Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques E-Book

Jan Bellows

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 778

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

The second edition of Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques has been revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in veterinary dental practice. * Provides a comprehensive resource for integrating dental services into veterinary practice * Offers valuable advice on selecting dental equipment and materials * Presents clear descriptions for a range of dental terms and techniques * Includes a wealth of new images * Highlights dental information applicable to general practice

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

About the Author

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

1 The Dental Operatory

Space

Electricity, Water, and Drainage

Ergonomics

The Operatory

Powered Dental Delivery Systems

Storage

Lighting

Dental Loupes (Telescopes)

Radiography

General Anesthesia

Patient Monitoring Devices

Regional Analgesia

Technique

Further Reading

2 Equipment, Instruments, and Materials for Operative Dentistry

Equipment and Material Recommendations Based on the Level of Dental Care

Diagnostics for Basic Dentistry

Dental Scaling, Irrigation and Polishing Equipment, Instruments, and Techniques

Dental Polishing Equipment and Materials

Extraction Instruments and Materials

Dental Handpieces

Maintenance of Dental Equipment

Homecare Products to Reduce the Accumulation of Plaque and Tartar (Calculus)

Other Homecare Products, Which May Decrease the Accumulation of Plaque and/or Tartar When Used Properly

Equipment and Materials for Advanced Dental Care

Obturating the Canal

College‐Tipped Pliers to Handle the Paper and Gutta Percha Points (Figure 2.81)

Restorative Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures

Advanced Periodontal and Oral Surgery

Lasers

Orthodontic Equipment and Materials Used in Advanced Dental Procedures

Orthodontic Buttons and Masel Chain Elastics (Figure 2.98)

Further Reading

3 Oral Anatomy for the General Practitioner

The Oral Cavity

Mucosa

Muscles

Tongue

Innervation of the Oral Cavity

Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage

Salivary Glands

Periodontium

Cranium

Facium

Maxillae and Mandibles

Temporomandibular Joint

Teeth

Further Reading

4 Dental Radiography

Incorporating Dental Radiography into General Practice

Radiation Safety

Radiograph Equipment

Positioning

Radiograph Image Troubleshooting

Radiograph Interpretation

Periodontal Disease

Endodontic Disease

External Root Resorption

Further Reading

5 Charting

Two‐/Four‐Handed Charting

Step‐By‐Step Charting

Periodontal Indices

Dental Explorer

Furcation Disease Charting

Bleeding on Probing

Gingivitis Index

Tooth Mobility

Crown Pathology

Charting Abbreviations

Therapy Abbreviations

Further Reading

6 The Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment Visit

Comprehensive Oral Prevention, Assessment, and Treatment (COPAT)

Case Volume

Workflow

Basic Treatment Options in Companion Animal Dentistry

Plaque and Calculus Prevention

Efficacy of Homecare Products

The Veterinary Oral Health Council

Efficacy Through Mechanical Action

Efficacy Through Nonmechanical Action

Efficacy Through Mechanical plus Nonmechanical Actions

Safety of Homecare Products

Gastrointestinal Inflammation

Safety Against Tooth Fracture

Scheduling the Next Professional Oral Hygiene Visit

Further Reading

7 Oropharyngeal Inflammation

Periodontal Diseases

Clinical Periodontal Diseases

Furcation Disease

Tooth Mobility

Periodontal Regeneration

Guided Tissue Regeneration

Mucositis – Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa

Stomatitis

Anti‐Inflammatory Medication

Surgical Management of FCGS

Technique for Placement of Esophagostomy Feeding Tube in the Anesthetized Cat (Figure 7.55)

Flap Design, Procedure, and Closure

Mandibular Canine Extraction Technique (Figure 7.59)

Hemisection and Restoration

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)‐positive Cats with Feline Chronic Gingivitis Stomatitis

Further Reading

8 Tooth Resorption

Prevalence

Etiology

Terminology/Classification

Classification by Anatomical Location – Internal and External Resorption

Inflammatory External Resorption

Classification by Radiographic Appearance (Types)

Clinical Signs

Clinical Examination Findings

Radiographic Findings

Treatment of Tooth Resorption

Restoration

Monitoring Without Immediate Care

Crown/Root Atomization

Tooth Extraction

Crown Amputation with Intentional Partial Root Retention Followed by Gingival Closure

Further Reading

9 Oral Trauma

Anatomy and Physiology

Crown Wear – Abrasion and Attrition

The Traumatized Tooth

Endodontic Therapy

Age of the Patient

Materials for Endodontic Therapy

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)

Instruments for Endodontic Therapy

Spatulas

Fundamental Endodontic Procedures

Standard (Conventional) Root Canal Therapy

Rotary Debridement

Crown Restoration

Oral Cavity Trauma

Principles of Jaw Fracture Repair

Treatment Planning and Options

Further Reading

10 Oral Masses

Identification and Staging of Oral Tumors

World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of Tumors of the Oral Cavity – Primary Tumor–Regional Nodes–Metastasis (TNM) System

Tissue Sampling

Surgical Options to Treat Neoplasia

General Overview of Tumor Surgery

Benign Neoplasia

Osteomyelitis

Odontoma

Papilloma

Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex

Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma

Amyloid‐Producing Odontogenic Tumor

Traumatic Granulomas

Feline Pyogenic Granuloma

Oral Malignancy

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Salivary Gland Pathology

Further Reading

11 Occlusal Disorders, Extra Teeth, and Missing Teeth

Angle Classification

Malocclusion – Dental and Skeletal

Skeletal Malocclusion

Ethics of Performing Veterinary Orthodontic Care

Interceptive Orthodontics

Extraction of the Malpositioned Tooth

Crown Reduction, Vital Pulp Therapy, and Tooth Restoration

Moving Teeth

Types of Forces Used to Move Teeth

Instrumentation for Orthodontic Care

Technique for Bracket Placement, Light Chemical Cementation, and Force Activation

Orthodontic Appliances

The Following are Steps of Orthodontic Therapy Using Appliances

Materials and Methods to Create a Dental Study Model

Obtaining the Impression

Creating Arch Impressions Using Alginate

Pouring the Stone Model

Water: Powder Ratio

Follow These Steps to Mix and Pour Stone

The Following are Steps to Pour the Stone Mixture onto the Impression

Preparing a Base for Each Cast

To Separate the Cast from the Alginate Impression

Trimming the Cast

Lab Instructions and Shipping

Inclined Planes

Further Reading

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Five ergonomic classes and movement.

Table 1.2 Doses.

Table 1.3 0.5% Bupivacaine per site based on patient’s weight.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Approximate age when teeth erupt.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Positioning.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Abbreviations.

Table 5.2 Furcation involvement and exposure.

Table 5.3 Gingivitis index score.

Table 5.4 Tooth mobility.

Table 5.5 Plaque index.

Table 5.6 Calculus index.

Table 5.7 Commons oral pathology.

Table 5.8 Terms and abbreviations.

Table 5.9 Terms and abbreviations for tooth resorption.

Table 5.10 Abbreviation: caries.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Veterinarian's guide to presentation and treatment of tooth resorpt...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 ISO standardization also uses a color for each size, as shown below...

Table 9.2 Treatment options.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Author's multiple station dental operatory in use.

