Fabrication of Nanostructures by Plasma Electrolysis E-Book

Mahmood Aliofkhazraei

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 374

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

In this handbook and ready reference, the authors introduce the concept of plasma electrolysis, explaining how the coatings are characterized and discussing their mechanical and corrosion properties. They then go on to look at specific industrial applications of this powerful and low-cost method, including aerospace, the biomaterials industry as well as in the oil and gas industry.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Related Titles

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Synthesis and Processing of Nanostructured Films, and Introduction to and Comparison with Plasma Electrolysis

1.1 Why Nanostructures Are Important

1.2 Different Types of Nanostructures

1.3 Ability of Plasma Electrolysis in Nanostructure Fabrication

1.4 Relation Between Plasma Electrolysis and Nanotechnology

1.5 Growth Process of Nanostructured Films

1.6 Electrolyte-Based Methods

1.7 Non-Electrolyte-Based Methods

1.8 Introduction to Plasma Electrolysis

References

Chapter 2: Introduction to Plasma Concepts and Discharge Configurations

2.1 What Is Plasma?

2.2 Plasma Categorization

2.3 Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas

2.4 Applications of Atmospheric Plasma Methods

2.5 Optimization of Plasma Parameters for Fabrication of Uniform Nanostructures

References

Chapter 3: Characterization of Nanocrystalline Hard Coatings and their Use for Layers Fabricated by Plasma Electrolysis

3.1 Evaluation of Hardness for Nanostructured Coatings

3.2 Characterization of Nanostructured Coatings by X-Ray Diffraction and Nuclear Reaction Analysis

3.3 Evaluation of Plasma Electrolytic Layers

References

Chapter 4: Nanocrystalline Plasma Electrolytic Saturation

4.1 Classification of Plasma Electrolysis

4.2 Nanostructures Fabricated by the Plasma Electrolytic Saturation Process

4.3 Characteristics of Cathodic Plasma Electrolysis

4.4 Mechanism of Cathodic Plasma Electrolysis

4.5 Morphological Aspects of Achieved Nanostructures

References

Chapter 5: Corrosion Properties of Nanostructured Coatings Made by Plasma Electrolytic Saturation

5.1 Anti-Corrosion Properties of Nanostructured PES Coatings

5.2 Relation Among Nanostructure and Corrosion Properties

5.3 Optimization of Plasma Electrolytic Saturation Treatment

5.4 Substrate Study

References

Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Coatings Made by Plasma Electrolytic Saturation

6.1 Hardness

6.2 Roughness

6.3 Wear Protection

6.4 Relation Among Nanostructure and Mechanical Properties

6.5 Optimization of Plasma Electrolytic Saturation Treatment

6.6 Duplex Treatments

References

Chapter 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of Plasma Electrolysis

7.1 Industrial Application of the Technology

7.2 Performance of Plasma Electrolytic Saturation Coatings

7.3 Potential Application of the Technology

7.4 Economic Assessment of the Technology

References

Chapter 8: Nanostructured Coatings Made by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation

8.1 Fabrication of Nanocomposites by Anodic Plasma Electrolysis

8.2 Examples of Nanocomposite Coatings Fabricated by the PEO Process

8.3 Duplex Treatments

References

Chapter 9: Conclusions

Mahmood Aliofkhazraei andAlireza Sabour Rouhaghdam

Fabrication of Nanostructures by Plasma Electrolysis

Related Titles

Friedrich, J.

The Plasma Chemistry of Polymer Surfaces

Advanced Techniques for Surface Design

approx. 275 pages with approx. 150 figures

ISBN: 978-3-527-31853-7

Muss noch bearbeitet werden (Martin Graf)

Kreysa, G., Schütze, M. (eds.)

Corrosion Handbook - Corrosive Agents and Their Interaction with Materials

13 Volume Set

approx. 6500 pages in 13 volumes with approx. 2300 figures and approx. 2800 tables

2009

ISBN: 978-3-527-31217-7

Fischer, A., Bobzin, K. (eds.)

Friction, Wear and Wear Protection

784 pages with approx. 800 figures and approx. 20 tables

2009

ISBN: 978-3-527-32366-1

Hirsch, J., Skrotzki, B., Gottstein, G. (eds.)

Aluminium Alloys

Their Physical and Mechanical Properties

2504 pages in 2 volumes with approx. 2000 figures and approx. 100 tables

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-32367-8

Heimann, R. B.

