Feline Dentistry E-Book

Jan Bellows

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 735

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

The most up-to-date version of the leading resource on veterinary dentistry in cats The Second Edition of Feline Dentistry delivers a comprehensive exploration of the specific considerations required to provide dental care to cats that emphasizes their unique needs. The updated Second Edition includes brand-new material and approximately 300 new images illustrating diseases, conditions, and procedures discussed within the book. The new edition combines the pathology and treatment information to provide additional context which helps make it more clinically relevant. The book also offers: * A thorough introduction to feline oral assessment, including anatomy, oral examinations, radiology, and charting * Comprehensive explorations of dental pathology and treatment in cats, including necessary equipment and materials and anesthesia and pain control * Practical discussions of dental pathology prevention in felines, including plaque and tartar control Perfect for veterinary general practitioners and veterinary students, Feline Dentistry, Second Edition, will also be useful to veterinary technicians seeking a one-stop, visual resource on feline-specific dentistry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

About the Author

Forewords

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1 Anatomy

1.1 Oral Cavity

1.2 Mucosa

1.3 Muscles

1.4 Tongue

1.5 Innervation

1.6 Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage

1.7 Salivary Glands

1.8 Periodontium

1.9 Gingiva

1.10 Periodontal Ligament

1.11 Cementum

1.12 Alveolar Bone

1.13 Bones and Joints

1.14 Maxillary Region

1.15 Mandibles

1.16 Temporomandibular Joint

1.17 Teeth

1.18 Variation in Tooth Number and Morphology

1.19 Composition

1.20 Tooth Eruption

Further Reading

2 The Feline Dental Operatory – Equipment, Instruments, and Materials

2.1 Space

2.2 Electricity, Water, and Drainage

2.3 Ergonomics

2.4 The Operatory

2.5 Adjustable Stools/Chairs

2.6 Built‐in Desk

2.7 Powered Dental Delivery Systems

2.8 Storage

2.9 Lighting

2.10 Dental Loupes (Telescopes)

2.11 Radiography

2.12 General Anesthesia

2.13 Patient Monitoring Devices

2.14 Dental Charts

2.15 Dental Explorer

2.16 Periodontal Probe

2.17 Operator Safety Equipment

2.18 Dental Scaling, Irrigation and Polishing Equipment, Instruments, and Techniques

2.19 Extraction Instruments and Materials

2.20 Dental Handpieces

2.21 Maintenance of Dental Equipment

2.22 Homecare Products to Reduce the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar (Calculus)

2.23 Equipment and Materials for Advanced Dental Care

2.24 Obturating the Canal

2.25 ADVANCED PROCEDURES

2.26 Lasers

Further Reading

3 Anesthesia and Analgesia for Feline Dental Patients

3.1 Non‐Professional Dental Scaling (NPDS)

3.2 Preanesthetic Evaluation

3.3 Anesthesia Protocols

3.4 Premedication

3.5 Medical Conditions Requiring Tailored Protocols

3.6 Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

3.7 Maintenance

3.8 Monitoring

3.9 Blood Pressure (BP)

3.10 End‐Tidal Carbon Dioxide (ETCO

2

)

3.11 Pulse Oximetry (SpO

2

)

3.12 Electrocardiography (EKG)

3.13 Maxillae

3.14 Mandibles

3.15 Constant Rate Infusion (CRI)

3.16 Transdermal Pain Patch

3.17 Opioids and Hyperthermia

3.18 Postoperative Analgesia

3.19 Meloxicam

3.20 Decreasing Fear, Anxiety, and Stress

3.21 Music

3.22 Feline Facial Pheromones

3.23 In the Reception Area and Examination Room

3.24 Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome (FOPS)

