Fiber Optic Communications E-Book

Shiva Kumar

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 726

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Fiber-optic communication systems have advanced dramatically over the last four decades, since the era of copper cables, resulting in low-cost and high-bandwidth transmission. Fiber optics is now the backbone of the internet and long-distance telecommunication. Without it we would not enjoy the benefits of high-speed internet, or low-rate international telephone calls. This book introduces the basic concepts of fiber-optic communication in a pedagogical way. The important mathematical results are derived by first principles rather than citing research articles. In addition, physical interpretations and real-world analogies are provided to help students grasp the fundamental concepts. Key Features: * Lucid explanation of key topics such as fibers, lasers, and photodetectors. * Includes recent developments such as coherent communication and digital signal processing. * Comprehensive treatment of fiber nonlinear transmission. * Worked examples, exercises, and answers. * Accompanying website with PowerPoint slides and numerical experiments in MATLAB. Intended primarily for senior undergraduates and graduates studying fiber-optic communications, the book is also suitable as a professional resource for researchers working in the field of fiber-optic communications.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Electromagnetics and Optics

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity

1.3 Ampere's Law and Magnetic Field Intensity

1.4 Faraday's Law

1.5 Maxwell's Equations

1.6 1-Dimensional Wave Equation

1.7 Power Flow and Poynting Vector

1.8 3-Dimensional Wave Equation

1.9 Reflection and Refraction

1.10 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity

1.11 Polarization of Light

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 2: Optical Fiber Transmission

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Fiber Structure

2.3 Ray Propagation in Fibers

2.4 Modes of a Step-Index Optical Fiber*

2.5 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers

2.6 Comparison between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers

2.7 Single-Mode Fiber Design Considerations

2.8 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers (DCFs)

2.9 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 3: Lasers

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Concepts

3.3 Conditions for Laser Oscillations

3.4 Laser Examples

3.5 Wave–Particle Duality

3.6 Laser Rate Equations

3.7 Review of Semiconductor Physics

3.8 Semiconductor Laser Diode

3.9 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 4: Optical Modulators and Modulation Schemes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Line Coder

4.3 Pulse Shaping

4.4 Power Spectral Density

4.5 Digital Modulation Schemes

4.6 Optical Modulators

4.7 Optical Realization of Modulation Schemes

4.8 Partial Response Signals*

4.9 Multi-Level Signaling*

4.10 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 5: Optical Receivers

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Photodetector Performance Characteristics

5.3 Common Types of Photodetectors

5.4 Direct Detection Receivers

5.5 Receiver Noise

5.6 Coherent Receivers

Exercises

References

Chapter 6: Optical Amplifiers

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Optical Amplifier Model

6.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Two-Level Systems

6.4 Low-Pass Representation of ASE Noise

6.5 System Impact of ASE

6.6 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

6.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier

6.8 Raman Amplifiers

6.9 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 7: Transmission System Design

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fiber Loss-Induced Limitations

7.3 Dispersion-Induced Limitations

7.4 ASE-Induced Limitations

7.5 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 8: Performance Analysis

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Optimum Binary Receiver for Coherent Systems

8.3 Homodyne Receivers

8.4 Heterodyne Receivers

8.5 Direct Detection

8.6 Additional Examples

Exercises

References

Chapter 9: Channel Multiplexing Techniques

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Polarization-Division Multiplexing

9.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing

9.4 OFDM

9.5 Time-Division Multiplexing

9.6 Additional Examples

Exercises

References

Chapter 10: Nonlinear Effects in Fibers

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Origin of Linear and Nonlinear Refractive Indices

10.3 Fiber Dispersion

10.4 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

10.5 Self-Phase Modulation

10.6 Combined Effect of Dispersion and SPM

10.7 Interchannel Nonlinear Effects

10.8 Intrachannel Nonlinear Impairments

10.9 Theory of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects

10.10 Nonlinear Phase Noise

10.11 Stimulated Raman Scattering

10.12 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Chapter 11: Digital Signal Processing