Figure 1.2 (a and b) Dentistry suite.

Figure 1.3 (a) Two‐operatory table setup.(b) Two‐operatory table setup....

Figure 1.4 (a) Four‐handed dentistry.(b) Six‐handed dentistry.

Figure 1.5 Dental operatory where the shelves of dental materials are located...

Figure 1.6 Self‐contained dental delivery system.

Figure 1.7 Large instrument and material layout area.

Figure 1.8 Doctor standing during dental procedures.

Figure 1.9 Veterinarian sitting on a saddle‐style stool.

Figure 1.10 Proper stool tilt and back positioning.

Figure 1.11 Multiple writing surfaces in the dental operatory.

Figure 1.12 Nitrogen‐powered delivery system.

Figure 1.13 (a) Self‐contained dental delivery system with a large air compre...

Figure 1.14 Dental air compressor unit positioned to power multiple delivery ...

Figure 1.15 Suction unit for multiple workstation suction.

Figure 1.16 Chair‐side dental storage.

Figure 1.17 Drawer containing sterilized instruments to perform periodontal, ...

Figure 1.18 Cassette holding wing‐tipped elevators.

Figure 1.19 Ceiling‐mounted spotlight.

Figure 1.20 Improper head angulation causing neck pain (left) and improper he...

Figure 1.21 (a) Front lens‐mounted loupes and (b) through the lens‐mounted lo...

Figure 1.22 Properly fitted telescopic loupes resulting in functional head ti...

Figure 1.23 Fiber‐illuminated high‐speed handpiece.

Figure 1.24 Floor stand X‐ray generator, sensor, and monitor.

Figure 1.25 Wall‐mounted X‐ray generator to service two treatment tables.

Figure 1.26 Handheld X‐ray generator.

Figure 1.27 CR processing system.

Figure 1.28 Three digital sensors – from right to left sizes 0, 1, and 2.

Figure 1.29 Right maxillary canine and premolars imaged on computer monitor i...

Figure 1.30 Computer monitor displaying patient's EKG and full mouth dental r...

Figure 1.31 Anesthesia delivery unit attached to the treatment table.

Figure 1.32 (a) Stationary multiparameter monitor.(b) Portable multiparam...

Figure 1.33 Blood pressure cuff placement.

Figure 1.34 (a) Multiparameter monitor including capnography. (b) Pulse oxime...

Figure 1.35 (a–e) Capnogram illustrations.

Figure 1.36 In the circuit CO

2

monitor.

Figure 1.37 Tail base pulse oximeter probe.

Figure 1.38 Red Apnea monitor inserted between the endotracheal tube and anes...

Figure 1.39 Radiant energy pad placed over a towel to keep cat's temperature ...

Figure 1.40 (a–c) Commonly performed nerve blocks in cats.

Figure 1.41 (a–d) Commonly performed nerve blocks in dogs.

Figure 1.42 (a) Needle placed at the entrance of the infraorbital foramen in ...

Figure 1.43 (a) Needle tip at middle mental nerve foramen. (b) Middle mental ...

Figure 1.44 (a) A median view of the point of entry of the inferior alveolar ...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 (a and b) Feline and canine dental charts.

Figure 2.2 (a) Shepard's hook dental explorer – #23 dental explorer (Cislak)....

Figure 2.3 Nine millimeter canine palatal defect.

Figure 2.4 (a) UNC‐15 periodontal probe with markings at every 1 mm and bars ...

Figure 2.5 Dental mirror.

Figure 2.6 A mouth prop inserted between the cheek teeth to keep the mouth op...

Figure 2.7 Various‐sized mouth props.

Figure 2.8 Magnification and illumination and operator safety equipment used ...

Figure 2.9 Sickle scaler.

Figure 2.10 Tartar removal forceps – Cislak.

Figure 2.11 (a) Columbia 13/14 universal curette. (b) Area‐specific curette –...

Figure 2.12 (a) Ultrasonic scaler with illumination. (b) Stack insert. (c) Th...

Figure 2.13 iM3's 42–12 operates at 42,000 Hz.

Figure 2.14 Side of piezoelectric tip used to remove plaque and tartar.

Figure 2.15 Tip wear and resulting efficiency.

Figure 2.16 Magnetostrictive tip without excessive wear.

Figure 2.17 (a–d) Piezoelectric scalers that require a wrench to unscrew and ...

Figure 2.18 (a) Metallic prophy angle. (b) Disposable polishing angle and pas...

Figure 2.19 Application of SANOS into the left maxillary canine sulcus.

Figure 2.20 Professional application of OraVet around the left mandibular can...

Figure 2.21 (a) Application of Clindoral® (Trilogic Pharma) into a periodonta...

Figure 2.22 #11 scalpel blade used to incise periodontal ligament surrounding...

Figure 2.23 (a) Periotome. (b) Mechanical periotome (Vet‐Tome, iM3).

Figure 2.24 (a) Molt periosteal elevator. (b and c) Molt elevator inserted in...

Figure 2.25 Freer elevator.

Figure 2.26 Dental luxator (Cislak).

Figure 2.27 Various‐sized wing‐tipped elevators in a cassette.

Figure 2.28 (a) Not recommended wide end of wing‐tipped elevator. (b) Recomme...

Figure 2.29 (a) Curved extraction forceps (#301 Forceps).(b) Curved extra...

Figure 2.30 (a) Micro‐Friedman rongeur.(b) Rongeur used to deliver the pa...

Figure 2.31 Root tip pick.

Figure 2.32 (a) Sharpening a wing‐tipped elevator. (b) Mechanical sharpening....

Figure 2.33 Diplomate extraction kit in instrument cassette.

Figure 2.34 (a) High‐ (left) and low‐speed (right) handpieces loaded on a del...

Figure 2.35 (a) iM3 Advantage 4–1 nose cone. (b) iM3 LS Advantage motor.

Figure 2.36 Contra‐angle attachment.

Figure 2.37 Gates‐Glidden drill attached on a contra‐angle with 1 : 10 gear r...

Figure 2.38 High‐speed handpiece.

Figure 2.39 Fiber‐optic illumination.

Figure 2.40 (a) Lever control bur changer. (b) Push button bur changer.

Figure 2.41 Bur anatomy.

Figure 2.42 Long‐straight (SH or HP) fissure bur.

Figure 2.43 Odontoplasty in a chinchilla using a long straight fissure bur.

Figure 2.44 Round bur on a LA shank.

Figure 2.45 Round bur on a friction grip shank.

Figure 2.46 (a) Friction grip, surgical and long burs. (b) Water coolant spra...

Figure 2.47 (a) Bur block with multiple friction grip burs. (b) Bulk bur stor...

Figure 2.48 (a) Round bur used to remove caries in a dog's maxillary first mo...

Figure 2.49 (a) Pear‐shaped bur. (b) Various‐sized pear burs.

Figure 2.50 Inverted cone bur.

Figure 2.51 Straight fissure bur used to section the maxillary premolars for ...

Figure 2.52 (a) Tapered fissure bur exposing a dog's canine root. (b) Various...

Figure 2.53 Crosscut Fissure Bur.

Figure 2.54 (a) Crosscut taper fissure bur used to crown reduce a dog's left ...

