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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Ratgeber
- Sprache: Englisch
Reduce anxiety, manage pain, improve sleep, and more with the healing power of aromatherapy and essential oils Looking for natural and organic ways to support your mind, body, and spirit? Then look no further than the ancient practice of aromatherapy! In Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies, Second Edition, you'll find simple and easy advice on everything from therapeutics to cosmetics, as well as the recreational use of essential oils. Internationally known herbalist and aromatherapist Kathi Keville offers straightforward remedies for dozens of common conditions you can use immediately to make yourself - or someone you love - feel better. Easily prepare your next natural remedy at home or at work with guidance on how to use essential oils and aromatherapy in familiar settings or find in-depth coverage of how to use essential oils in conjunction with therapeutic massage. You'll also discover: * What to look for in a great aromatherapy scent and how to shop for and store herbs and ingredients * How to use aromatherapy in different settings, including your home, office, and gym * Quick tips on easy ways to add helpful fragrances to your life An easy-to-use and fun guide to safely and easily treating hundreds of frequently occurring ailments, Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies, Second Edition will help you use organic and herbal ingredients to increase your focus, improve concentration, relieve tension, and get more sleep. Try it today!
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Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies® 2nd Edition
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2023937323
ISBN 978-1-119-90451-9 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-90453-3 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-90452-6 (ebk)
Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies®
To view this book's Cheat Sheet, simply go to www.dummies.com and search for “Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies Cheat Sheet” in the Search box.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Introduction
About This Book
Foolish Assumptions
Icons Used in This Book
Beyond the Book
Where to Go from Here
Part 1: Getting Started with Essential Oils
Chapter 1: Making Sense Out of Scents
Defining Essential Oils
Defining Aromatherapy
Using Oils for Healing
Getting Aromas into the Body
Capturing the Benefits of Essential Oils
A Rose by Any Other Name …
Chapter 2: Sniffing the Diff: What to Look for in a Scent
Choosing and Using Oils: Your Nose Knows Best
Talking Scents: Language of Fragrance
Blending It All Together
Chapter 3: On the Scented Trail: Shopping
Searching for Good Scents
Buying Essential Oils
Keep on Trucking: Following the Supply Chain
Navigating the Consumer Jungle
Shopping with the Environment in Mind
Chapter 4: Safety First
Playing It Safe
Considering Oil the Effects
Testing for Scentsitivities
Shining a Light on Sun-Shy Oils
Exploring Essential Oils for Mother and Child
Avoiding Toxic Oils
Storing Oils Properly to Minimize Safety Risks
Avoiding Oiling Your Pets
Chapter 5: Essential Oil Alchemy: Making Your Own Scents
Getting in Touch with Your Inner Mad Scientist
Talking Intensity
Tricks of the Trade: Blending Essential Oils
Concocting the Simple Stuff
Converting Measurements
Beginning Blends
Part 2: Inscentives for Living: Essential Oils in Your Life
Chapter 6: Surrounding Yourself with Scents
Setting the Mood by Choosing a Scent
Scenting Your Home Sweet Home
Chapter 7: Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Skin and Hair Care for Us All
Reaping All the Benefits for Your Hair and Skin
Choosing Products for Hair and Skin
Typing Your Skin
Discovering Secrets of Ageless Mature Skin
Slicking Back Your Oily Skin and Hair
Keeping a Dry Wit: Caring for Your Dry Skin and Hair
Chapter 8: Essential Oils in the Bedroom
Relating Sex and Smell
Scenting Up Your Sex Life
Planning Some Enchanted Evening: “Scentsual” Seduction
Making Sexy Recipes
Chapter 9: Essential Oils to Ease Stress and Brain Fog
Seeking a Balanced Approach
Soothing Stress
Staying Calm and Carrying On: Fending Off Anxiety
Pepping Up Your Work Life
Going on a Scenti-Mental Journey: Boosting Memory
Traveling Tips
Having the Scents to Unwind: Bathing Your Feet
Sleeping Tight: Soothing Insomnia
Chapter 10: Getting Well with Smell
Essential Facts for Healing with Essential Oils
Simple Cures for Simple Woes
Ways to Use Essential Oils
Don’t Bug Me: Natural Antibiotics
Musta Been Something I Ate: Indigestion
Seek Immunity: Immune System and Cell Repair
Chapter 11: Refrain from Pain
Nip Pain in the Bud: Six Ways to End Pain
Massage: Rub It Away
Fire or Ice? The Hot and Cold of It
Chapter 12: Essential Oils to Up Your Energy and Enhance Your Workout
Boosting Your Basic Training
Summoning Energy with Essential Oils
Improving Your Circulation
Staying on Track: Boosting Stamina
Chapter 13: De-Bugging Your Home, Garden, and Pets
In Your House
In the Great Outdoors
In Your Garden
In the Doghouse: Aromatherapy for Your Pet
Part 3: How Essential Oils Work
Chapter 14: Distilling Essential Oil: Extraction Methods
Extracting the Essence
Bringing the Heat: Distillation
Pressing and Expressing Oil
Soaking It In: Enfleurage
Pumping the Gas: Using Carbon Dioxide
Extracting with Solvents
Retaining Water: Hydrosols and Aromatic Waters
Doing It Yourself: Distilling Aromatic Waters and Making a Diffuser
Chapter 15: Exploring Essential Oil Compounds
Journeying into Essential Oil Science
Getting Acquainted with Essential Oil Compounds
Typecasting: Chemotypes
Part 4: The Part of Tens
Chapter 16: Ten Unique Oils for One-of-a-kind Blends
Angelica
Camphor
Coriander
Lemon Verbena
Litsea
Oregano
Rosewood
Sage
Spikenard
Tuberose
Chapter 17: Ten (or so) Ways to Add Fragrance to Your Life
Plant Your Own Fragrant Herb Garden
Get an Aromatherapy Facial
Get a Massage with an Aromatherapy Massage Oil
Take an Aromatherapy Class
Visit a Fragrance Garden
Take an Aromatherapy Tour
Take an Aromatic Bath, Ahh!