Further Reading

4 The Oral Disease Prevention, Assessment, and Prevention Visit

4.1 The Oral Disease Prevention, Assessment, and Prevention Visit

4.3 Treatment

4.4 Case Volume

4.5 Workflow

4.6 Workflow Example

4.7 Workflow Timeline

4.8 Two‐/Four‐Handed Charting

4.9 Step‐By‐Step Charting

4.10 Periodontal Indices

4.11 Diagnostic Hand Instruments Used to Aid Charting

4.12 Dental Explorer

4.13 Furcation Disease

4.14 Bleeding on Probing

4.15 Gingivitis Index

4.16 Tooth Mobility

4.17 Crown Pathology

Further Reading

5 Dental Radiography

5.1 Workflow – Incorporating Dental Radiography into General Practice

5.2 Radiation Safety

5.3 Radiograph Image Troubleshooting

5.4 Positioning

5.5 Radiograph Interpretation

5.6 Radiographic Interpretation of Periodontal Disease

5.7 Endodontic Disease

5.8 External Root Resorption

Further Reading

6 Tooth Resorption

6.1 Prevalence

6.2 Terminology

6.3 Etiology

6.4 Clinical Signs

6.5 Classification

6.6 Clinical Examination Findings

6.7 Pathogenesis

6.8 Histology

6.9 Treatment of Tooth Resorption

6.10 Monitoring Without Immediate Care

6.11 Crown/Root Atomization

6.12 Tooth Extraction

6.13 Crown Amputation with Intentional Partial Root Retention Followed by Gingival Closure

6.14 Crown Amputation with Intentional Root Retention and Gingival Closure (Crown Removal with Retention of Resorbing Root Tissue)

Further Reading

7 Oropharyngeal Inflammation

7.1 Gingival and Periodontal Diseases

7.2 Clinical Approach to Periodontal Disease

7.3 Treatment of Minimal Gingival Recession

7.4 Technique for Placing a Bone Graft into a Palatal Defect

7.5 Scheduling the Next Oral Disease Assessment Treatment and Prevention Visit

7.6 Efficacy of Homecare Products Purported to Decrease the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar

7.7 Cotton Swabbed Applicators Rubbed Along the Gingival Margin

7.8 Dental Treats

7.9 Anti‐Inflammatory Medication

7.10 Protocols for Intralesional Use of Interferon

Further Reading

8 Oral Masses

8.1 Visual Examination Findings

8.2 Benign Neoplasia

8.3 Oral Malignancy

8.4 Surgical Options to Treat Oral Swellings

8.5 General Principles

Further Reading

9 Oral Cavity Trauma

9.3 Dental Trauma Location

9.4 Endodontic Therapy

9.5 The International Standards Organization (ISO)

9.6 Fundamental Endodontic Procedures

9.7 Standard (Conventional) Root Canal Therapy

9.8 Mandibular Symphysis Separation

9.9 Mandibular Fractures

9.10 Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis

9.11 Open‐Mouth Jaw Locking

Further Reading

10 Occlusal Disorders

10.1 Normal Occlusion in the Mesaticephalic Cat

10.2 Malocclusion

10.3 Angle Classification

10.4 Skeletal Malocclusions

10.5 Dental Malocclusion

10.6 Treatment of Occlusal Disorders

10.7 Moving Teeth into Functional Positions

10.8 Orthodontic Buttons and Elastics

10.9 Specific Occlusal Disorders

Further Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Approximate age by which permanent teeth erupt (in days).

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Five ergonomic classes and movement.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Medications used for preanesthesia, induction, and anesthesia.

Table 3.2 Sample anesthesia protocols based on age and weight.

Table 3.3 Sample anesthesia monitoring form.

Table 3.4 Analgesic medications.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Abbreviations.

Table 4.2 Furcation involvement and exposure.

Table 4.3 Gingival index score.

Table 4.4 Tooth mobility.

Table 4.5 Plaque index.

Table 4.6 Calculus index.

Table 4.7 Common oral pathology.

Table 4.8 Terms and abbreviations.

Table 4.9 Terms and abbreviations for tooth resorption.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Software study and image options

Table 5.2 Positioning.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Summary of periodontal therapy.

Table 7.2 Scoring systems used for evaluation of feline chronic gingivitis ...

