Emulsions, Foams, Suspensions, and Aerosols E-Book

Laurier L. Schramm

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 947

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

This is the first book to provide an integrated introduction to the nature, formation and occurrence, stability, propagation, and uses of the most common types of colloidal dispersion in the process-related industries. The primary focus is on the applications of the principles, paying attention to practical processes and problems. This is done both as part of the treatment of the fundamentals, where appropriate, and also in the separate sections devoted to specifi c kinds of industries. Throughout, the treatment is integrated, with the principles of colloid and interface science common to each dispersion type presented for each major physical property class, followed by separate treatments of features unique to emulsions, foams, or suspensions.
The first half of the book introduces the fundamental principles, introducing readers to suspension formation and stability, characterization, and fl ow properties, emphasizing practical aspects throughout. The following chapters discuss a wide range of industrial applications and examples, serving to emphasize the diff erent methodologies that have been successfully applied.
The author assumes no prior knowledge of colloid chemistry and, with its glossary of key terms, complete cross-referencing and indexing, this is a must-have for graduate and professional scientists and engineers who may encounter or use emulsions, foams, or suspensions, or combinations thereof, whether in process design, industrial production, or in related R&D fields.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

About the Author

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 From the Colloidal State to Nanotechnology

1.2 Classification of Emulsions, Foams, Suspensions and Aerosols

1.3 Characterization and Stability

References

Chapter 2: Dispersion and Dispersed Species Characterization

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Surface Area, Surfaces, Porosity and Permeability

2.3 Size and Size Distribution

2.4 Conductivity

2.5 Sedimentation, Creaming and Centrifugation

2.6 Characterization of Emulsions

2.7 Characterization of Foams

2.8 Characterization of Suspensions

2.9 Characterization of Aerosols

References

Chapter 3: Interfacial Energetics

3.1 Surface Area

3.2 Surface and Interfacial Tensions

3.5 Surfactants and Micelles

3.6 Applications of Surface Activity

3.7 Other Lyophilic Colloids: Microemulsions

References

Chapter 4: Electrokinetics

4.1 Charged Interfaces

4.2 Electric Double Layer

4.3 Electrokinetic Phenomena

4.4 Electrostatic Properties in Non-aqueous Media

References

Chapter 5: Colloid Stability

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Electrostatic and Dispersion Forces

5.3 DLVO Theory and Practice

5.4 Hydration and Steric Effects

5.5 Additional Stabilizing Influences

5.6 Kinetics

5.7 Destabilization of Colloids

References

Chapter 6: Colloid Rheology

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Principles

6.3 Measurement

6.4 Non-Newtonian Flow Properties

6.5 Other Viscosity Nomenclature and Parameters

6.6 Dispersion Rheology

6.7 Surface Rheology

6.8 Flow in Pipelines and Constraining Media

References

Chapter 7: Preparation, Inhibition and Destruction of Dispersions

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Preparation

7.3 Destruction and/or Inhibition

References

Chapter 8: Introduction to Practical and Industrial Applications

8.1 General Uses

8.2 Emulsions

8.3 Foams

8.4 Suspensions

8.5 Aerosols

8.6 Hazards

References

Chapter 9: Applications in the Environment

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Rocks, Sediments and Soils

9.3 Environmental Soil Remediation

9.4 Water and Wastewater Treatment

9.5 Spills and Other Hazards

9.6 Environmental Foam Blankets

9.7 Environmental Aerosols

References

Chapter 10: Mining and Mineral Processing Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Hydraulic Mining and Hydrotransport

10.3 Mineral Flotation

10.4 Tailings and Tailings Ponds

10.5 Dust-Suppressing Foam Blankets

References

Chapter 11: Petroleum Industry Applications

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Oilwells, Gas Wells and Near Wells

11.4 Surface Operations

References

Chapter 12: Manufacturing and Materials Science Applications

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Wood Processing and Papermaking

12.3 Inks and Printing

12.4 Emulsions for Road Paving

12.5 Metalworking

12.6 Cleaning Processes

12.7 Surface Coatings Including Paints

12.8 Polymer Synthesis

12.9 Ceramics Manufacture

12.10 Firefighting Foams

12.11 Other Applications

References

Chapter 13: Food Product and Agricultural Applications

13.1 Introduction to Food Colloids

13.2 Stabilizing Agents

13.3 Preparation

13.4 Stability

13.5 Protein-Stabilized Emulsions

13.6 Non-protein-Stabilized Emulsions

13.7 Foam Food Products

13.8 Other Food Colloids

13.9 Introduction to Agricultural Colloids

References

Chapter 14: Biological and Medical Applications

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Vesicle Carriers

14.3 Polymer Coatings

14.4 Emulsion Carriers

14.5 Colloids in Diagnostics

14.6 Smart Materials in Medicine

References

Chapter 15: Personal Care Product Applications

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Detergents, Shampoos and Conditioners