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Coherent Receiver

11.3 Laser Phase Noise

11.4 IF Estimation and Compensation

11.5 Phase Estimation and Compensation

11.6

CD

Equalization

11.7 Polarization Mode Dispersion Equalization

11.8 Digital Back Propagation

11.9 Additional Examples

Exercises

Further Reading

References

Appendix A

References

Appendix B

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

xv

xvi

xvii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

Figure 1.11

Figure 1.12

Figure 1.13

Figure 1.14

Figure 1.15

Figure 1.16

Figure 1.17

Figure 1.18

Figure 1.19

Figure 1.20

Figure 1.21

Figure 1.22

Figure 1.23

Figure 1.24

Figure 1.25

Figure 1.26

Figure 1.27

Figure 1.28

Figure 1.29

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Figure 2.25

Figure 2.26

Figure 2.27

Figure 2.28

Figure 2.29

Figure 2.30

Figure 2.31

Figure 2.32

Figure 2.33

Figure 2.34

Figure 2.35

Figure 2.36

Figure 2.37

Figure 2.38

Figure 2.39

Figure 2.40

Figure 2.41

Figure 2.42

Figure 2.43

Figure 2.44

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32

Figure 3.33

Figure 3.34

Figure 3.35

Figure 3.36

Figure 3.37

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.24

Figure 4.25

Figure 4.26

Figure 4.27

Figure 4.28

Figure 4.29

Figure 4.30

Figure 4.31

Figure 4.32

Figure 4.33

Figure 4.34

Figure 4.35

Figure 4.36

Figure 4.37

Figure 4.38

Figure 4.39

Figure 4.40

Figure 4.41

Figure 4.42

Figure 4.43

Figure 4.44

Figure 4.45

Figure 4.46

Figure 4.47

Figure 4.48

Figure 4.49

Figure 4.50

Figure 4.51

Figure 4.52

Figure 4.53

Figure 4.54

Figure 4.55

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 5.23

Figure 5.24

Figure 5.25

Figure 5.26

Figure 5.27

Figure 5.28

Figure 5.29

Figure 5.30

Figure 5.31

Figure 5.32

Figure 5.33

Figure 5.34

Figure 5.35

Figure 5.36

Figure 5.37

Figure 5.38

Figure 5.39

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.23

Figure 6.24

Figure 6.25

Figure 6.26

Figure 6.27

Figure 6.28

Figure 6.29

Figure 6.30

Figure 6.31

Figure 6.32

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

Figure 7.17

Figure 7.18

Figure 7.19

Figure 7.20

Figure 7.21

Figure 7.22

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Figure 8.19

Figure 8.20

Figure 8.21

Figure 8.22

Figure 8.23

Figure 8.24

Figure 8.25

Figure 8.26

Figure 8.27

Figure 8.28

Figure 8.29

Figure 8.30

Figure 8.31

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.24

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 10.5

Figure 10.6

Figure 10.7

Figure 10.8

Figure 10.9

Figure 10.10

Figure 10.11

Figure 10.12

Figure 10.13

Figure 10.14

Figure 10.15

Figure 10.16

Figure 10.17

Figure 10.18

Figure 10.19

Figure 10.20

Figure 10.21

Figure 10.22

Figure 10.23

Figure 10.24

Figure 10.25

Figure 10.26

Figure 10.27

Figure 10.28

Figure 10.29

Figure 10.30

Figure 10.31

Figure 10.32

Figure 10.33

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 11.11

Figure 11.12

Figure 11.13

Figure 11.14

Figure 11.15

Figure 11.16

Figure 11.17

Figure 11.18

Figure 11.19

Figure 11.20

Figure 11.21

Figure 11.22

Figure 11.23

Figure 11.24

Figure 11.25

Figure 11.26

Figure 11.27

Figure 11.28

Figure 1.1

List of Tables

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 5.1

Table 10.1

Table 10.2

Table 10.3

Fiber Optic Communications

Fundamentals and Applications

Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Canada

This edition first published 2014

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought

The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kumar, Shiva, Dr.

Fiber optic communications : fundamentals and applications / Shiva Kumar and M. Jamal Deen.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-51867-0 (cloth)

1. Optical fiber communication. 2. Fiber optics. I. Deen, M. Jamal. II. Title.

TK5103.592.F52K816 2014

621.36′92–dc23

2013043803

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9780470518670