Table 7.3 Modified Lommer stomatitis disease activity index.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 ISO standardization also uses a color for each size, as shown bel...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Angle classification.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 (a) Maxilla. (b) Maxillae, mandibles and sublingual areas. (c) Ri...

Figure 1.2 Tongue papillae.

Figure 1.3 Caudal oral cavity.

Figure 1.4 Sublingual caruncles.

Illustration 1.1 Cat salivary glands.

Figure 1.5 Membranous bulge linguodistal to the mandibular first molar tooth...

Figure 1.6 Oral mucosa in a patient with gingivitis, periodontitis, and caud...

Figure 1.7 (a) and (b) Gingival structures surrounding the left maxillary (a...

Figure 1.8 Compressed air from an air/water syringe exposing the normal 0.5 ...

Figure 1.9 (a) Sagittal section revealing the periodontal ligament location ...

Figure 1.10 Lamina dura (arrows pointing to the white line surrounding the t...

Figure 1.11 (a) Alveolus encasing a fractured maxillary canine tooth. (b) De...

Figure 1.12 (a) Left lateral aspect of the skull with the zygomatic arch rem...

Figure 1.13 (a) Lateral aspect of right maxilla: 1. Alveolar process; 2. Fro...

Figure 1.14 (a) Palatine fissures. (b) Incisive papilla.

Figure 1.15 (a) Lower jaw. (b) Right mandible buccal aspect: 1. Mandibular b...

Figure 1.16 (a) Mandibular symphysis dorsal view. (b) Mandibular symphysis r...

Figure 1.17 Temporomandibular joints ventral view: 1. Retroarticular process...

Figure 1.18 Lateral aspect of the left temporomandibular joint: 1. Coronoid ...

Figure 1.19 Cat model demonstrating normal tooth anatomy.

Figure 1.20 Modified Triadan system incisor tooth numbering.

Figure 1.21 Extracted canine tooth.

Figure 1.22 Mandibular canine vertical groove.

Figure 1.23 Modified Triadan canine tooth numbering: (a) Maxillary canines. ...

Figure 1.24 Normal right maxillary/mandibular canine teeth orientation in th...

Figure 1.25 Normal left maxillary/mandibular canine teeth orientation in the...

Figure 1.26 (a) Right maxillary and mandibular canine, premolars and molar (...

Figure 1.27 (a) Left mandibular, canine, premolars, and molar (b) Right mand...

Figure 1.28 Maxillary fourth premolar.

Figure 1.29 (a) Dissected left mandibular first molar. (b) Radiograph of an ...

Figure 1.30 (a) Supernumerary maxillary left canine tooth. (b) Radiograph co...

Figure 1.31 Persistent maxillary primary canine teeth, note that the seconda...

Figure 1.32 (a) Abnormally shaped right mandibular fourth premolar consisten...

Figure 1.33 (a) Suspected fusion of supernumerary mandibular fourth premolar...

Figure 1.34 Enamel, dentin, and pulp exposed in an acutely fractured canine ...

Figure 1.35 Canine tooth and surrounding structures.

Figure 1.36 Directions in the oral cavity.

Figure 1.37 Right maxillary and mandibular apical and coronal directions.

Illustration 1.2 Tooth anatomy and direction nomenclature.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Dental operatory.

Figure 2.2 Dental operatory.

Figure 2.3 Multiple table dental operatory allowing many procedures to be pe...

Figure 2.4 (a) Four‐handed dentistry.(b) Six‐handed dentistry.

Figure 2.5 (a) and (b) Dentistry suite.(c) Illustration of a one‐table d...

Figure 2.6 (a) Head held at improper angle. (b) Proper head/neck angle.

Figure 2.7 (a) Unencumbered area under the working end of the operatory tabl...

Figure 2.8 Dental operatory where the shelves of dental materials are locate...

Figure 2.9 Water‐cooled electric micromotor unit.

Figure 2.10 Nitrogen‐powered delivery system.

