European Media E-Book

Stylianos Papathanassopoulos

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: PGMC - Polity Global Media and Communication series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 410

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

European Media provides a clear, concise account of the structures, dynamics and realities of the changing face of media in Europe. It offers a timely and illuminating appraisal of the issues surrounding the development of new media in Europe and explores debates about the role of the media in the formation of a European public sphere and a European identity.

The book argues that Europe offers an ideal context for examining interactions between global, regional and national media processes and its individual chapters consider: the changing structure of the European media; the development of new media; the Europeanization of the media in the region; the challenges for the content; and audiences. Special emphasis is given to the transformation of political communication in Europe and the alleged emergence of a European public sphere and identity.

European Media: Structures, Politics and Identity is an invaluable text for courses on media and international studies as well as courses dealing with European and national policy studies. It is also helpful to students, researchers and professionals in the media sector since it combines hard facts with theoretical insight.

Leseprobe

European Media

Global Media and Communication

Arab Media, Noha Mellor, Khalil Rinnawi, Nabil Dajani and Muhammad I. Ayish

European Media, Stylianos Papathanassopoulos and Ralph Negrine

European Media

Structures, Policies and Identity

STYLIANOS PAPATHANASSOPOULOS AND RALPH NEGRINE

polity

Copyright © Stylianos Papathanassopoulos and Ralph M. Negrine 2011

The right of Stylianos Papathanassopoulos and Ralph M. Negrine to be identified as Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2011 by Polity Press

Polity Press

65 Bridge Street

Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

350 Main Street

Malden, MA 02148, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-3734-1

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Typeset in 11 on 13 pt Adobe Garamond Pro

by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group Limited, Bodmin, Cornwall

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Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: www.politybooks.com

Contents

Detailed Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

1

Introduction: The Media in the European Context

Part I  The Political Economy of Media in Europe

2

The Structure of (Old) Media in Europe

3

The New Media in Europe

Part II  The Europeanization of the European Media

4

Europeanizing the Media of Europe

5

The Question of Content: Quality, Availability and Production

6

Audiences and Consumption

Part III  Europe as a Cultural and Political Project

7

Public Communication in Europe: Constructing Europe and the European Public Sphere

8

Media and European Identity

9

Conclusions

Appendix

Notes

References and Bibliography

Index

Detailed Contents

List of Illustrations

List of Abbreviations

Acknowledgements

1

Introduction: The Media in the European Context

Dimensions of Europeanization

The organization of the book

Part I

The Political Economy of Media in Europe

2

The Structure of (Old) Media in Europe

Media models

The challenges to public broadcasting systems

The consolidation of the media industry

The foundation of new regulatory bodies

The newspaper sector

Summary

3

The New Media in Europe

The new media and European industrial policy

The penetration of the internet in Europe

The development of digital television

Internet protocol television (IPTV)

Mobile TV

High definition TV (HDTV)

From VCR to DVD

Radio: the analogue medium?

Newspapers: between the internet and the freesheets

Summary

Part II

The Europeanization of the European Media

4

Europeanizing the Media of Europe

Audiovisual policy: from ‘Television without Frontiers’ to ‘Audiovisual Media Services’

Country of origin

Linear and non-linear audiovisual services

Advertising

Product placement

Support schemes

EU policy on media ownership

Public broadcasting and the EU

Summary

5

The Question of Content: Quality, Availability and Production

New media, new content

The EU and the new media ‘content’

Television content

The increase in the volume of programming

A new ‘défiaméricain’

The increase in the volume of European productions

The MEDIA programme

The importance of programme rights

Copyright

Summary

6

Audiences and Consumption

A media-rich society

Changing media, changing patterns of consumption

The impact of the internet

TV versus internet

Cable and satellite TV

Different patterns of media consumption

Preferences in TV programmes

Media consumption at home

Summary: the multimedia environment and multitasking

Part III

Europe as a Cultural and Political Project

7

Public Communication in Europe: Constructing Europe and the European Public Sphere

EU media studies

The European public sphere – what is it, is there one and do we need it?

The European public sphere

EU journalism and the European public sphere

What drives EU news coverage? What are the news values adopted? How do journalists work?

Too much or too little coverage of the EU?

The EU communicating the EU: Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate

Media and politics in a European context

Change at the level of media and media practice

Changes at the level of the political party

Media and politics in the era of the internet

Summary

8

Media and European Identity

Europe and Europeanness: Where is Europe? What is the European Union?