Bring in a Fragrant Bouquet
Scent a Message
Chapter 18: Ten Herbs to Grow for Fragrance
Basil, culinary
Bay Laurel
Chamomile, German and Roman
Clary Sage
Lavender
Marjoram
Melissa (Lemon Balm)
Peppermint
Rosemary
Thyme
Part 5: The Guides
Symptom Guide
Essential Oil Guide
Appendix: Essential Oils & Aromatherapy Resources
Aromatherapy Organizations
Herb Organizations
Worldwide Aromatherapy Organizations
Aromatherapy Tours
Aromatherapy Publications
Aromatherapy Schools
Websites
Index
About the Author
Advertisement Page
Connect with Dummies
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
TABLE 2-1 Types of Scent
Chapter 3
TABLE 3-1: Comparing Production Methods
Chapter 5
TABLE 5-1 Measurement Equivalents
Chapter 6
TABLE 6-1 Emotions You Want to Positively Impact
Chapter 13
TABLE 13-1 Essential Oils to Make Your Garden Pest-Free
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1-1: Scent captured in the nose and sent to the olfactory bulb in the br...
Chapter 5
FIGURE 5-1: Making your own herbal oils.
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6-1: Various types of aromatherapy diffusers.
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7-1: A close-up of the skin layers, hair, and oil glands of your skin.
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14-1: An oil distiller apparatus for steam distillation in operation.
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Appendix: Essential Oils & Aromatherapy Resources
Index
About the Author
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Introduction
If you’re like most people, you take the smell of a flower or the scent of freshly baked bread for granted. That’s because fragrance is all around — every day and everywhere. Scent may be commonplace, but you’ll have to agree that it greatly enhances life. And it does more than provide enjoyment. As its name implies, aromatherapy is indeed a therapy that uses essential oils for healing. Essential oils offer a way for you to literally smell your way to good health. You can’t beat a prescription that reads, “Bathe with scented oils twice a week.” Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies is your guide to a new way to stay healthy and fit and to take care of yourself when you do get sick. Aromatherapy works on many levels. It can treat emotional as well as physical problems and even help you think better or improve your athletic performance. “Scentsual” essential oils can improve your love — and your sex — life.
No wonder such a large selection of scented products is now available — everything from candles to facial cream to room freshener is promising to bring essential oils into your life.
About This Book
Essential oils and aromatherapy cover a lot of territory, so I’ve written this book to guide you through the clouds of wafting aromas. I'll show you how to make real “scents” out of this topic. I’ve been enjoying the benefits of essential oils for decades — and sharing them with others almost that long. Simply put, I’m impressed. I think you will be, too.
In this book, you discover the world of fragrance along with dozens of ways that aromatherapy can enhance your health and general well-being. Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies helps you understand essential oils so that you can savor and enjoy the pleasures and benefits. It’s also a guide to using essential oils effectively and safely.
I show you how to bring essential oils into your home, your work, and wherever you go. One of the best things about aromatherapy is the ease and enjoyment that comes with it. Using essential oils is so simple, I include more than a hundred recipes that I developed so that you can whip up a scent for everything from oily skin to indigestion. Most of these recipes take less than five minutes to make — really!
This book contains so many features you won't find covered in other books on the subject. For starters, you are given an amazing selection of essential oil formulas to treat dozens of physical and emotional conditions in the Symptom Guide. Not only does the Guide describe how you can use them, but it gives you tips on additional treatments to enhance your healing. The detailed descriptions of essential oils in the Essential Oil Guide explain how to use each one. What really makes this book stand out are the guidelines that you'll need for using essential oils effectively and safely. You learn not only about which essential oils you need to use extra carefully or avoid, but also help in making good choices. And, while you're making those choices, here's a book that guides you through the confusion of the botanical names and the many variations and types of each oil. It takes the surprise out of essential oils by explaining how oils can change — for good and bad — with age and different storage conditions.
All of this knowledge is available to you through the easy-access organization of this book, which includes bulleted lists to help you spot exactly what you need to know. Everything you need to know is right there at first glance. Additional information is just a second glance away in sidebars that add a little noteworthy color to what you're reading.
Foolish Assumptions
Probably I do know you at least a little. You’re already intrigued by aroma, so you can’t help wondering what all the fuss is about essential oils. Maybe you’re missing out on something that could really be a plus in your life and help a few physical, and maybe even some emotional, issues that you’re working on.
You want to spice up your life with fragrance.
You want to know if aroma is really a therapy, and if so, how it works.
You're interested in the feel-good results provided by using essential oils.