Figure 2.11 (a) Self‐contained dental delivery system with a large air compr...

Figure 2.12 Dental air compressor unit positioned to power multiple delivery...

Figure 2.13 Suction unit for multiple workstation suction.

Figure 2.14 Chair‐side dental storage.

Figure 2.15 Drawer containing sterilized instruments for performance of peri...

Figure 2.16 Dental operatory with adequate storage.

Figure 2.17 Dental operatory with mobile and stationary storage areas.

Figure 2.18 (a) Cassette holding wing‐tipped elevators. (b) Sterilizable fel...

Figure 2.19 Ceiling‐mounted spotlight.

Figure 2.20 Proper head angulation (left) and improper head position causing...

Figure 2.21 (a) Front lens‐mounted loupes and (b) through the lens‐mounted l...

Figure 2.22 Properly fitted telescopic loupes resulting in functional head t...

Figure 2.23 Fiber‐illuminated high‐speed handpiece.

Figure 2.24 Floor stand X‐ray generator, sensor, and monitor.

Figure 2.25 Wall‐mounted X‐ray generator to service two treatment tables....

Figure 2.26 Handheld X‐ray generator.

Figure 2.27 Three digital sensors – from right to left sizes 0, 1, and 2.

Figure 2.28 Portable x‐ray generator and CR processing system.

Figure 2.29 Wall‐mounted anesthesia unit and easily accessible monitors and ...

Figure 2.30 Patient monitoring unit.

Figure 2.31 (a) Adult Feline dental chart.(b) Electronic dental chart (h...

Figure 2.32 (a) Shepherd’s hook dental explorer – #23 dental explorer (Cisla...

Figure 2.33 (a) UNC‐15 periodontal probe with markings at every 1 mm and bar...

Figure 2.34 Dental mirror.

Figure 2.35 (a) Various sized mouth props – Dentalaire. (b) Incorrect use of...

Figure 2.36 Magnification and illumination and operator safety equipment use...

Figure 2.37 Sickle scaler.

Figure 2.38 (a) Columbia 13/14 universal curette. (b) Area‐specific curette ...

Figure 2.39 (a) Ultrasonic scaler with illumination. (b) Stack insert. (c) T...

Figure 2.40 IM3’s 42‐12 ferrite rod ultrasonic scaler operates at 43000Hz.

Figure 2.41 Side of piezoelectric tip used to remove plaque and tartar.

Figure 2.42 Tip wear and resulting efficiency. 2 mm loss in length can resul...

Figure 2.43 (a–d) Piezoelectric scalers require a wrench to unscrew and repl...

Figure 2.44 (a) Metallic prophy angle. (b) Disposable polishing angle and pa...

Figure 2.45 Application of SANOS into the left maxillary canine sulcus.

Figure 2.46 (a) OraVet® professional product gel applied to teeth and under ...

Figure 2.47 (a) 2 mm bleeding periodontal pocket, (b) Application of Clindor...

Figure 2.48 (a) #11 scalpel blade used to incise gingiva caudal to the right...

Figure 2.49 Periotome.

Figure 2.50 (a) Ex‐9 periosteal elevator.

Figure 2.51 Freer periosteal elevator.

Figure 2.52 (a) Dental luxating type elevator (Cislak). (b) Feline pen luxat...

Figure 2.53 (a) Various‐sized wing‐tipped elevators in a cassette. (b) Winge...

Figure 2.54 (a) Not recommended thick end of wing‐tipped elevator. (b) Recom...

Figure 2.55 Root Forcep Z4658 (Cislak).

Figure 2.56 (a) Curved extraction forceps (#301 Forceps). (b) Curved extract...

Figure 2.57 (a) Micro‐Friedman rongeur.(b) Rongeur used to deliver a can...

Figure 2.58 WA‐1 Root tip pick.

Figure 2.59 (a) Sharpening a wing‐tipped elevator. (b) Mechanical sharpening...

Figure 2.60 (a) Diplomate extraction kit in instrument cassette.(b) Dr. ...