Figure 2.55 Friction grip diamond bur.

Figure 2.56 Football‐shaped diamond bur used to smooth down the alveolar cres...

Figure 2.57 12‐Fluted finishing bur.

Figure 2.58 White stone used to complete a composite restoration.

Figure 2.59 Finishing disk used to complete a crown‐reduced canine restoratio...

Figure 2.60 Canister removal tool.

Figure 2.61 Canister turbine.

Figure 2.62 Turbine with O‐rings.

Figure 2.63 Insertion of turbine into head of dental handpiece.

Figure 2.64 Autoclaved burs.

Figure 2.65 VOHC‐accepted product seal.

Figure 2.66 Dental toothbrush and dentifrice.

Figure 2.67 Wipes used to remove a significant amount of the daily plaque acc...

Figure 2.68 Exam room educational aide.

Figure 2.69 (a) See‐through dog dental model with removable teeth. (b) Cat mo...

Figure 2.70 Sizes 3,4,5 Gate‐Glidden drills.

Figure 2.71 Barbed broach placed in to access the left mandibular canine in a...

Figure 2.72 Barbed broach used to remove the pulp from a fractured cat's cani...

Figure 2.73 R.C. Prep (EDTA) applied into root canal.

Figure 2.74 K‐file removing clean dentinal shavings.

Figure 2.75 Close‐up Christmas tree appearance of Hedstrom file flutes.

Figure 2.76 Assortment of NiTi rotary files – Lightspeed®.

Figure 2.77 Blunt‐ended endodontic needles.

Figure 2.78 Various‐sized paper points 30 mm lengths.

Figure 2.79 Various‐sized gutta percha points.

Figure 2.80 (a) GuttaFlow. (b) Guttaflow2® application into prepared canine r...

Figure 2.81 Endodontic locking pliers.

Figure 2.82 Retrograde amalgam carrier used to deliver calcium hydroxide duri...

Figure 2.83 Endodontic spreader.

Figure 2.84 Endodontic plugger.

Figure 2.85 MTA.

Figure 2.86 Glass ionomer.

Figure 2.87 Bottle and “lollipop” self‐etch (one‐step) adhesive.

Figure 2.88 (a) Capsules and syringe‐flowable composite. (b) Light‐cured hybr...

Figure 2.89 Curing light.

Figure 2.90 Polishing discs.

Figure 2.91 (a) CO

2

laser, (b) Diode laser, and (c) Therapy laser.

Figure 2.92 Adjustable tipless headpiece used to remove oral granuloma.

Figure 2.93 Low‐level laser therapy delivered to a cat after extractions to t...

Figure 2.94 (a) Green rubber bowl and spatula. (b) Spatula used to mix algina...

Figure 2.95 Dental vibrator.

Figure 2.96 (a) Mandibles being compressed onto poured alginate to create a n...

Figure 2.97 Dental cast with orthodontic appliance returned from the dental l...

Figure 2.98 Orthodontic buttons and Masel chain used to move the left and rig...

Figure 2.99 (a) Protemp. (b) Splint material used to stabilize a cat's symphy...

Figure 2.100 Proper protection for infection control.

Figure 2.101 (a) Sterilized needle holder. (b) Sterilized endodontic files.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 (a) A cat's maxilla. (b) Right side. (c) A dog's maxilla. (d) A ca...

Figure 3.2 Mucosa covering the non‐dental structures in a dog.

Figure 3.3 (a) Cat tongue. (b) Dog tongue. (c) 1. Filiform; 2. Fungiform; 3. ...

Figure 3.4 Salivary glands’ illustration.

Figure 3.5 (a) Saliva stream from inflamed salivary gland immediate after sia...

Figure 3.6 (a) Attached gingiva overlying maxillary incisors in a dog. (b) Fr...

Figure 3.7 Canine gingiva and oral mucosa.

Figure 3.8 Compressed air from an air/water syringe exposing the normal 1 mm ...

Figure 3.9 Sagittal section of the periodontal ligament location (arrow) in a...

Figure 3.10 Intraoral radiograph of the left maxillary canine demonstrating t...

Figure 3.11 Normal alveolar bone height.

Figure 3.12 Marked alveolar bone loss secondary to advanced periodontal disea...

Figure 3.13 (a) Left lateral aspect of the feline skull with the zygomatic ar...

Figure 3.14 (a) 1. Alveolar process; 2. Frontal process; 3. Infraorbital cana...

Figure 3.15 (a) Palatine fissures (arrows). (b) Incisive papilla.

Figure 3.16 (a) Sagittal section of dog's dissected head: 1. Choana; 2. Nasop...

Figure 3.17 (a) Right mandible buccal aspect cat's mandible: 1. Mandibular bo...

Figure 3.18 Feline rostral, middle, and caudal mental foramina.

Figure 3.19 Canine mandibles caudal to rostral aspect.

Figure 3.20 Temporomandibular joint’s ventral view: 1. Retroarticular process...

Figure 3.21 Lateral aspect of the left temporomandibular joint: 1. Coronoid p...

Figure 3.22 (a) Cat model demonstrating normal tooth anatomy. (b) Dog model d...

Figure 3.23 Dog's extracted mandibular canine tooth.

Figure 3.24 Cat canine tooth with vertical groove (arrow).

Figure 3.25 Right maxillary cheek teeth in a cat.

Figure 3.26 Dog's maxillary premolar‐modified Triadan system.

Figure 3.27 Cat's mandibles.

Figure 3.28 Dog's mandibular teeth.

Figure 3.29 Transparent model of the dog's left mandible.

Figure 3.30 Dog's left fourth premolar, and first and second maxillary molars...

Figure 3.31 Dog's first, second, and third mandibular molars – lingual view....

Figure 3.32 (a) Exposed coronal dentin and intact marginal enamel on a tooth ...

Figure 3.33 Illustration of right mandibular incisor canine and premolar anat...

Figure 3.34 Anatomical directions and dental hard tissue composition.

Figure 3.35 Terms of direction in veterinary dentistry.

Figure 3.36 Apical and coronal directions in a cat's canine teeth.

Figure 3.37 Rostral, caudal, mesial, and distal aspects of the oral cavity an...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Dental hard tissue superimposition in a dog's skull film resulting...

Figure 4.2 (a) Wall‐mounted X‐ray generator.(b) Handheld X‐ray generator....

Figure 4.3 X‐ray generator control panel.

Figure 4.4 Size 1 and 2 DR sensors.

Figure 4.5 DR sensor head with USB for communication with monitor.

Figure 4.6 CR film sizes.

Figure 4.7 (a) Spotlight feature to enlarge the root of the right maxillary f...

Figure 4.8 Parallel technique and bisecting angle technique.

Figure 4.9 (a) Parallel technique to expose the left cheek teeth in a cat. (b...

Figure 4.10 (a) Bisecting angle used to image the right maxillary cheek teeth...

Figure 4.11 (a) Sensor placed in the cat's mouth for exposure of maxillary in...

Figure 4.12 (a) Sensor and PID positions in the dog to obtain incisor images ...

Figure 4.13 (a) Lateral oblique positioning of the PID and sensor for a cat's...

Figure 4.14 (a) Positioning of the PID and sensor to image the left maxillary...