Icons Used in This Book
The Tip icon marks tips and shortcuts that you can use to make using essential oils and aromatherapy even easier. A lot of these are the tips that I’ve discovered by trial and error, so I save you the expense of learning the hard way.
It just pays to remember some things. When you spot this icon, I’m telling you something that you’ll probably want to know about essential oils in the future. This way, you can pay special attention when you read this information and, just in case you do forget, you’re able to quickly locate it again.
The Technical Stuff icon marks information of a highly technical nature that you can normally skip over. (It might be intriguing information to have, but it’s not essential.)
Essential oils are very concentrated and need to be used with respect. Throughout this book, you find an occasional warning to make sure you play it safe.
Beyond the Book
In addition to the abundance of information and guidance related to essential oils and aromatherapy that I provide in this book, you get access to even more help and information online at Dummies.com. Check out this book’s online Cheat Sheet. Just go to www.dummies.com and search for “Essential Oils & Aromatherapy For Dummies Cheat Sheet.”
Where to Go from Here
Chances are that you’ve already experienced aromatherapy even if you haven't used essential oils. If you’ve ever sipped a cup of chamomile tea, rubbed on rose- or lavender-scented hand lotion, or sniffed a cinnamon roll, you’ve already enjoyed aromatherapy. Where you go from here is into an adventure that combines enticing fragrances with good health. You hold in your hands a guide that can gently lead you to explore the many facets of this therapy.
Is some ailment bugging you? Then head straight to Chapter 2 to understand how essential oils work and then look up your specific problem in the Symptom Guide. Maybe you’re feeling great physically, but you’re too tired or need to have a little more focus? Then turn to Chapter 9 to help you stay alert. Want some hints on how to use essential oils? Then browse through Chapter 6. Wherever you turn in this book, you'll find plenty of information that will hopefully spark ideas that will further your involvement with essential oils.
Part 1
Getting Started with Essential Oils
IN THIS PART …
Understand essentials oils and what they do.
Educate your nose to smell differences in scents.
Be a saavy aromatherapy and essential oil shopper.
Use essential oils safely.
Create your own essential oil products.
Chapter 1
Making Sense Out of Scents
IN THIS CHAPTER
Understanding the wonder behind the words “essential oils” of “aromatherapy”
Viewing essential oil medicines
Using and applying essential oils
Seeing the potential benefits of essential oils
Playing botanist to sort through oils
How many times have you leaned into a bouquet of flowers to inhale their fragrance? Perhaps you’ve taken a deep breath of pine or fir while walking in a park or forest or brought a fresh Christmas tree into your home. Stroll through a flower or herb garden, and the scents that waft around you with each step engage your imagination. Maybe you've sat down to a cup of peppermint tea and enjoyed the aroma as much as drinking the tea. With so many different smells surrounding you, you probably don’t give them a second thought. Or at least you may not yet.
In this chapter, I begin to explain how all this scent-sation (from a bouquet of flowers, a pine forest, or your cup of tea) is due to essential oils. This chapter gives you just a sniff of essential oil basics and the study and practice of aromatherapy. The rest of the book digs deeper into various subtopics.
Defining Essential Oils
Essential oils are derived from medicinal plants that are commonly referred to as herbs. You may have gone in search of some herbal remedies to take care of a headache or reached for cough syrup or throat lozenges that contains medicinal herbs. Herbs that are aromatic contain essential oils that produce a plant’s scent. Not all plants contain essential oils, but the ones that do hold them in special glands. It's easy for you to identify the plants with these oils: Simply smell the plant. If there's a scent, it contains essential oils. Roses, violets, rosemary bushes, and even Christmas trees all owe their distinctive aromas to essential oils.
Essential oils can be extracted from a plant using several methods. Once extracted, a pure essential oil is slightly oily to the touch. Although technically an oil, it is much thinner than vegetable oils used in cooking, such as canola or olive. Essential oils are composed of such tiny compounds that the oils feel thin and seem to disappear when you rub them between your fingers. They also don’t leave an oily stain on cloth and evaporate easily into the air. Because they dissipate so quickly, another name for essential oils is volatile oils. That’s a good description of them because volatile means “vaporous” or to be “like gas.” (See Chapter 15 for more on the science behind the oils.)
The scent glands in a plant that produce essential oils can occur anywhere, but they are most likely found in the flowers and leaves. Not all plants need essential oils to survive, yet those that do have them, put them to good use. For a long time, botanists couldn’t figure out why plants went to the trouble of producing these oils. Now they know that essential oils play important roles for plants.
They attract bees and other pollinators.
They repel harmful insects.
FOLLOWING YOUR NOSE
Nowadays, they're sold everywhere, but it's relatively new that you can purchase essential oils. Although they have been distilled for hundreds of years, and quite possibly long before that, they were obtained from aromatic plants only by early chemists — the alchemists. These rare essential oils found their way into a few exclusive cosmetics but were not generally available. Even a few decades ago when I started working as an aromatherapist almost no essential oils were available. I could only find peppermint and birch (sold as wintergreen) essential oils, and that was only in drugstores. I had to search out large essential oil companies distributing to the food and perfume industries for my first set of essential oils. Times have certainly changed.
WHAT’S SO ESSENTIAL ABOUT THESE OILS?