Figure 2.61 (a) High‐ (left) and low‐speed (right) handpieces loaded on a de...

Figure 2.62 (a) iM3 Advantage 4–1 nose cone. (b) iM3 LS Advantage motor.

Figure 2.63 Contra‐angle attachment.

Figure 2.64 High‐speed handpiece.

Figure 2.65 Fiber‐optic illumination.

Figure 2.66 (a) Lever control bur changer. (b) Push control. (c) Bur inserti...

Figure 2.67 Bur design.

Figure 2.68 Round bur on a LA shank.

Figure 2.69 Round bur on a friction grip shank.

Figure 2.70 Bur block with various friction grip burs.

Figure 2.71 Storage container for multiple bur types and sizes.

Figure 2.72 Friction grip, surgical and long burs.

Figure 2.73 (a) Common types of burs used in operative dentistry.

Figure 2.73 (b) Round bur used to remove a section of buccal alveolar bone ...

Figure 2.74 Diamond bur.

Figure 2.75 Football‐shaped diamond bur used to smooth the alveolar crest af...

Figure 2.76 White stone used to complete a composite restoration.

Figure 2.77 (a) Canister removal tool. (b) Canister turbine. (c) Turbine wit...

Figure 2.78 VOHC seal of acceptance.

Figure 2.79 VOHC accepted products to decrease the accumulation of plaque an...

Figure 2.80 Cotton applicator used to wipe the daily accumulation of plaque ...

Figure 2.81 Cat Bites ® to help decrease the accumulation of plaque.

Figure 2.82 Barbed broach used to remove the pulp from a fractured cat's can...

Figure 2.83 K‐file removing clean dentinal shavings.

Figure 2.84 Various‐sized paper points 30 mm lengths.

Figure 2.85 Various‐sized gutta percha points.

Figure 2.86 GuttaFlow.

Figure 2.87 Endodontic locking pliers.

Figure 2.88 Retrograde amalgam carrier used to deliver MTA or calcium hydrox...

Figure 2.89 Glass ionomer.

Figure 2.90 Bottle and “lollipop” self‐etch (one‐step) adhesive.

Figure 2.91 (a) Capsules and syringe flowable composite. (b) Light‐cured hyb...

Figure 2.92 Curing light.

Figure 2.93 (a) CO

2

laser. (b) Diode laser, and (c) Therapy laser.

Figure 2.94 (a) Protemp®. (b) Splint material used to stabilize a cat's symp...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Patient anesthetized, temperature control assist, vital parameter...

Figure 3.2 Patient preanesthetic evaluation.

Figure 3.3 (a) An anesthesia checkoff list. (b) Soda lime replacement remind...

Figure 3.4 Pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum secondary to en...

Figure 3.5 (a) Hypothermia prevented by using a radiant heat blanket HotDog®...

Figure 3.6 (a) Stationary multiparameter monitor.(b) Portable multiparam...

Figure 3.7 (a–e) Capnogram illustrations.

Figure 3.8 Radiant heat system – HotDog.

Figure 3.9 In the circuit CO

2

monitor.

Figure 3.10 Tail base pulse oximeter probe.

Figure 3.11 (a–c) Infraorbital nerve block.

Figure 3.12 Maxillary nerve block illustration.

Figure 3.13 (a and b) Middle mental nerve block.

Figure 3.14 (a) A median view of the point of entry of the inferior alveolar...

Figure 3.15 Nerve block summary illustration.

Figure 3.16 Fentanyl transdermal patch.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 (a) Feline Grimace Scale parameters and point values. (b) Patient...

Figure 4.2 (a) General physical examination while cat resides in bottom half...

Figure 4.3 (a) Veterinarian and assistant evaluating a cat's mouth in the ex...

Figure 4.4 (a) Findings of saliva stained muzzle and right forelimb secondar...

Figure 4.5 (a) Left facial swelling secondary to osteomyelitis treated with ...

Figure 4.6 Left‐sided decreased palpebral size secondary to caudal oral cavi...