15.3 Cosmetic Skin Care Products

15.4 Other Personal Care Products

References

Chapter 16: Emerging Areas in Emulsions, Foams, Suspensions and Aerosols

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Microscopy, Supermicroscopy and Nanoscopy

16.3 Combatting Terror Agents

16.4 Smart Colloids and Smart Materials

16.5 Nanomaterials and Nanodispersions

16.6 Nanoscience Phenomenology and Biomimetics

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Figure 2.25

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.23

Figure 6.24

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.9

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 13.3

Figure 13.4

Figure 13.5

Figure 13.6

Figure 13.7

Figure 13.8

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 16.5

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 2.2

Table 2.1

Table 2.3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 4.1

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 6.8

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 1

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 11.1

Table 11.2

Table 11.4

Table 11.5

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 14.1

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Table 15.4

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Laurier L. Schramm

Emulsions, Foams, Suspensions, and Aerosols

Microscience and Applications

2nd Edition

The Author

Dr. Laurier L. Schramm

Saskatchewan Research Council

15 Innovation Blvd.

Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2X8

Canada

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Preface

This book provides an introduction to the colloid and interface science of four of the most common types of colloidal dispersion: emulsions, foams, suspensions and aerosols. The initial emphasis covers basic concepts important to understanding most kinds of colloidal dispersions, not just emulsions, foams, suspensions and aerosols, and is aimed at providing the necessary framework for understanding their applications. The treatment is integrated; for each major physical property class, the principles of colloid and interface science common to each dispersion type are presented first, followed as needed by separate treatments of features unique to emulsions, foams, suspensions or aerosols. The second half of the book provides examples of the applications of colloid science, again in the context of emulsions, foams, suspensions and aerosols, and includes attention to practical processes and problems in various industrial settings.

Colloid science books available up to now either have been principally theoretical (such as the classic and standard colloid chemistry texts) or focus on specific types of colloidal dispersion (like van Olphen's classic book on clay colloid chemistry [1]) or on applications of a specific type of dispersion in a specific industry, like the author's petroleum industry series:

Emulsions

: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry [2],

Foams:

Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry [3],

Suspensions:

Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry [4],

Surfactants:

Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry [5].

The applications of, or problems caused by, emulsions, foams, suspensions and aerosols in industry area are quite diverse and have great practical importance. The different industrial application settings share some important common themes as well. Colloidal dispersions can be found, may require treatment or may be applied to advantage throughout most, if not all, of the process industries. In each case, the nature, properties or even the presence or absence of these dispersions can determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. In this book, a wide range of applications areas are summarized.

This book is aimed at scientists and engineers who may encounter or be able to use these dispersions, or their combinations, whether in process design, in industrial production or in related research and development fields. It does not assume a prior knowledge of colloid chemistry and the terminology used is consistent with the definitions provided by the author's Nano- and Microtechnology from A–Z: From Nanosystems to Colloids and Interfaces (Wiley-VCH, 2014) and Dictionary of Nanotechnology, Colloid, and Interface Science (Wiley-VCH, 2008). As such, it is hoped that the book will be of interest to senior undergraduate and graduate students in science and engineering as well because topics included in this book are not normally part of university curricula.

Although the first half of the book provides an introduction to needed basic principles, it does so in a very application-oriented manner, as the focus of this book is practical rather than theoretical. In Chapters 1–7, the reader is introduced to dispersion formation and stability, characterization and flow properties, emphasizing practical aspects throughout. The second half of the book explicitly focuses on industrial practice. Chapters 8–15 discuss the use or occurrence of emulsions, foams, suspensions and/or aerosols in the mineral processing, petroleum, petrochemical, manufacturing, environmental, agricultural, food, biological, health and personal care sectors. This selection of application areas, although inevitably incomplete, should provide some appreciation for the importance of emulsions, foams, suspensions and aerosols across a broad spectrum of industrial applications. Chapter 16 introduces some emerging areas in the field. Overall, the book shows how to approach making emulsions, foams, suspensions and aerosols; how their different properties arise; how to propagate them; how they can be used in practical situations and how to prevent their formation or destabilize them.

References

1. van Olphen, H. (1977)

An Introduction to Clay Colloid Chemistry

, 2nd edn, Wiley-Interscience, New York.