Figure 4.15 (a) PID and sensor position to obtain image of a cat's right maxi...

Figure 4.16 (a) PID and sensor placement to obtain image of a dog's left maxi...

Figure 4.17 (a) Position of PID and sensor for exposure of a dog's caudal che...

Figure 4.18 (a) Zygomatic arch superimposed upon the left maxillary fourth pr...

Figure 4.19 (a) Position of PID and sensor to expose a cat's mandibular incis...

Figure 4.20 (a) Position of the patient, PID, and sensor for lateral oblique ...

Figure 4.21 (a) Sensor parallel to a cat's mandibular cheek teeth with PID po...

Figure 4.22 (a) Right TMJ arrowed on a cat's skull. (b) Intraoral image of a ...

Figure 4.23 (a) Skull rotated 20° for lateral oblique views of the TMJ. (b) R...

Figure 4.24 (a and b) Dog’s TMJs imaged by CBCT. (c) Three‐dimensional recons...

Figure 4.25 (a) Correct placement of the PID and film using bisecting angle t...

Figure 4.26 (a) Reduced vertical angulation of the PID. (b) Elongated image....

Figure 4.27 (a) Dog's full‐mouth survey in template. (b) Full‐mouth cat surve...

Figure 4.28 Radiograph of cat's incisive bone.

Figure 4.29 (a) Normal cat's left lateral maxilla. (b) Sagittal section of ca...

Figure 4.30 Radiograph of dog's left caudal maxilla – note periapical lucenci...

Figure 4.31 Middle mental foramen and mandibular canal in a dog.

Figure 4.32 Rostral mandibles in a cat – note the radiolucency at the symphys...

Figure 4.33 (a) Chevron lucency artifact in a dog's right maxillary canine. (...

Figure 4.34 A dog's left mandibular first molar periapical lucencies consiste...

Figure 4.35 Periapical lucencies surrounding the apices of the maxillary inci...

Figure 4.36 Normal lateral oblique digital radiograph of a cat's left maxilla...

Figure 4.37 (a) Artefactual‐appearing apical radiolucencies created by the ma...

Figure 4.38 Normal‐appearing alveolar margin surrounding a dog's right mandib...

Figure 4.39 Lamina dura and periodontal ligament space surrounding a cat's ri...

Figure 4.40 Enlarged periodontal ligament space with advanced periodontal dis...

Figure 4.41 Stage 2 periodontal disease second mandibular molar and stage 3 p...

Figure 4.42 (a) Horizontal bone loss secondary to stage 4 advanced periodonta...

Figure 4.43 (a) Vertical bone loss secondary to advanced periodontal disease ...

Figure 4.44 (a) 5 mm probing depth. (b) Stage 3 periodontal disease.

Figure 4.45 (a) Stage 4 periodontal disease affecting the left mandibular mol...

Figure 4.46 (a and b) Left and right mandible pathological jaw fractures seco...

Figure 4.47 (a and b) Stage 2‐furcation involvement of the right fourth premo...

Figure 4.48 Stage 2‐furcation involvement of the left first molar in a dog.

Figure 4.49 (a) Through‐and‐through furcation exposure of the left mandibular...

Figure 4.50 (a) Right and left maxillary canine chronic alveolar osteitis. (b...

Figure 4.51 (a) Super erupted left mandibular canine. (b) Radiograph revealin...

Figure 4.52 (a) Apparent apical closure of a cat's fractured left maxillary c...

Figure 4.53 Pulpal calcifications.

Figure 4.54 Internal resorption affecting the root canals of a dog's premolar...

Figure 4.55 (a) Wider root canal of the left maxillary canine compared to the...

Figure 4.56 (a) Periapical lucency right maxillary fourth premolar. (b and c)...

Figure 4.57 (a) Uncomplicated fracture of the right mandibular first molar. (...

Figure 4.58 Periapical (radicular) cyst associated with the right mandibular ...

Figure 4.59 (a) Discolored left maxillary first incisor secondary to pulpitis...

Figure 4.60 (a) Marked internal tooth resorption and periapical lucency affec...

Figure 4.61 (a) Left mandibular first molar affected by endodontic–periodonta...

Figure 4.62 A periodontal‐endodontic lesion affecting the distal root of the ...

Figure 4.63 (a) Physiologic (normal) external resorption in a dog's deciduous...

Figure 4.64 Stage 2 tooth resorption right mandibular canine in a cat.

Figure 4.65 (a and b) Two areas of stage 2 tooth resorption affecting a cat's...

Figure 4.66 Stage 3 tooth resorption affecting the apex of the right mandibul...

Figure 4.67 A dog's premolar tooth affected by TR4a.

Figure 4.68 (a) TR4b of the right mandibular second molar in a dog. (b) Radio...

Figure 4.69 Right and left mandibular canines affected by TR4c in a dog.

Figure 4.70 (a) Right mandibular third premolar TR5. (b) Radiographic confirm...

Figure 4.71 Left mandibular first molar affected by type 1 tooth resorption i...

Figure 4.72 (a) Right maxillary canine affected by type 2 TR in a cat. (b) Ra...

Figure 4.73 Both type 1 and type 2 tooth resorption in the left mandibular fi...

Figure 4.74 Types of tooth resorption.

Figure 4.75 (a) Loss of detail and increased bone production of the caudal or...

Figure 4.76 (a) CT imaging of a cat with facial swelling. (b) Marked destruct...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 (a) Feline deciduous tooth chart. (b) Radiograph findings. (c) Can...

Figure 5.2 (a) Feline adult chart and (b) Radiograph findings.

Figure 5.3 (a) Canine dental chart. (b) Radiographic findings.(c) Complet...

Figure 5.4 (a) AAHA dental charts and (b) Completed AAHA canine chart.

Figure 5.5 (a) Electronic feline deciduous tooth pathology chart. (b) Electro...

Figure 5.6 (a) Electronic adult feline dental pathology chart. (b) Electronic...

Figure 5.7 (a) Two‐handed electronic charting (veterinarian only). (b) Four‐h...

Figure 5.8 (a) Mandibular mesioclusion in a Persian cat and (b) Mandibular me...

Figure 5.9 (a) Mandibular distoclusion in a cat – note the palatal penetratio...

Figure 5.10 Linguoversion of the left canine tooth penetrating the maxillary ...

Figure 5.11 Dog‐normal premolar saw tooth relationship.

Figure 5.12 Lack of saw tooth premolar relationship in a dog with mandibular ...

Figure 5.13 (a) Caudal crossbite – dog's mandibular fourth premolar abnormall...

Figure 5.14 Tongue and buccal mucosa ulceration secondary to stomatitis in a ...

Figure 5.15 (a) Sublingual swelling, ulceration, and deviation secondary to s...

Figure 5.16 (a) Feline eosinophilic granuloma affecting the hard palate. (b) ...

Figure 5.17 Ranula in a cat.

Figure 5.18 (a) Caudal stomatitis in a cat and (b) Contact ulcerated mucositi...

Figure 5.19 Clinically missing left mandibular first premolar.

Figure 5.20a Persistent left maxillary canine.

Figure 5.20b Supernumerary left maxillary first, second, and third incisors....

Figure 5.20c Swelling caudal to the left maxillary canine.