Figure 4.7 (a) sliding the lip caudally reveals supernumerary left mandibula...

Figure 4.8 Normal position of the maxillary/mandibular incisors and canines....

Figure 4.9 Marked mandibular distoclusion and asymmetry.

Figure 4.10 (a) Dorsal tongue surface ulceration consistent with calicivirus...

Figure 4.11 (a) Normal teeth and gingiva. (b) Tooth resorption, gingivitis a...

Figure 4.12 (a) Catheter placed. (b) Ultrasonic dental scaling.

Figure 4.13 Dental assistant obtaining full‐mouth intraoral radiographs.

Figure 4.14 Visual tooth‐by‐tooth examination and probing.

Figure 4.15 Dental assistant arranges radiographs for doctor to view while c...

Figure 4.16 (a) Tooth resorption affecting the right maxillary canine root a...

Figure 4.17 (a) Clinically evident tooth resorption of the left maxillary th...

Figure 4.18 (a) Application of SANOS

®

, a dental sealant. (b) Applicatio...

Figure 4.19 Right maxillary canine root canal therapy.

Figure 4.20 (a) Painful type 2 tooth resorption exposed to the oral cavity. ...

Figure 4.21 (a) Right maxillary fourth premolar penetrating the gingiva bucc...

Figure 4.22 (a) Marked malocclusion. (b) Malocclusion corrected by tooth mov...

Figure 4.23 (a) Sutured surgical site. (b) Post‐extraction radiograph confir...

Figure. 4.24 Patient in sternal recumbency in the recovery cage.

Figure 4.25 Client report is prepared.

Figures 4.26 (a) Review of case with client at release. (b) Demonstration ap...

Figure 4.27 Oral assessment treatment and prevention visit workflow.

Figure 4.28 (a) Feline deciduous tooth chart. (b) Radiograph findings.

Figure 4.29 (a) Feline adult chart and (b) Radiograph findings.

Figure 4.30 Completed feline dental chart (VIN).

Figure 4.31 American Animal Hospital Association Feline dental charts.

Figure 4.32 (a) Electronic feline deciduous tooth pathology chart. (b) Elect...

Figure 4.33 (a) Electronic feline patient pathology dental chart. (b) Electr...

Figure 4.34 (a) Two‐handed electronic charting (veterinarian only). (b) Four...

Figure 4.35 Normal rostral occlusion,

Figure 4.36 Marked mandibular mesioclusion in a “normal” Persian cat.

Figure 4.37 Marked mandibular distoclusion – note the palatal penetration fr...

Figure 4.38 Normal incisor, canine, premolar relationships.

Figure 4.39 Tongue ulceration secondary to calici virus.

Figure 4.40 Feline eosinophilic granuloma affecting the hard palate.

Figure 4.41 Ranula in a cat.

Figure 4.42 Caudal stomatitis.

Figure 4.43 (a) Clinically missing right mandibular third premolar (note too...

Figure 4.44 Persistent left maxillary canine tooth, note the buccal swelling...

Figure 4.45 (a) Supernumerary left maxillary second premolars. (b) Supernume...

Figure 4.46 Williams probe – with markings at – 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 mm....

Figure 4.47 (a) Right maxillary canine palatal defect. (b) Abnormal 3 mm pro...

Figure 4.48 7mm palatal attachment loss.

Figure 4.49 (a) Shepherd's hook explorer. (b) Orban explorer, and (c) ODU 11...

Figure 4.50 (a) Suspected tooth resorption in a cat's left mandibular canine...

Figure 4.51 (a) Gingival recession revealing the furcation of the right mand...

Figure 4.52 bleeding on probing.

Figure 4.53 Normal gingiva with no evidence of inflammation.

Figure 4.54 (a) Marginal gingivitis on a cat's right maxillary fourth premol...

Figures 4.55 (a–d) Examples of calculus indices (Table 4.6).

Figure 4.56 Gingival enlargement around the right mandibular first molar.