Plasma Spray Coating

Principles and Applications

449 pages with 236 figures and 19 tables

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-32050-9

The Authors

Mahmood AliofkhazraeiTarbiat Modares UniversityFaculty of EngineeringJalal al ahmad/Chamran highwayTehranIran, Islamische Republik

Dr. Alireza Sabour RouhaghdamTarbiat Modares UniversityFaculty of EngineeringJalal al ahmad/Chamran highwayTehranIran, Islamische Republik

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32675-4 ePdf ISBN: 978-3-527-63246-6 ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-63247-3 Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-64046-1

Preface

Plasma electrolysis is an electrolyte-based method, with many applications, that is growing in importance. This method has the ability to fabricate different kinds of nanostructures. Its wide range of treatments are recognized under different names, such as “plasma electrolytic oxidation,” “micro-arc oxidation,” “spark anodizing,” “electrolytic plasma process,” and so on. As seen in the figure, the number of journal papers published in this area has increased rapidly during recent years. In 2009, about 200 journal papers were published on this method. The figure is the result of a search for two terms that are very common and are used by many researchers in this area: “plasma electrolytic” and “micro-arc oxidation.”

Number of journal papers about plasma electrolysis identified on 10 May 2010 using the Scopus search engine. The keywords used were “plasma electrolytic” and “micro-arc oxidation” just in the title, abstract, and keywords.

Plasma electrolysis was first used in the USSR, and it was undefined for many researchers around the world. After the dissolution of the USSR, this method was introduced elsewhere, and an increased amount of research has been done worldwide during the past decade. This method has shown itself to be appropriate for the fabrication of different kinds of nanostructures; however, mostly its coatings have been investigated. The process has been successfully industrialized in Russia, the United Kingdom and other countries.

The study of the coating formation mechanism in plasma electrolysis can be assisted by examining the incorporation of electrolyte-derived coating components. For instance, silicon species are typically incorporated into the coatings formed in a silicate electrolyte, although the main coating material is alumina, as crystalline, amorphous or both structural types. In particular, anodizing the substrate in two steps, using electrolytes with differing anion constituents, can introduce characteristic species into the coating, with different distributions that reflect aspects of the growth mechanism. Such studies can aid the understanding of coating growth and the relative roles of solid-, liquid- and gas-phase transport processes in the discharge region, which are currently incompletely identified.

Several authors have described methods for the study of plasma electrolysis and the nanostructure of the coatings produced. This process seems to be very promising for a wide field of investigation and technology development. This book describes the relation between this process and nanotechnology, and it aims to be a ready reference for these aspects of coatings. The various chapters were written with a focus on the functional properties of nanostructured coatings. General chapters on the introduction of nanostructured coatings and comparisons with plasma electrolysis, and also discussions about plasma techniques and atmospheric plasma treatments, have also been included. An interesting evaluation of the necessary budget for starting up a plasma electrolysis factory based on real estimates and calculations with relative software has also been included to the book. Finally, conclusions were written for all of the chapters.

May 2010

Mahmood AliofkhazraeiAlireza Sabour Rouhaghdam

Chapter 1

Synthesis and Processing of Nanostructured Films, and Introduction to and Comparison with Plasma Electrolysis

1.1 Why Nanostructures Are Important

Nanostructures have a volume that is intermediate between molecular and microscopic (dimensions in micrometers) structures. It is essential to make a distinction between the number of dimensions that are on the nanometric scale. A planar nanostructure has one dimension on the nanometric scale, the surface depth being between 1 and 100 nm. A nanotube has two dimensions on the nanometric scale, the diameter being between 1 and 100 nm, while the other dimension (the length) may be much larger. Finally, well-separated nanopowders have three dimensions on the nanometric scale, the dimension of a nanoparticle being between 1 and 100 nm in each arbitrary direction. The terms “nanoparticle” and “ultra-fine particle” are usually used with the same meaning, but the dimensions of ultra-fine particles are usually greater than those of nanoparticles [1].

As an interesting example of nanostructures, different nanostructures of carbon such as fullerenes, nanotubes, nanocones and graphene have exclusive mechanical and physical properties. Their superior properties are related to their firm skeletons created by bonded planar orbitals sandwiched between overlaid unsaturated bonds. Small atoms such as boron, nitrogen, and so on can diffuse among or replace the atoms of these nanostructures to increase their various properties or create locally active sites. Carbon nanostructures can also be chemically treated to achieve other activities, especially catalytic activities. Recently, some investigations have suggested that nitrogen-diffused carbon nanotubes will show enough electrocatalytic activity for reduction of oxygen. These treatments also become very attractive by forming stable metal-diffused carbon nanostructures for applications with catalytic activities [2].

Considering these attractive potential usages of nanostructures, interest in their application is growing increasingly. The fabrication methods of nanostructures allow us to arrange their atoms in nanometric size. One nanometer is about equal to the sum of the diameters of four atoms and also approximately 50 000 times smaller than a human hair. Considering the time you spend to read these sentences, your fingernails will approximately grow about one nanometer. An attractive target of fabrication methods of nanostructures is their self-assembly on the nanometric scale and thus the production of large amounts of new materials with superior properties. Connecting nanostructures to microstructures and also to bigger structures by such desired self-assembly can be done to create large assemblies.