Figure 5.20d Radiographs consistent with an unerupted supernumerary first pre...

Figure 5.21 (a) Before probe insertion to measure gingival enlargement pseudo...

Figure 5.22 (a) Michigan “O” probe with Williams markings probe before insert...

Figure 5.23 Marked gingival recession with 9 mm support loss.

Figure 5.24 (a) Shepherd's hook explorer. (b) Orban explorer, and (c) ODU 11/...

Figure 5.25 (a) Slab‐fractured maxillary fourth premolar. (b) Pulp exposure c...

Figure 5.26 Stage 3 furcation.

Figure 5.27a Normal‐appearing gingiva with no evidence of inflammation.

Figure 5.27b Marginal gingivitis in a cat's right cheek teeth.

Figure 5.27c Bleeding on probing right maxillary canine gingiva.

Figure 5.27d Marked bleeding on probing left mandibular incisor and canine.

Figure 5.28 (a) Before disclosing solution applied. (b) After disclosing solu...

Figure 5.29a Cat's left maxillary fourth premolar.

Figure 5.29b Left maxillary second, third incisors and canine

Figure 5.29c Right maxillary fourth premolar and first molar.

Figure 5.30 Gingival hyperplasia affecting the left maxillary canine and thir...

Figure 5.31 Gingival recession affecting the mesial root of the maxillary fou...

Figure 5.32 (a) Multiple crown defects secondary to dens in dente and (b) Rad...

Figure 5.33 Enamel hypomineralization.

Figure 5.34 (a and b) Multifocal areas of enamel hypoplasia treated with bond...

Figure 5.35 (a) Loss of enamel and dentin from the left maxillary third incis...

Figure 5.36 (a) Attrition of maxillary second incisors and (b) the mandibular...

Figure 5.37 Fractured enamel approaching the dentin in a dog's left mandibula...

Figure 5.38 Uncomplicated fractured dog's right maxillary fourth premolar.

Figure 5.39 Acute complicated fractured dog's right maxillary canine.

Figure 5.40 Uncomplicated crown root fracture of a dog's right maxillary four...

Figure 5.41 Complicated crown root fracture of a dog's right maxillary fourth...

Figure 5.42 Tennis ball wear on a dog's left mandible cheek teeth.

Figure 5.43 Maxillary and mandibular tooth wear caused by malocclusion.

Figure 5.44 Avulsion of a dog's left maxillary canine.

Figure 5.45 Luxation of a dog's left maxillary canine.

Figure 5.46 Intrinsic staining secondary to pulpitis in a dog's left maxillar...

Figure 5.47 Stage 2 tooth resorption in a cat's left mandibular canine.

Figure 5.48 (a) Stage 3 tooth resorption affecting a cat's left mandibular mo...

Figure 5.49 (a) Tooth resorption of a cat's right mandibular third premolar a...

Figure 5.50 (a) A dog's right mandibular second molar tooth resorption and (b...

Figure 5.51 (a) Cat's left mandibular canine with clinical tooth resorption a...

Figure 5.52 Caries affecting a dog's right maxillary first molar.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Receptionist explaining the COPAT visit.

Figure 6.2 Sample workflow timeline. Comprehensive Oral (COPAT).

Figure 6.3 Veterinarian and assistant evaluating a cat's mouth in the examina...

Figure 6.4 (a) Right temporal muscle atrophy secondary to masticatory myositi...

Figure 6.5 Swollen area under right eye secondary to pulp exposure from a com...

Figure 6.6 Position of hands to open a dog's mouth for clinical TMJ evaluatio...

Figure 6.7 (a) Normal‐appearing teeth and gingiva in a cat. (b) Normal‐appear...

Figure 6.8 Application of test strip (OraStrip) to a cat's marginal gingiva i...

Figure 6.9 (a) Catheter placed. (b) Ultrasonic dental scaling.

Figure 6.10 Dental assistant exposing full‐mouth intraoral radiographs.

Figure 6.11 Visual tooth‐by‐tooth examination and probing.

Figure 6.12 Dental assistant arranges radiographs for doctor to view while co...

Figure 6.13 (a) Tooth resorption affecting the right maxillary canine root an...

Figure 6.14 (a) Sutured surgical site, (b) Post‐extraction radiograph confirm...

Figure 6.15 Patient is removed from the procedure.

Figure 6.16 Report is prepared.

Figure 6.17 (a) Review of case with client at release. (b) Demonstration appl...

Figure 6.18 VOHC acceptance seal.

Figure 6.19 (a) Toothpaste applied on a toothbrush. (b) The upper lips lifted...

Figure 6.20 (a) Dental diet – t/d Hills Pet Food, and (b and c) Illustration ...

Figure 6.21 C.ET.® VEGGIEDENT® FR3SH® tartar control chews for dogs. C.ET., V...

Figure 6.22 (a) OraVet® professional application. (b) Using a dental polishin...

Figure 6.23 MAXI/GUARD oral cleansing gel.

Figure 6.24 OraVet dental chew®.

Figure 6.25 PetSmile toothpaste.

Figure 6.26 Dentacetic® (Dechra) wipe with sodium hexametaphosphate to wipe a...

Figure 6.27 Deer antlers sold for pets.

Figure 6.28 Workflow timeline.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Gingivitis affecting the tissues around a dog's left maxillary che...

Figure 7.2 Bleeding 5 mm periodontal pocket affecting a dogs' right maxillary...

Figure 7.3 (a) Bleeding on probing right canine 4 mm periodontal pocket. (b) ...

Figure 7.4 (a) 5 mm palatal periodontal defect. (b) “A” and “B” Doxirobe

®

...

Figure 7.5 Right mandibular canine periodontal pocket bleeding on probing.

Figure 7.6 (a and b) Diode laser applied to bleeding points.

Figure 7.7 Ultrasonic dental scaling.

Figure 7.8 Doctor and dental assistant.

Figure 7.9 (a) Plaque and calculus on a dog's maxillary cheek teeth. (b) Late...

Figure 7.10 Scaling and root planing illustration.

Figure 7.11 Air/water syringe used to lift the marginal gingiva from the toot...

Figure 7.12 (a) Pumice and disposable polishing angle used to polish a dog's ...

Figure 7.13 Air polishing the left maxillary fourth premolar.

Figure 7.14 (a and b) Generalized inflammation of the attached gingiva in a n...

Figure 7.15 (a) Marked gingival enlargement over the right maxillary fourth p...

Figure 7.16 (a) Gingival enlargement secondary to calcium channel blocker med...

Figure 7.17 (a and b) Marked proliferative gingival enlargement affecting the...

Figure 7.18 (a) Less than 25% support loss affecting a cat's right maxillary ...

Figure 7.19 Peridontal pocketing.

Figure 7.20 (a) 2 mm bleeding on probing pocket on the buccal surface of a ca...

Figure 7.21 (a) 5 mm pocket depth between the left mandibular first and secon...

Figure 7.22 Two‐walled infrabony defect in a cat's left mandibular fourth pre...

Figure 7.23 (a) Inflammation surrounding a dog's left maxillary canine. (b) 1...

Figure 7.24 Gingival recession affecting a cat's left mandibular molar from a...

Figure 7.25 (a) Gingival recession affecting a dog's right maxillary canine. ...