Figure 4.57 (a) Gingival recession of the left maxillary fourth premolar wit...

Figure 4.58 Left maxillary canine complicated and right maxillary canine unc...

Figure 4.59 Uncomplicated crown fractured left mandibular molar.

Figure 4.60 (a) Acute complicated fractured left maxillary canine. (b) Chron...

Figure 4.61 (a) Complicated crown root fracture of the left maxillary fourth...

Figure 4.62 (a) Left maxillary canine crown wear due to malpositioned left m...

Figure 4.63 Intrinsic staining.

Figure 4.64 Intraoral radiograph of stage 2 tooth resorption affecting the l...

Figure 4.65 (a) Stage 3 tooth resorption affecting a cat's left mandibular m...

Figure 4.66 (a) Tooth resorption of a cat's right mandibular third premolar ...

Figure 4.67 (a) Stage 4b tooth resorption of the right mandibular molar. (b)...

Figure 4.68 (a) Cat's left mandibular canine with clinical tooth resorption ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) Dental hard tissue superimposition in skull film resulting in...

Figure 5.2 (a) Wall‐mounted X‐ray generator.(b) Handheld X‐ray generator...

Figure 5.3 Sensor bite damage.

Figure 5.4 Size 1 and 2 DR sensors.

Figure 5.5 CR film sizes.

Figure 5.6 Full mouth intraoral radiograph series.

Figure 5.7 (a–q) Examples of intraoral digital software screens.

Figure 5.8 (a) Foreshortened image. (b) Elongated image.

Figure 5.9 (a) Parallel technique to expose the left cheek teeth in a cat. (...

Figure 5.10 (a) Bisecting angle used to image the right maxillary cheek teet...

Figure 5.11 (a) Sensor placed in the cat's mouth for exposure of maxillary i...

Illustration 5.1 Parallel technique and bisecting angle technique. Illustrat...

Figure 5.12 (a) Lateral oblique positioning of the PID and sensor for a cat'...

Figure 5.13 (a) PID and sensor positioned to obtain image of the cat's right...

Figure 5.14 (a) Zygomatic arch superimposed upon the left maxillary fourth p...

Figure 5.15 (a) Position of PID and sensor to expose the mandibular incisors...

Figure 5.16 (a) Sensor parallel to the mandibular cheek teeth with PID posit...

Figure 5.17 (a) Right TMJ arrowed on a cat's skull. (b) Tube head and patien...

Figure 5.18 (a) Clinical appearance of cat with a right rostrodorsal TMJ lux...

Figure 5.19 (a) Radiograph of right caudoventral TMJ luxation. (b) Mandibula...

Figure 5.20 Radiograph of cat's incisive bone.

Figure 5.21 (a) Normal left lateral maxilla. (b) Sagittal section maxilla.

Figure 5.22 Various radiograph appearances of the mental foramina: (a) Rostr...

Figure 5.23 (a–d) radiograph appearances of normal mandibular symphyses.

Figure 5.24 Right mandibular canal.

Figure 5.25 Lamina dura and periodontal ligament space surrounding the right...

Figure 5.26 Enlarged periodontal ligament space with advanced periodontal di...

Figure 5.27 (a) Mandibular incisors (b) Normal level of bone support support...

Figure 5.28 Stage 2 periodontal disease affecting the right mandibular fourt...

Figure 5.29 Horizontal bone loss consistent with stage 3 moderate periodonta...

Figure 5.30 (a) Vertical bone loss secondary to advanced (stage 4) periodont...

Figure 5.31 (a) Stage 4 periodontal disease affecting the left mandibular mo...

Figure 5.32 Stage 2 furcation involvement,

Figure 5.33 (a) Area of inflammation affecting the left mandibular molar. (b...

Figure 5.34 (a) Right and left maxillary canine chronic alveolar osteitis. (...

Figure 5.35 (a) Super erupted left mandibular canine. (b) Radiograph reveali...

Figure 5.36 (a) Apparent apical closure of a cat's fractured left maxillary ...