Becoming European

European identity

Being part of Europe

How Europe sees itself and others: the coverage of Turkey’s accession bid in 2004

Turkey, the EU and accession talks in 2004: newspaper coverage in some member states

The place of history, culture and memory in the French and British press coverage

Summary

9

Conclusions

Appendix

Notes

References and Bibliography

Index

List of Illustrations

Tables

2.1

Typology of national broadcasting systems in Western Europe

2.2

Broadcasting regulatory authorities in selected European countries

3.1

Digital TV in Europe (and timetable for DTT)

3.2

Paid-for and free dailies in the USA and Europe

3.3

Share of newspapers of total advertising spend, selected European countries

5.1

Uptake of digital distribution/exploitation of content in Europe – key figures

5.2

EU programming in European television, 2007–8

7.1

Hallin and Mancini’s classification of media and political systems

7.2

Interest in what is going on in the European Parliament

7.3

Turnout in European parliamentary elections, selected countries

7.4

Different types of advocacy

8.1

Conceptual definition and operationalization of European identity variables

8.2

Reasons mentioned why talks should not proceed

Figures

3.1

Stages in the European television industry

3.2

Digital TV households in Europe, by platform

3.3

Broadcast mobile TV subscriber uptake

3.4

HDTV channels in Europe, 2009

3.5

HDTV channels in Europe, by means of delivery, 2009

5.1

Nationwide TV channels available in the EU-27, plus Croatia and Turkey, by genre

5.2

US programming in European television, 2007–8

5.3

uropean works on European channels

6.1

hanges of internet use in Europe

6.2

Media use in the EU-15, 2010

6.3

Average time spent viewing TV in Europe, 1995–2009

6.4

Paid-for dailies: average number of copies per thousand of population

6.5

Numbers and types of specialist channels viewed in the EU

6.6

Technology at home

7.1

Lack of trust in political parties in the European Union

Boxes

4.1

MEDIA Plus and MEDIA Training – key figures

Abbreviations

ACT

Association of Commercial Television in Europe

ADSL

asymmetrical digital subscriber line

AER

Association Européene des Radios

AMS

Audiovisual Media Services

ARD

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Öffentlichrechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

BBC

British Broadcasting Corporation

BSkyB

British Sky Broadcasting

CFI

Court of First Instance

CLT

Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion

DAB

digital audio broadcasting

DMB

digital multimedia broadcasting

DMP

digital media player

DRM

digital rights management system

DSL

digital subscriber line

DTH

direct-to-home

DTT

digital terrestrial television

DVB

digital video broadcasting

DVB-H

digital video broadcasting - handheld

DVD

digital video disk

EBU

European Broadcasting Union

EC

European Commission

ECJ

European Court of Justice

EICTA

European Information and Communications Technology Industry Association

EPC

European Publishers Council

EU

European Union

GATS

General Agreement on Trade in Services

GDP

gross domestic product

GPS

global positioning system

HDTV

high definition TV

IDATE

Institut de l’Audiovisuel et des Télécommunications en Europe

IP

internet protocol

IPTV

internet protocol television

ISDN

integrated services digital network

ISP

internet service provider

LAN

local area network

NOS

Nederlandse Omroep Stichting

Ofcom

Office of Communications

PDA

personal digital assistant

PSB

public service broadcasting

RAI

Radio Televisione Italiana

RTE

Radio Telefís Éireann

RTL

Radio Télévision Luxembourgeoise

RTVE

Radio Televisión Española

SHDSL

single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line

STB

set top box

TWF

Television without Frontiers

VCR

video cassette recorder

VDSL (VHDSL)

very-high-bitrate digital subscriber line

VHS

video home system

VoD

video-on-demand

VRT

Vlaamse Radio en Televisie

WIPO

World International Property Organization

WTN

World Television News

To Katia, Thanassis and Aphrodite for their continuous support, good humour and patience

To Angie

Acknowledgements

Many people helped in the making of this book. In particular, we would like to thank the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens for its financial assistance at various stages of the research in the last three years. Our thanks go also to the many journalists who helped us with our research and patiently answered our questions, as well as the two anonymous readers at Polity for their valuable comments and thoughts on our typescript.

Our special thanks go to John Thompson and Andrea Drugan at Polity Press who have enthusiastically supported the whole project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Caroline Richmond, who has shown professionalism and patience throughout the process of putting this book together. Needless to say, all responsibility for shortcomings and inaccuracies are ours.

Stelios Papathanassopoulos, Ralph Negrine

1

Introduction: The Media in the European Context

The media in European states have experienced a period of continuous change from the 1980s onwards. This period has been associated with changes in media policy as well as a series of technological developments which have, either directly or indirectly, had an influence on policy choices towards the media sector, and especially television. Emerging channels, including the internet, mobile and other interactive media, are outperforming their traditional counterparts and seizing market share from them. In the past, European media systems were characterized by simplicity – there were usually only a small handful of public-owned TV and radio stations, newspapers were available at specific times of the day and distributed in specific places. Today’s media systems, however, are characterized by complexity: processes of technological convergence and digitalization have dramatically changed the media landscape. Cable and satellite services deliver hundreds of channels; broadband links and websites allow anyone to distribute video to millions of people; and mobile phones connect subscribers to each other but also to television and to web services. The simplicity of yesteryear has given rise to a multiplicity of services that connect to one another but also compete with one another for shares of subscribers. To give one obvious example, internet service providers supply services to customers but also supply news – thus competing with traditional news outlets – and business information.