Aromatic compounds that were first distilled from plants were coined essential by poetic alchemists of long ago. They believed that a plant’s fragrance represents its “inner” nature, or essence. Fragrance is invisible, so it was easy to consider it etheric and akin to a person’s soul. It was commonly used to inspire prayer and meditation. Indeed, one of the earliest uses of fragrant plants was as incense for religious ceremonies — an application still popular throughout the world where it has moved into Hindu and Buddhist temples, Japanese Taoist and Shinto practices, Catholic churches, and Indigenous American and African healing ceremonies.
Some repel other plants so that they don’t crowd the space.
They kill bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
They seal and heal the plant’s wounds.
They help make the plant waterproof.
They increase the plant’s immunity to disease.
Acting like plant hormones, some influence plant reproduction.
Defining Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy is the technique of using essential oils, which are always aromatic, for healing therapy. The beauty of essential oils is that they are an aroma-based therapy. All those good scents make working with essential oils and using them a wonderful experience. After all, if essential oils have an emphasis, it's that they make you feel great just sniffing them.
What I love about aromatherapy is how it is truly holistic (aims to treat the whole person). It embraces the body-mind-spirit concept by working on all these levels. That means the essential oils used in an aromatherapy practice address healing on several levels as they have done in traditional medicine around the world. No matter where your ancestry lies, your people certainly used aromatic plants for healing. In fact, the use of aromatic plants is thought to be one of the oldest forms of healing. A tradition-based practice, it works in our modern world as well as it did ages ago.
As an herbalist and aromatherapist, I always view aromatherapy as a part of herbalism. If you look at the most important types of healing compounds in herbs, essential oils are right at the top because essential oils are responsible for many herbs’ healing attributes.
Although most of Western medicine typically relies on medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, modern science has also turned its attention to the healing capabilities of essential oils. When researchers looked for possible candidates to study, they first investigated the uses of aromatic plants that have been recorded in herbal manuscripts and embedded into worldwide folklore. What they discovered is that the old manuscripts were right. Yes, chamomile really does reduce pain. Lavender can help you sleep. Rosemary helps you think better. Some essential oils reduce bruising and inflammation. From these first aromatic findings, research moved on to explore a potpourri of aromatic experiences and provided a scientific foundation for essential oil use.
Aromatherapy is often used in conjunction with other forms of therapies to heal various ailments. This is because it’s a perfect, non-intrusive way to balance emotions. For example, incense can be burned during a yoga class. Someone experiencing an anxiety attack can simply spray an essential oil into the air, and a beneficial effect wafts through the room. As an adjunct therapy, aromatherapy can promote relaxation or focus and relieve anxiety and nervousness. I often refer to it as a feel-good therapy to improve almost any situation. (Check out Chapter 6 for many ways to create a mood room with scent.)
In addition to affecting mood, aromatherapy can help to heal a long list of physical problems. Aromatherapy is especially useful when you're dealing with conditions that you normally treat yourself anyway, such as a headache, muscle spasm, or insomnia. Instead of heading to the drugstore, you'll be reaching for rose geranium or peppermint essential oil. To use aromatherapy wisely, read Chapter 4.
There's no denying that certain fragrances from essential oils put your mind into a relaxed focus that promotes prayer and meditation. How aromatherapy addresses the soul is fascinating and a little mysterious. Science hasn't backed this use … yet. I like how the essential oils that traditionally have been used in religious settings to inspire devotion are now non-denominational. The scent of essential oils like frankincense, myrrh, sandalwood, and juniper work for everyone. While you may be using frankincense to relax a muscle, its scent floating in the air touches a spiritual aspect, which can help you create or tap into a core of strength to deal with whatever physical and emotional conditions come your way.
Aromatherapy is becoming a household word, and you'll find a large assortment of essential oils readily available online and in brick-and-mortar stores. See chapters in this book that cover more information on individual topics. Refer to Chapter 8 for tips on using aromatherapy to create romance. Chapter 6 explains how to scent your living and workspace. The guides at the end of this book help you find the right oils and scents for your needs.
Using Oils for Healing
Essential oils have a lot in common when it comes to medicine. Due to their general makeup, most essential oils are highly antiseptic and able to kill an assortment of harmful bacterial and viral infections. Many also reduce inflammation to help eliminate pain, which can result when an inflamed or infected area presses on your nerves. Quite a few of these oils also encourage wounds to heal more quickly because they stimulate the repair of cells. All these actions combine into an excellent treatment for your minor injuries, such as cuts, tight or cramped muscles, arthritis, headaches, and inflammation. Over and over, I’ve seen essential oils quickly knock out an infection, relieve a bruise, or ease a cramping muscle.
Here’s a list of essential oils’ most important medicinal properties.
Kill bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
Heal wounds
Reduce inflammation
Regulate hormones
Tone skin
Stimulate the immune system
Influence reproductive hormones
Improve blood circulation and warm the skin
Improve digestion
Decrease sinus and lung congestion
Not all essential oils are pros at everything on this list. Some perform better than others doing one thing or another. This book will show you which essential oils do what. Refer to the Essential Oil Guide and the Symptom Guide for help.
Getting Aromas into the Body
There are two main ways to use essential oils. One is by inhaling their aroma through your nose. The other is to dilute them so you can rub them on your skin. Of course, when you rub them on your skin, you also get the benefit of being able to inhale the scent at the same time.