Figure 7.26 (a) Marked gingival recession affecting a dog's left maxillary ca...

Figure 7.27 (a) Intraoral radiograph displaying approximately 35% support los...

Figure 7.28 (a) Inflammation around the distal root of a cat's left mandibula...

Figure 7.29 (a) Maxillary left first molar affected by stage 4 periodontal di...

Figure 7.30 (a) Left mandibular fourth premolar affected by stage 4 periodont...

Figure 7.31 A cat's super‐erupted left maxillary canine.

Figure 7.32 (a) Clinical appearance of bilateral maxillary alveolar bone expa...

Figure 7.33 (a) Alveolar bone expansion affecting a cat's left maxillary cani...

Figure 7.34 (a and b) Allograft material – Veterinary Transplant Services

®

...

Figure 7.35 (a and b) Xenograft bone material – Veterinary Transplant Service...

Figure 7.36 (a) 9‐mm palatal pocket. (b) Created palatal flap exposing additi...

Figure 7.37 Ossiflex

®

cortical bone membranes.

Figure 7.38 (a) Cleaned and filled left maxillary canine palatal defect with ...

Figure 7.39 Alveolar mucositis affecting a cat's attached gingiva extending t...

Figure 7.40 (a) Inflammation of the mucocutaneous junction and the labial muc...

Figure 7.41 Inflamed right buccal mucosa.

Figure 7.42 Right caudal mucositis.

Figure 7.43 Contact mucositis apical to a dog's right maxillary canine and in...

Figure 7.44 Marked ptyalism secondary to contact mucositis.

Figure 7.45 Sublingual contact mucositis with ulceration.

Figure 7.46 Psuedomembrane covering contact ulceration adjacent to a dog's ma...

Figure 7.47 (a and b) Mucosal damage extending through the skin secondary to ...

Figure 7.48 (a and b) Right‐ and left‐sided contact caudal mucositis. (c and ...

Figure 7.49 (a) Unilateral caudal mucositis secondary to excess plaque from t...

Figure 7.50 (a) Multiple areas of contact mucositis with ulceration. (b) CO

2

...

Figure 7.51 (a) Caudal stomatitis and glossitis in a cat. (b) Stomatitis in a...

Figure 7.52 Type 1 FCGS alveolar and buccal stomatitis.

Figure 7.53 Type 2 FCGS alveolar, labial, buccal, and caudal stomatitis.

Figure 7.54 Unilateral caudal mucositis confirmed with histopathology.

Figure 7.55 Pharyngostomy tube placement: (a) measuring red rubber tube to co...

Figure 7.56 (a) Horizontal incision with #11 blade. (b) Exposure of the right...

Figure 7.57 (a) Inflamed area around the left mandibular first incisor. (b) I...

Figure 7.58 (a) 15 mm palatal pocket affecting the left maxillary canine. (b)...

Figure 7.59 (a) Vertical releasing incision mesially. (b) Intrasulcular incis...

Figure 7.60 (Cadaver specimen) (a and b) Scalpel blade used to incise mesial ...

Figure 7.61 (a) 9‐mm periodontal pocket filled with coarse hairs. (b) Fissure...

Figure 7.62 (a) 9 mm periodontal pocket affecting a dog's right maxillary fou...

Figure 7.63 Sectioned dog's multi‐rooted left maxillary third and fourth prem...

Figure 7.64 (a) Vertical releasing incision between a dog's left maxillary fo...

Figure 7.65 (a) Marked gingival recession and external root resorption affect...

Figure 7.66 (a) Gingival inflammation over retained mandibular root fragments...

Figure 7.67 (a) Gingival inflammation above area of clinically missing right ...

Figure 7.68 (a) Marked alveolar mucositis. (b) Scalpel blade placed into the ...

Figure 7.69 (a) Stomatitis affecting a FIV‐positive cat. (b) Minimal inflamma...

Figure 7.70 (a) Alveolar and vestibular mucositis in a cat. (b) Laser treatme...

Figure 7.71 Laser light energy applied to the outside of a cat after full‐mou...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Internal root resorption affecting the apical third of the root ca...

Figure 8.2 (a) Right maxillary canine bleeding on probing and (b) Radiograph ...

Figure 8.3 (a) Enlarged gingiva filling an area of buccal mandibular canine e...

Figure 8.4 (a) External root resorption of a dog's left maxillary canine that...

Figure 8.5 A cat's mandibular canine roots being replaced by surrounding alve...

Figure 8.6 (a) Clinical appearance of external resorption extending into the ...

Figure 8.7 (a) A radiograph extension into the pulp chamber and root canal an...

Figure 8.8 Dog's right mandibular fourth premolar and first molars affected w...

Figure 8.9 (a) Clinical appearance of TR4b and (b) Radiograph confirming prim...

Figure 8.10 Radiograph confirming primarily mandibular canine roots affected ...

Figure 8.11 (a) Left mandibular third premolar overlying gingiva appears rais...

Figure 8.12 Stages of tooth resorption.

Figure 8.13 (a) Clinical appearance of type 1 tooth resorption affecting the ...

Figure 8.14 Decreased opacity in this cat's left mandibular third premolar ro...

Figure 8.15 (a) Type 3 tooth resorption of a cat's left mandibular third prem...

Figure 8.16 Tooth resorption types – illustration.

Figure 8.17 (a) External root resorption affecting a dog's left mandibular th...

Figure 8.18 (a) Clinical appearance of tooth resorption affecting a cat's lef...

Figure 8.19 (a) Moderate gingival enlargement covering tooth resorption on a ...

Figure 8.20 (a) Enamel defect, which may be secondary to external resorption ...

Figure 8.21 Right and left mandibular canine tooth resorption radiographicall...

Figure 8.22 (a) Tooth resorption affecting a cat's left mandibular canine, do...

Figure 8.23 (a) Clinical appearance of type 2 tooth resorption affecting a ca...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Sagittal section of a dog's incisor.

Figure 9.2 (a) Mandibular incisor wear over time without pulp exposure. (b) M...

Figure 9.3 (a) Pulpitis affecting a dog's left maxillary canine. (b) Radiogra...

Figure 9.4 (a) Uncomplicated crown/root fracture of a dog's left maxillary fo...

Figure 9.5 (a) Uncomplicated crown fracture of the left mandibular canine too...

Figure 9.6 (a) Uncomplicated crown fracture right mandibular first molar. (b)...

Figure 9.7 (a) Acute complicated crown fracture left maxillary canine, approp...

Figure 9.8 (a) Left mandibular canine complicated fracture repaired via root ...

Figure 9.9 (a) Slab fracture creating a complicated crown roto fracture. (b) ...

Figure 9.10 (a) Normal clinically appearing rostral mandibles. (b) Radiograph...

Figure 9.11 (a) Assorted paper points. (b) Paper point placed into irrigated ...

Figure 9.12 (a) Calcium hydroxide used in an apexification procedure on a dog...

Figure 9.13 (a) Assorted barbed broaches. (b) Barbed broach inserted into the...

Figure 9.14 (a) Size #3, 4, 5 Gates‐Glidden files and (b) Gates‐Glidden drill...

Figure 9.15 (a) K file flutes and (b) K‐file producing clean dentinal shaving...

