added advantage for the students to develop graduate skills for industrial applications. The chapter concludes with Section 1.6 Summary of Chapter.
Figure 1.1 Chapter 1 outline.
1.1 Introduction
Welcome to the textbook: Electromagnetic Applications for Guided and Propagating Waves. Advanced electromagnetics (AEM) has an abstract nature with full of mathematical derivations, and many fundamental physical laws such as the laws of Coulomb, Gauss, Biot-Savart, Ampere, and Faraday. All these laws are well presented in a set of equations, which are called Maxwell’s Equations. Figure 1.2 shows a sketch of various laws of AEM in complex vector mathematical forms. These advanced and highly complex mathematical equations for the electromagnetic laws and hypotheses easily scare new learners of electrical and electronic engineering and physics. To enjoy this subject, you should look at the big picture of contemporary technologies that we are using in modern society, and then analyse with your mind how these technologies that use wireless and guided electromagnetics impact our daily lives. Then only you can appreciate the complex nature of the discipline and enjoy learning the theories that underpin the modern wireless and guided communications world in RF, microwave, millimetre wave and light wave spectra.
Figure 1.2 Laws of EM and complex perception of the AEM discipline by learning.
With the advent of fast Internet connectivity via submarine optical fibre networks, wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), voice over internet protocol (VoIP),1 we are so well connected, as if we are living in a small global village. The motto of the modern wireless technological development is to provide boundless flexibility and scalability without any wires. It is interesting to observe how wireless and guided electromagnetic have impacted upon us through these emerging technologies in the twenty first century. The most advancements in wireless technologies, such as global positioning satellite (GPS) system, near field communications (NFC), google navigation, 4G/5G/5G+2 wireless communications that are packaged in a smartphone, are overwhelming. If the 1980s technologies had been used, it would require tens of truckloads of electronic equipment to match the functionality of a modern smartphone, forget about the scalability.3
Figure 1.3a introduces Internet of Everything (IoE), which collects data wirelessly from every tagged item, small or big. NFC devices in your smartphones use the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to help create a cashless society. All are being done wirelessly. The smart cities and smart farming become a reality with wireless communications. The modern technology becomes multidisciplinary and requires engineers and scientists from all branches to work together. As shown in Figure 1.3b, a modern fighter jet is equipped with advanced radar systems with steerable antennas, many wired and wireless sensors for navigation, and manoeuvring in challenging situations.
Figure 1.3 (a) IoE. (b) A fighter plane is packed with so many advanced levels RF/microwave/mm-wave equipment, such as the most advanced radar systems in the world, smart antennas and signal processing algorithms.
Source: Senior Airman Gustavo Gonzalez/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain.
The textbook addresses all of the emerging and burning issues of our society in the new millennium and shows how the new technologies utilise the theory of AEM to address and solve many of these problems. To make the complex and abstract electromagnetic theory interesting, the introductory chapter has briefly analysed the most popular technologies that have been impacting our lives in recent decades.
1.2 Emerging Technologies That Use Advanced Electromagnetics
Table 1.1 summarises the most popular and advanced technologies that have emerged as the mainstream breakthroughs in the twenty-first century. AEM is all about the analyses of the electromagnetic wave phenomena inside the wireless channels and guided structures. The most beautiful aspect of the electromagnetic theory is that we can perceive the three-dimensional (3D) field distributions and wave phenomena due to the electromagnetic stimuli inside any structure. That is why electromagnetic theory penetrates every branch of electrical and electronic engineering. For example, in a semiconductor device, we can analyse the microscopic level of 3D field distributions and associated changes in current and voltage at the junction of different doped elements due to changes in the terminal biasing conditions. The current and voltage establish the electric and magnetic fields4 at the junctions of the active devices, such as diodes and transistors. Likewise, electromagnetic theories become the backbone of power system analysis for high-voltage transmission lines, power transformers, and generators.
Table 1.1 Emerging technologies in the twenty-first century.
Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communications