Under your skin
Essential oil molecules are amazingly small. Their tiny size gives them some of their superpowers. An example is their ability to get under your skin when you rub them on. Your skin in very protective about what it lets through. You don't want just anything entering your body and your skin knows that. So, it has a tight structure and protective coating to keep out harmful things like dirt and grime and whatever you touch. After all, anything that's able to penetrate skin reaches blood vessels, moves into the bloodstream, and is then circulated throughout the body to reach all of your cells. It's because they are so small that almost all essential oils are absorbed quickly when applied to the skin and are able to pass through your skin. Some of the oil is absorbed into skin layers; some reach even farther, into underlying tissue. A small amount moves into the bloodstream. On the other hand, some remains on the surface of your skin and evaporates into the air as fragrance.
This absorption doesn’t happen all at once. Essential oils are made up of many different compounds, and some pass more quickly through your skin than others. The tiniest, most absorbable components in lavender and clove oils appear in the blood only 20 minutes after being rubbed on the skin. You can detect bergamot, anise, and lemon on the breath 40 to 60 minutes after rubbing them on the skin. Even larger compounds take just a little longer.
Chemists say three things determine how quickly a compound goes through skin: its size, shape, and function. Because some essential oil compounds are tinier than others, it's the small ones with simple shapes that move through the quickest. Function refers to conditions, such as water-solubility. Heat also speeds things up. Warm skin, warm body oil, massage techniques like using hot rocks or compresses, and even a hot day all increase this essential oil migration. Absorption rates are also influenced by your skin type — for example, essential oils penetrate dry, flakey, broken, or freshly washed skin more easily.
Any aromatherapy product that contains vegetable oil — and that includes skin lotion, facial cream, salve, and massage oil — slows the absorption of essential oils into your skin. What’s happening is that large molecules in vegetable oils such as almond and olive oil are simply too big to go into your skin, so they slide over the top of your skin. While they're doing all that sliding around, they hold onto some of the essential oil. Eventually most of these suspended essential oil compounds find their way into the skin. This spreads out the essential oil's good effects over time, much like a time-release factor.
Test this one out at home. Cut a clove of garlic in half and rub the cut side liberally on the bottom of your foot. Put socks on and wait for the results of the experiment. It takes your blood system about 20 minutes to carry the essential oil of garlic throughout your blood system. You’ll know because you’ll be able to taste it! Not only can you taste garlic, but its powerful antiseptic action is going to work throughout your body! (You may not want to do this experiment before attending a social event.)
Essential oils are derived from aromatic plants, many of which are medicinal herbs that are used for healing. That means the essential oil carries at least some healing properties of the herb from which it was derived. Sometimes, clinical herbalists and aromatherapists turn to the herb and sometimes the oil for a remedy. The decision of which one to use depends on the condition that's being treated and what medicinal properties are needed.
Because aromatic herbs contain the essential oil, there are times when either the herb or oil will do the trick. Take the herb rosemary, for example. If you're want something to relieve sore muscles, you can use a concoction that has the herb rosemary extracted into a base like olive oil or one that has rosemary essential oils added to it.
Essential oils have some advantages over non-aromatic herbs. They're fast to reach their destination. Say that you have a sore muscle. Rub on a massage or body oil that contains the anti-inflammatory essential oil of lavender or chamomile over a sore area, and you’ll send the medicine quickly into the underlying area — your tight muscle.
Compare that to using non-aromatic herbs. Drinking an herb tea or downing a pill or extract are all good medicine. However, while herbs do a great job of treating skin disorders and complexion problems on the skin's surface, they rarely go more than skin deep. When applied topically, most herbal compounds lay on the skin's surface. The medicine doesn't reach deep into tissue under the skin to help heal it. This limits herbs to topical use. Our skin is a great protective barrier; otherwise, everything we touch could enter our bodies.
The advantages of having those tiny essential oils pass through your skin via topical application include the following:
Right on target.
Essential oils can be applied right on or over the specific area that needs treatment.
Go deep.
Essential oils penetrate deep into underlying tissue to work their healing magic.
Have a happy liver.
Not only does the problem area get most of the medicinal dose, but less essential oil ends up circulating in your bloodstream. The result is less essential oil has to be processed by your liver. That translates into less work for your liver and a lower chance of too much essential oil producing a toxic reaction in your body.
USING THE “LIZARD BRAIN”
After the nose gathers information about aroma, it sends a report to your brain. That information bypasses the central nervous system and the areas of the brain that control reasoning. Instead, the nose sends its fragrance facts to a very old part of your brain called the limbic system for processing.
The primitive limbic system is sometimes called the “lizard brain” because it works in a similar fashion to the simple brain of a reptile to plug into your basic survival instincts. If you want to understand the limbic system better, think about what a lizard needs: to find food and a mate, be alerted to danger, remember a few survival skills, recognize its territory, and maintain its body’s healthy equilibrium. All these requirements are associated with the sense of smell.
Because it is the limbic system’s job is to alert your body’s warning system of potential danger, it signals the “fight or flight” response. This causes your adrenals to provide a rush of adrenaline with its resulting burst of energy during an emergency. The higher parts of your brain that control long-term memory also receive information about fragrances. The limbic system — and thus our sense of smell — directly communicates with the brain’s hypothalamus and pituitary. Both are considered “master glands” because they regulate so many body functions. Through these glands, your sense of smell helps direct various hormone and immune system activity and what regulates appetite, digestion, sexual arousal, memory, body temperature, and heartbeat.