Figure 9.16 (a) Hedstrom file flutes. (b) Assorted Hedstrom 60 mm file widths...

Figure 9.17 (a) Spreader and (b) Plugger.

Figure 9.18 College pliers.

Figure 9.19 Retrograde amalgam carrier.

Figure 9.20 Spatula.

Figure 9.21 (a) Endodontic irrigation needle and (b) Endodontic irrigation sy...

Figure 9.22 Arrows pointing to the dentinal bridge formed in response to vita...

Figure 9.23 (a) Access for a dog's maxillary incisors, (b) Endodontic file us...

Figure 9.24 (a) Complicated crown root fracture. (b) Barbed broach used to re...

Figure 9.25 (a) Low‐speed rotary handpiece. (b) LightSpeed files. (c) Coltene...

Figure 9.26 (a) Marked periapical lucency secondary to complicated tooth frac...

Figure 9.27 (a) Right maxillary canine tooth luxation. (b) Figure of eight wi...

Figure 9.28 (a) Avulsed right mandibular canine. (b) Tooth replaced, soft tis...

Figure 9.29 (a) Lacerated feline hard palate from a motor vehicle accident. (...

Figure 9.30 (a) Rostral maxillary fracture in a four‐month‐old Weimaraner pup...

Figure 9.31 (a) Symphyseal separation. (b) 18 g needle used to feed suture ar...

Figure 9.32 (a) Symphyseal separation in a cat. (b) Application of acrylic to...

Figure 9.33 (a) Trauma to the rostral mandible in a dog and (b) The radiograp...

Figure 9.34 (a) Cat's mandibles clinically shifted toward the right and (b) R...

Figure 9.35 (a) Favorable and unfavorable mandible fractures and (b) Patholog...

Figure 9.36 (a) Mandibular fracture extending into the first molar in a seven...

Figure 9.37 (a) Right mandible fracture. (b) Stabilization created after hemi...

Figure 9.38 (a) Clinical appearance of cat with mandible deviated to the left...

Figure 9.39 Condylar process fracture.

Figure 9.40 Zygomatic process of the temporal bone fractured from the tempora...

Figure 9.41 CT image of fractured coronoid process..

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 (a and b) Left maxillary oral mass in a dog. (c) Radiograph of le...

Figure 10.2 Maxillectomy/mandibulectomy surgical terms.

Figure 10.3 (a) Large oral mass involving the incisive bone and maxillae. (b)...

Figure 10.4 (a) Large oral mass noted on the left maxilla. (b) Excised mass a...

Figure 10.5 (a) Left facial swelling secondary to osteochondrosarcoma. (b) Or...

Figure 10.6 (a) Marked swelling of the left mandible in an adult cat. (b) Rad...

Figure 10.7 (a) Large oral mass noted on the right mandible. (b) Exposure of ...

Figure 10.8 (a) Right mandibular canine penetrating maxilla due to drift afte...

Figure 10.9 (a) Rostral mandible mass. (b) Excised mass sent for histopatholo...

Figure 10.10 (a) Swelling caudal to the left maxillary canine in a dog. (b) R...

Figure 10.11 (a) Dentigerous cyst involving the unerupted right maxillary can...

Figure 10.12 Cyst affecting the root apex of a cat's distal molar root.

Figure 10.13 (a) Clinical appearance of marked inflammation located sublingua...

Figure 10.14 Radiographic image consistent with a compound odontoma (note the...

Figure 10.15 Multiple papillomas (oral papillomatosis) affecting a dog's oral...

Figure 10.16 (a) Same patient: note the multiple papillomas on the tongue. (b...

Figure 10.17 (a) Eosinophilic ulcer affecting a cat's lip. (b) Ulcer resolved...

Figure 10.18 (a) Histologically confirmed eosinophilic granuloma in a dog. (b...

Figure 10.19 (a) Oral mass located between the maxillary right first and seco...

Figure 10.20 (a) Mass arising from the left mandibular canine gingiva. (b) Ra...

Figure 10.21 (a) Mandibular mass interfering with maxillary incisors. (b) Man...

Figure 10.22 (a) Left‐sided sublingual granuloma caught between the maxillary...

Figure 10.23 (a) Maxillary fourth premolar penetrating a pyogenic granuloma b...

Figure 10.24 (a) Melanocytoma on dog's lip and (b) Surgical excision with exc...

Figure 10.25 Fine needle cytology typical of canine oral melanoma with a popu...

Figure 10.26 (a) Caudal oropharynx mass in a dog. (b) Tissue excised for hist...

Figure 10.27 (a) Right mandibular mass. (b) Partial mandibulectomy, tissue su...

Figure 10.28 (a) Right mandible mass in a cat. (b) Radiograph consistent with...

Figure 10.29 (a) Touch impression for cytology and (b) A population of cohesi...

Figure 10.30 (a) FNA of a mandibular mass in a cat and (b) Cytology consisten...

Figure 10.31 (a and b) Left mandibular mass in a cat. (c) Radiograph of lesio...

Figure 10.32 (a) SCC of the left rostral mandible. (b) SCC of the right maxil...

Figure 10.33 (a) Left mandibular mass (Figure 10.31a) excised. (b) Segmental ...

Figure 10.34 (a) Right mandibular oral mass. (b) Radiograph demonstrating mix...

Figure 10.35 (a) Multiple masses on the maxilla in a dog. (b) Radiograph of t...

Figure 10.36 (a) Large ulcerated mass of the left maxilla. (b) Radiograph of ...

Figure 10.37 (a) Large right maxillary mass. (b) Cytology consistent with mal...

Figure 10.38 (a) Large mandibular mass. (b) Radiograph. (c) Partial mandibule...

Figure 10.39 (a) Caudal right mandibular mass. (b) Intraoral radiograph consi...

Figure 10.40 (a) Oral mass noted in the area of the left tonsil. (b) Fine nee...

Figure 10.41 (a) Caudal right maxillary mass. (b) Mass excised (histopatholog...

Figure 10.42 Plasmacytoma in a dog.

Figure 10.43 (a) Right vestibule and alveolar mucosa lesions and (b) Vestibul...

Figure 10.44 Salivary gland locations.

Figure 10.45 (a) Cervical sialocele. (b and c) right‐sided ranula in the same...

Figure 10.46 (a) Right‐sided pharyngeal sialocele and (b) Fluid aspirated fro...

Figure 10.47 Incisional drainage of a sialocele.

Figure 10.48 (a) Clinical appearance of left‐sided pharyngeal sialocele. (b) ...

Figure 10.49 (a) Swelling caudal to the right mandible. (b) Right pharyngeal ...

Figure 10.50 (a) Marked left facial swelling in a dog. (b) Radiograph reveali...

Figure 10.51 Surgical excision of salivary gland adenocarcinoma in a dog.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 (a and b) Mesocephalic dog’s and cat's muzzle.

Figure 11.2 (a and b) Dolichocephalic Siamese cat's and Greyhound dog's muzzl...

Figure 11.3 Normal incisor occlusion rostral view.

Figure 11.4 Normal contact between the mandibular crown cusps and the maxilla...

Figure 11.5 Normal canine and incisor positions in a young patient with activ...

Figure 11.6 (a) Normal appearing dog's left incisor, canine, and premolar tee...