2. Schramm, L.L. (ed.) (1992)

Emulsions: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry

, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

3. Schramm, L.L. (ed.) (1994)

Foams: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry

, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

4. Schramm, L.L. (ed.) (1996)

Suspensions: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry

, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.

5. Schramm, L.L. (ed.) (2000)

Surfactants: Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry

, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

About the Author

Laurier L. Schramm has over 30 years of R&D experience spanning all four sectors: industry, not-for-profit, government and academia. He is currently President and CEO of the Saskatchewan Research Council and has previously served as Vice-President with the Alberta Research Council, and President and CEO of the Petroleum Recovery Institute. For much of this time, he served in parallel as Adjunct Professor of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering and before that as Adjunct Professor of Chemistry, both with the University of Calgary. His research interests include applied colloid science, interface science and nanoscience. His management interests include applied research, technology development and deployment, and innovation.

Dr Schramm holds 17 patents and has published 10 other books, and over 400 other scientific publications or proprietary reports. Many of his inventions have been adopted into commercial practice. He was awarded one of the first NSERC-Conference Board Synergy Awards for Best Practices in University-Industry R&D Partnership, and his work on the development of oil-tolerant foams for enhanced oil recovery was judged to be a Milestone of Canadian Chemistry in the twentieth century by the Canadian Society for Chemistry. He has received other national awards for his work and is a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada and an honourary Member of the Engineering Institute of Canada.

Among other community service contributions, he has served for nearly two decades on numerous committees and panels of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation, has been a member of several national or international expert advisory panels and has served on the Boards of Directors or executive/management committees of numerous other organizations. He is also a co-founder of Innoventures Canada Inc. and a co-founder of Canada's Innovation School.

Acknowledgements

The first edition of this book [1] evolved out of the course notes that were prepared for senior undergraduate- and graduate-level courses on colloid science and interface science that I taught throughout the 1990s at the University of Calgary. Its evolution benefited from the many questions and discussions prompted by the students in these courses. I am grateful to all those students for their enthusiasm, questioning and interest. I am also very grateful to Elaine Stasiuk for having sacrificed so much of her leisure to read and comment on the manuscript of the first edition of this book. Her many comments and suggestions have been very helpful, as have the many stimulating colloid and interface science discussions that we have had over the years.

The preparation of both editions of this book was made possible through the support of my family, Ann Marie, Katherine, Victoria and my parents, all of whom have provided consistent encouragement and support.

Even in the modern electronic and Internet age, there remains a need for major research libraries with substantive collections of scientific and engineering books and periodicals. In the preparation of this book, my work was greatly assisted by the collections of the libraries of the University of Calgary, Carleton University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Alberta, Memorial University, University of Saskatchewan, University of Regina and the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (CISTI).

Throughout the preparation of both editions of this book, many valuable suggestions were made by the reviewers of outlines and individual chapters, and by the editorial staff of Wiley-VCH books, particularly Karin Sora, Rainer Muenz, Peter Biel, Reinhold Weber, Stefanie Volk and Nuraiziah Johari.

December, 2013

Laurier L. Schramm

Reference

1. Schramm, L.L. (2005)

Emulsions, Foams, and Suspensions: Fundamentals and Applications

, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim.

1Introduction

1.1 From the Colloidal State to Nanotechnology

A colloidal dispersion comprises a collection of small particles, droplets or bubbles of one phase, having at least one dimension between about 1 and 1000 nm, and dispersed in a second phase. Either or both phases may be in gas, liquid, solid or supercritical phase states. Matter of colloidal size, just above atomic dimensions and overlapping with the emerging regime of nanotechnology, exhibits physicochemical properties that differ from those of the constituent atoms or molecules yet are also different from macroscopic material. Colloidal materials have also been referred to as ultra-divided matter [1].

The atoms and molecules of classical chemistry are extremely small, usually having molar masses less than 1000 g mol−1 and measurable by freezing point depression. Macroscopic particles fall into the realm of classical physics and can be understood in terms of physical mechanics. Residing between these extremes is the colloidal size range of particles whose small sizes and high surface area to volume ratios make the properties of their surfaces very important and lead to some unique physical properties. Their solutions may have undetectable freezing point depressions, and their dispersions, even if very dilute, may sediment out very slowly, in apparent violation of Stokes' law (see Section 2.4.1). Although the particles of classical chemistry may have one or a few electrical charges, colloidal particles may carry thousands of charges. With such strong electrical forces, complete dissociation is the rule for colloidal species, rather than the exception. In addition, the electric fields can strongly influence the actions of neighbouring species.