Anthropologists and psychologists are exploring why your sense of smell is closely linked to these areas. They assume that at one time smell played an important role in survival. Perhaps five times more powerful in your ancestors than it is today, this super sense enabled them to smell spoiled food, the potency of their plant medicines, their kin, recognize friend or foe, and to be attracted to a mate. This keen sense of smell also helped treat illnesses. It is likely that the use of aroma as therapy goes back to the earliest uses of plants as medicine. The first recorded uses of aromatherapy are from Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China just after 3000 B.C.
From rose to nose
Certain scents make you think better and faster, while others work on your emotions. Some mood-lifting aromas are antidepressants; some are relaxants; and still others act as stimulants. To learn which oil does what to improve your moods, refer to Chapter 9 and the Essential Oil Guide.
The molecules that produce aromas are too small to see with your eye, yet the air is filled with these microscopic particles of scent. Simply brushing against a fragrant plant or opening a vial of essential oil releases thousands of aromatic molecules into the air where they freely float to your nose (which is happening in Figure 1-1).
Every time you sniff something aromatic — say your favorite fragrant flower or perfume — thousands of tiny scent molecules tumble into your nose. High up in your nose, smell receptors await these compounds. They send information about what you smell to your olfactory bulb. (Olfactory is scientific lingo for smell.) These receptors are able to tell the difference between all of the many odor molecules because, much like your fingerprints, each aromatic molecule is unique. One way they differentiate the compounds is according to their shape.
FIGURE 1-1: Scent captured in the nose and sent to the olfactory bulb in the brain.
Think of essential oil compounds like a child's building blocks that come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. Your brain recognizes the difference. It collects the information and sends it a charge or code to your sense of smell. The higher brain collects the information to relay it to wherever it is needed and alter your body physically or emotionally. All of this happens very rapidly and is why you can smell the difference between a lemon and a lime. It's also why the scent of chamomile makes you dreamy while eucalyptus is a wake-up call.
Capturing the Benefits of Essential Oils
Essential oils can really work some magic on the mind and body. I know this from my clinical and personal experiences, but it’s also been proven by various studies.
The Fragrance Research Fund has collaborated with the Psychophysiology Department at Yale University to discover how the aromas of essential oils affect behavior. In one of their programs, they followed more than two thousand people for twenty years. They've found that simply inhaling fragrance helps with a long list of complaints including fatigue, pain, insomnia, depression, nervousness, migraines, and memory loss. Research even points to aromatherapy treating schizophrenia and sexual dysfunction.
Many health providers are turning to aromatherapy to supplement treatment plans. They like its quick action and how it so easily helps with emotions. The Mayo Clinic has trained more than two thousand physicians and nurses so far in using essential oils. They're putting the aroma from essential oils in the air before dispensing medication to patients. For example, Fairview Clinics in Minnesota use ginger and spearmint to alleviate nausea and lemon and Mandarin to ease anxiety and insomnia. The Mayo Clinic also sells inhalation sticks containing essential oils for patients to use at home.
Stimulants such as peppermint and eucalyptus intensify brain waves to sharpen the mind and quicken your reactions. This action is very similar to what happens if you drink coffee, but without caffeine’s detrimental impact on your adrenal glands. A calming scent like chamomile has the opposite effect. It slows brain-wave patterns to produce relaxation similar to taking a sedative drug, but without side effects.
Pleasant smells put people into better moods and make them more willing to cooperate and compromise. Psychologists have had a field day testing this out! Dr. Susan Schiffman, professor of Medical Psychology at North Carolina’s Duke University, put how scent affects people’s minds to the test. She got on the New York City subway and sprayed food scents in the cars. Under the influence of scent, passengers pushed and shoved each other 40 percent less, and they made fewer nasty comments. At Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and at hospitals across the United States, scents of lavender, chamomile, and vanilla have relaxed patients undergoing invasive procedures or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanning.
Other successful treatments are just a sniff away. Researchers are hoping to uncover all the ways in which essential oils heal. They at least want aromatherapy to improve the quality of life for people who suffer from several disorders. Essential oils may offer the ability to take fewer pharmaceutical drugs when the two are used together.
Don’t try to reduce your prescription drugs without your doctor’s approval. You could end up harming your health more than improving it.
The effect of fragrances on your mind and emotions may be subtle, but the smell alone makes you feel better about yourself. It can improve your mood, reduce stress, cause you to become more energetic, or help you relax or fall asleep more easily. The bottom line is that you are happier. In this way, it achieves the goals set by self-help books and seminars. After all, feeling good about yourself makes you less combative, jealous, and angry. You also feel more in control of your life, and that makes you less frustrated and more satisfied with life. Not bad results for a little sniff of a pleasant fragrance!
A Rose by Any Other Name …
The essential oils that are used therapeutically have the same names as the plants from which they're derived. These are called common names and what I use throughout this book. These are the names you already know, such as rose, lavender, and lemon. This keeps it simple and makes easy reading for you. However, plants and their essential oils also have scientific names that are in Latin or Greek. Botanists group plants according to how they look. The more similar the physical characteristics, the closer the relationship.
Whether you're new to essential oils or already a pro, understanding scientific plant names is very important to you. You won't be able to negotiate through the maze of essential oils for sale without a basic understanding of botany. These names are the only way you can make sure that you're buying the correct essential oils, because some plants and the essential oils derived from them share the same common name.