Figure 11.7 Normal appearing cat's incisors and canines – rostral view.

Figure 11.8 Normal cat's canine and incisor positions.

Figure 11.9 (a) Normal appearing cat's left incisor, canine, and premolar tee...

Figure 11.10 (a) Short‐muzzled Pug dog. (b) (skeletal) Mandibular mesioclusio...

Figure 11.11 Normal premolar sawtooth interdigitation.

Figure 11.12 Skeletal malocclusion (mandibular mesiocclusion) considered inhe...

Figure 11.13 Dental malposition – the right maxillary first incisor abnormall...

Figure 11.14 Rotated malpositioned right maxillary third premolar.

Figure 11.15 Distoversion of the mandibular fourth premolar predisposing the ...

Figure 11.16 Mandibular right second incisor is mesioverted, linguoverted, an...

Figure 11.17 Left mandibular canine linguoversion.

Figure 11.18 Palatoversion of the maxillary right canine in a cat.

Figure 11.19 Labioversion of the maxillary third incisors in a dog.

Figure 11.20 (a) Right maxillary persistent primary incisor forcing the secon...

Figure 11.21 (a) Caudal crossbite right mandibular fourth premolar is buccal ...

Figure 11.22 (a–d) Mandibular distoclusion.

Figure 11.23 (a and b) Mandibular mesioclusion – note arrows pointing to lesi...

Figure 11.24 (a) Mixed skeletal (mandibular mesioclusion) and dental (rostral...

Figure 11.25 (a–c) Rostrocaudal maxillomandibular asymmetry.

Figure 11.26 Side‐to‐side maxillomandibular asymmetry.

Figure 11.27 Open bite in a dog.

Figure 11.28 Angle classification.

Figure 11.29 (a) Persistent mandibular primary canines and incisors in a dog....

Figure 11.30 Extraction of deciduous canine without vertical releasing incisi...

Figure 11.31 Extraction of resorbing deciduous canine with the aid of a verti...

Figure 11.32 (a) Functional supernumerary maxillary left first incisor. (b) R...

Figure 11.33 (a) Multiple supernumerary teeth causing crowding. (b) Radiograp...

Figure 11.34 Radiographic confirmation of missing right maxillary first premo...

Figure 11.35 (a) Clinically missing left mandibular first premolar. (b) Radio...

Figure 11.36 (a) Persistent deciduous canine and clinically missing left mand...

Figure 11.37 (a) Maxillary incisors creating a dental interlock preventing fo...

Figure 11.38 (a) Mandibular distoclusion resulting in maxillary penetration a...

Figure 11.39 (a) Lip trauma from mandibular mesioclusion in a cat. (b) Crown ...

Figure 11.40 (a) Etchant gel placed on the selected area. (b) After washing t...

Figure 11.41 (a) Rostroverted left maxillary canine in an eight‐month‐old dog...

Figure 11.42 (a) Rubber mixing bowl and Buffalo spatula. (b) Mixing alginate ...

Figure 11.43 (a) Applying boxing wax around the stone model. (b) Pouring the ...

Figure 11.44 (a) Cast sent to dental lab with markings to indicate arch bar d...

Figure 11.45 (a) Right mandibular persistent deciduous canine pushing adult c...

Figure 11.46 (a) Flat‐faced Persian cat. (b) Right mandibular canine penetrat...

Figure 11.47 (a) Mandibular distoclusion resulting in the mandibular canines ...

Guide

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Small Animal Dental Equipment, Materials, and Techniques

Jan Bellows, DVM

Dental and Companion Animal SpecialistHometown Animal Hospital and Dental ClinicWeston, FL, USA

Second Edition

This edition first published 2019© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition HistoryBlackwell Publishing (1e, 2004). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Jan Bellows to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyThe contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Bellows, Jan, author.Title: Small animal dental equipment, materials, and techniques / Jan Bellows.Description: 2nd edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. |Identifiers: LCCN 2018054739 (print) | LCCN 2018055298 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118986622 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781118986639 (ePub) | ISBN 9781118986646 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118986615 (hardcover)Subjects: LCSH: Veterinary dentistry. | MESH: Tooth Diseases–veterinary | Dentistry–veterinary | Surgery, Veterinary–methods | Surgery, Veterinary–instrumentationClassification: LCC SF867 (ebook) | LCC SF867 .B456 2019 (print) | NLM SF 867 | DDC 636.089/763–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018054739

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Jan Bellows

This text is personally dedicated to Allison, my wife; our children Wendi, David, and Lauren; our pets present and past – Pepper, Daisy, Chelsea, Lacey, Bailey, Casey, Mollie, Dylan, and Rylee; and to my colleagues, associates, patients, and clients, from whom I have learned so much.

The text is professionally dedicated to Dr. Peter Emily, an educator, friend, and a wonderful person.

Dr. Emily is an accomplished human dentist with a career spanning over 50 years. He received his Doctor of Dental Surgery at Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska and his Certificate of Periodontology from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Emily later went on to receive his postgraduate certification in pediatric dentistry, endodontics, oral surgery, and restorative/prosthetic dentistry from the Dental Division of Denver General Hospital. When Dr. Emily graduated from dental school in the 1960s, the standard operating procedure for animal dentistry was limited to cleaning and extractions.

Through Dr. Emily’s efforts, in the mid‐1980s, Colorado State University was the first school to offer a course in veterinary dentistry to students and practitioners. He currently holds the position of faculty affiliate of animal dentistry at Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. He also is a past dental faculty affiliate at the University of Missouri at Columbia, and is director of exotic animal dentistry at the Denver Zoological Gardens.

Dr. Emily is an honorary Diplomate of the American Veterinary Dental College and an honorary Fellow of the Academy of Veterinary Dentistry. Further, Dr. Emily is past president of the American Veterinary Dental Society (AVDS) and was instrumental in the creation of the Academy of Veterinary Dentistry as well as the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC). He helped develop and administer the initial Academy of Veterinary Dentistry (AVD) entrance exam and the three‐part exam for acceptance into the American Veterinary Dental College. Additionally, Dr. Emily designed the logo and the pins for the AVDS, AVD, and AVDC, for the review and assessment exam, and also handcasts the custom gold medallions for the research and education award.

Dr. Emily became involved with judging show dogs, and with his years of experience shared findings on canine malocclusion and inherited defects in the veterinary literature. When not working in the mouths of people and animals, Dr. Emily serves as the dental consultant and conformation judge for the American Kennel Club. Dr. Emily has also worked extensively on the biomechanics of movement and kinesiology.

The Denver Zoo has also called upon Dr. Emily to perform surgery on the beaks on hornbills and toucans, as well as caring for kangaroos, lions, tigers, wild dogs, polar bears, grizzlies, and orangutans. In the early days, many zoos did not have the proper facilities for working on exotic animals, so improvisation was key. A perfect example of Dr. Emily thinking quickly on his feet was while aiding the Denver Zoo, he used a hydraulic lift of a pickup truck to lift a polar bear during a surgical root canal. Although retired, Dr. Emily continues to work with the Denver Zoo, Siegfried and Roy, Deer Creek Animal Hospital, and on many interesting cases placed in front of this ever‐curious innovator and lover of animals.