Why all this fuss about Latin words and classifications? For one thing, go with common names alone, and you will be in for a surprise. Quite a few plants share the same common names. But they don’t necessarily share the same medicinal properties or scent. A few examples of common names you may encounter that describe more than one oil are basil, cedarwood, chamomile, fir, and jasmine. There’s tee tree from Australia, but there’s also a New Zealand tea tree or manuka. While both trees are in the same botanical family — the Myrtle family — they are distinctly different. The same thing occurs with chamomile. The essential oil could be German chamomile or perhaps Roman chamomile. or maybe its gold or Cape chamomile. German chamomile is far more anti-inflammatory than the less popular Roman chamomile so more valuable to use on a condition like inflamed skin. I sniff either one for a relaxing effect.
To toss in even more confusion, if you buy bergamot or spikenard essential oils, it won't be the common garden bergamot, or the herb called spikenard. There are also many variations of lavender and rosemary. To help you sort all of this out, these differences are further explained in the Essential Oil Guide.
Breaking down the system
The organizational system that essential oils fall into is officially called plant taxonomy. The full scientific names of plants come from a combination of different information. Some are named after the botanist who identified them, in honor of a person or place, or according to what a plant looks like.
When you go to purchase an essential oil, you'll first see the plant's common name. It is followed by the scientific botanical name, which is written in italics to distinguish it as a non-English name. Some aromatherapy products pass on giving you the common name and only list the botanical names of the essential oils on their ingredient list.
Each botanical name has two parts. The first part of the name is called the genus. A lot of related plants are included in this. The genus is followed by the species, which designates a specific plant. Together, these are called the binomials or “two names.” Here's another way to look at botanical names. Say your name is Anne Smith. In botany that would be written Smith anne. This designates the Smiths as being related and thus, having similarities. It also shows that there's just one of you.
You can see how this essential oil naming works if you look at two aromatic plants in the same genus. Let's take Citrus. Among the members of this genus are lemon (Citrus limonum) and bergamot (Citrus bergamia). They are in the same Citrus genus. You can tell just by their botanical names that they're related. The fact that they have different species names shows they aren't the same plant. Because they're in the same genus, it is likely that they share some medicinal properties and may have a similar scent … and they do!
When chemists get involved in this naming game, they sometimes add yet another category that's called a chemotype. You'll also encounter them when purchasing essential oils. Chemotypes are subspecies of plants. They look alike but have different chemical components in their essential oils. This usually occurs when the same plant grows in different locations. This means its aroma and use are also slightly different. See Chapter 15 for more on chemotypes and their differences and uses.
Specifying species
Most essential oils that you'll see for sale come from the most common species of herb used medicinally. These aromatic herbs are the ones that are grown for production or, in some cases, harvested from the wild. There's often more species in the genus that aren't being distilled commercially to be turned into essential oils, because there's not enough demand for them.
Species that are in the same genus have similar botanical characteristics and usually have related DNA. The closer species are related, the better the chance that they have a similar chemistry and use, as well as aroma. Even so, they are rarely exactly alike. Even slight chemical alterations can make a difference in how you use the essential oils. The downside is it can be confusing to sort out which oil you need. The upside is that this offers an opportunity to explore new essential oils and fine-tune the aromatherapy formulas you create.
Following are the essential oils that are available in several different species or varieties. Sometimes their effects on the brain and mind are similar, sometimes not.
Chamomile
essential oil is produced from several different plants that are not even in the same genus. Some uses are similar yet not necessarily interchangeable. The most popular oil is German chamomile, which reduces inflammation and muscle pain better than Roman chamomile. Other oils include Cape chamomile, which is another good anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxant somewhat similar to German chamomile. There is also a “gold” chamomile that is more akin to Roman chamomile.
Cinnamon
essential oil can be from the less expensive species cassia or true, but much hotter cinnamon
.
Eucalyptus
essential oil has so many species that are distilled. Lemon eucalyptus contains so much of the compound called citronellal that it is a great bug repellent with a delightful lemony scent.
Radiata
is specific to treat sinus and herpes infections, while
australiana
takes care of lung congestion and sore throat.
Smithii
is a gentle version so it’s used for children and sensitive individuals. These are the most common species of eucalyptus that are sold today.
Fir
essential oil comes as Balsam fir, Canadian fir, and Siberian fir, which tend to be used interchangeably, although a good nose can detect their slightly different scent.
Lavender
essential oil is most often the standard English lavender or one of its many “Lavandin” hybrids, such as those named Provence and Grosso. There's also Spike, French, Spanish, and various specialty lavenders from different regions. Spike lavender is especially good for treating sinus and lung congestion and acne. The camphorus-smelling Spanish lavender
(Lavendula stoechas)
is a strong wound-healer that helps to ease sore muscles.
Sage
essential oil is the common cooking sage. Spanish sage and a few other sages are also produced, which have a distinctive lavender fragrance and are less irritating to skin. Both are strong antiseptics. Clary sage is a species that is designated as “clary,” which is less antiseptic, but its scent produces more of a heavy, relaxing effect than common sage.
Tea tree
essential oil is derived from a few similar species, such as MQV
(Melaleuca quinquenervia).
MQV is considered the most antiviral species. It has sweeter, more pleasant scent, so it is easier to mix with other essential oils into a nice-smelling blend. The harsher cajeput is another species, but one that is rarely used.
Dealing with name changes
The classifications of plants in modern botany are being influenced and changed according to DNA reports on the plants themselves. This is changing the world of botany from being solely based on physical appearances to paying attention to genetics. Some plants are being moved from one category to another based solely on their DNA. As a result, numerous botanical names have changed because a plant is no longer in the same genus. These changes are creating a more accurate system of plant relatives, but also causing some confusion.
When you read older aromatherapy references, you're bound to encounter some outdated names. Make sure you double-check the names you find in older books with updated information you can find online.
One well-known herb that has had a name change in recent years is rosemary. It has now joined the Salvia genus that already encompasses sage and lavender. Its new botanical name is Salvia rosemarinus, leaving behind the previous Rosemarinus officinalis.
Botanists are always refining plants’ genealogy themselves. Their changes are often based on microscopic differences in plant structure. They have changed vetiver's botanical name from Vetiveria zizanioides to the new Chrysopogon zizanioides. This happened after years of speculation that the entire genus called Vetiveria should really be merged int Chrysopogon.
Chapter 2
Sniffing the Diff: What to Look for in a Scent
IN THIS CHAPTER
Training your nose and using it to choose scents you love
Breaking down the scents by type, quality, and notes
Blending oils to make great scents
When you get down to the nuts and bolts of essential oils, it's all about scent. After all, that's what makes essential oils smell good and work on the body and mind. An oil's scent tells us many things about its quality and purity. It also dictates how you blend it with other essential oils in your aromatherapy creations. Your nose is your guide on this aromatherapy journey. Don’t fret — by using the guidelines in this chapter, the tasks of choosing oils and blending are not as monumental as they may seem. Soon, you'll be able to differentiate between top-of-the-line essential oils and the run-of-the-mill variety, as well as the downright stinky ones.
In this chapter, I tell you how to train your nose to truly understand essential oils. At the same time, you'll be developing your sense of smell so you can judge the quality of essential oils. Knowing what's good and what's not helps you not only when blending oils, but in choosing which ones to buy. This chapter gives you the tricks of the fragrance trade so you can choose the best oils and then make incredible blends with them.
Choosing and Using Oils: Your Nose Knows Best
To better understand an essential oil, let's dissect scent. We're looking at not just which oils smell good or not so good, but what creates all those interesting layers of different scents. You can use that characteristic scent to identify a certain oil and judge its quality. Also pay attention to the scent when blending an oil with other essential oils to make your final product smell not just great, but fantastic!
The following sections walk you through the tried-and-true sniffing procedure used by perfumers and other smelling experts. Whether you're a beginner or already whipping up your own essential oil concoctions, why not improve your ability to judge essential oils and blending skills like a pro? Both of these talents are important when working with essential oil.
While you go through this chapter, don't just read about how to understand scent. Put that nose to work. Grab a bottle of essential oil or an aromatic plant and test the techniques for yourself. See what scent categories you can detect with every sniff you take. You'll be amazed at how clever your nose can be! You'll also be delighted at how quickly your brain learns to detect scent.
Sniffing 101
Because you rely on your nose to lead you through the essential oils marketing maze and to become a master blender, you need to teach it the tricks of the trade. First, discover how to smell.
So — nose meet scent. When smelling a finished aromatherapy product, such as shampoo or body oil, you can just sniff away because only a small amount of the essential oil is already mixed into the finished product. However, a bottle of pure essential oil is another story.
Undiluted oils are quite strong when sniffed directly from the bottle. They don't represent how a final product will smell because it's almost always diluted, so that's no help to you as a blender. Even worse, they quickly put your sense of smell and brain on overload. That olfactory overdose while holding the bottle directly under your nose can make you lightheaded, so why suffer?
To sniff essential oils more comfortably and to have a more accurate sense of how they will smell once diluted, try the following:
Smell the scent of the oil from the lid rather than the bottle.
When sniffing an undiluted essential oil, hold the lid about 6 to 10 inches from your nose.
Move the bottle or lid back and forth through the air to dilute the aromatic molecules.
After smelling several essential oils, clear your nose palate so that you can keep on sniffing. For tips on how to clear your nose, check out the following section.
Clearing your nose
Your capacity to smell begins to decline after about six or seven good sniffs in succession, especially of the same thing. Along with your ability to smell goes your ability to distinguish an oil’s subtle characteristics — an obvious problem when you’re trying to determine quality or creating a blend. Keep sniffing, and eventually your nose gives out altogether so that you can’t smell a thing.
To regain your sense of smell, simply take a break and stop smelling the oils for 10 minutes or until your sense of smell returns. If you don’t want to wait that long, here are simple techniques that the pros use. Granted, they might seem silly, but trust me, they work! You can recover your sense of smell in less than a minute by
Walking outside and deeply breathing fresh air.
Here’s a good way to clear your nose of all those scent molecules bouncing around in there. Think of this as an air “wash.”
Sniffing coffee beans or hovering over a cup of coffee.
Yes, you read this correctly; I did say coffee. And you thought it was just for a pick-me-up? Exactly how coffee works on your ability to perceive scent is a bit of a mystery, but it does the trick.
Taking several breaths through a wool scarf or cap.
There’s something about the smell of wool that changes your smell perception. This trick also works well to filter out the scents that linger in a room when you work with essential oils. Not any cap or scarf will do; make sure that it’s a wool one.
Putting a few grains of salt on the tip of your tongue.
