Frontiers in Nano and Microdevice Design for Applied Nanophotonics, Biophotonics and Nanomedicine E-Book
A. Guillermo Bracamonte
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
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- Sprache: Englisch
This reference informs readers about nanoscale design and synthesis of different nanomaterials. Chapters of the book account for variable nanoarchitecture, while explaining concepts which are central to the field of nanotechnology. It explains how nanodevices and microdevices can be used for nanophotonics, biophotonics and drug delivery applications. Advanced biochemical techniques ranging from fluorescence, plasmonics, enhanced plasmonics (EP) to metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) from colloidal dispersion to single luminescent nanoplatforms and nanospectroscopy, microfluidics, nanofluidics, silica wave-guiding, lasers, nanolasers and photonic circuits for enhanced signal detections are also presented. In addition, proof of concept ideas of microdevices and nanodevices to real applications within other allied disciplines such as genomics, biochemistry, drug delivery and clinical chemistry (based on advanced optical detection and imaging) are highlighted. The book is an informative reference for readers studying biochemistry, pharmacology, biomedical engineering and related subjects at all levels, as well as general readers who want to learn about advanced applications in optics and photonics.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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PREFACE
The aim of this book was to review central concepts of nanoscale by designing and synthesizing different nanomaterials with variable nanoarchitecture, and developing nanodevices and microdevices for nanophotonics, biophotonics and drug delivery applications. Topics ranging from Fluorescence, Plasmonics, Enhanced Plasmonics (EP) to Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) from colloidal dispersion to single luminescent nanoplatforms and nano-spectroscopy were discussed.
In addition, proof of concepts of microdevices and nanodevices to real applications within genomics, biochemistry, drug delivery and clinical chemistry based on advanced optical detection and imaging were shown, as well as microfluidics, nanofluidics, silica wave-guiding, lasers, nanolasers and photonic circuits for enhanced signal detections.
Latest Nobel-prize awarded developments in Physics and Chemistry on Advanced Laser Instrumentation and applications, Single Molecule detection (SMD) and Biochemistry were also included.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledge the Département de Chimie and Centre d’Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Québec, Canada, for the postdoctoral research position, the National University of Cordoba (Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, UNC), Argentina, and the National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) for the research and teaching positions. Special thanks are also due to the Secretary of Science and Technology of UNC (SeCyT), Argentina, for the research grant. Moreover, the author is especially thankful to Professor Denis Boudreau from COPL at Laval University, Québec, Canada, for the long-standing research collaboration in progress as well as to all the Canadian Grants that permit it. Professor Cornelia Bohne, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Victoria, Victoria in Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, is gratefully acknowledged. Similarly, the author would like to thank Professor Burkhard König from the Institut fur Organische Chemie, Universitat Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, for the research visit and lecture opportunity provided in his laboratory. Moreover, Professor Nita Sahai from the University of Akron, Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering and NASA Astrobiology Institute, Ohio, United States postdoctoral research position is acknowledged. In addition, the author acknowledges the visit to Professor Jesse Greener Laboratory, in the Département de Chimie forming part of the "http://www.cqmfscience.com/" CQMF (Quebéc Center for Functional Materials) and "http://www.cerma.ulaval.ca/" CERMA (Center for Research on Advanced Materials), at Université Laval, Québec, Canada, and for the discussions held about the design of microfluidic and bioanalytical techniques.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
Introduction to the Basis of Micro- and Nanodevices Design
A. Guillermo BracamonteAbstract
For the design of microdevices and nanodevices, different chemical syntheses need to be controlled to tune the nano- and microscale. Thus, new properties based on the constitution and modification of surface material could be obtained. According to the different material and metamaterial constitutions, variable properties could be developed for targeted applications, including non-classical modes of light, energy transference and smart responsive surfaces. Hence, many designs of lab-on particles, chips and optical circuits, among others, have been discussed from nano- to microscale in nanophotonics, biophotonics, neurophotonics and nanomedicine applications.
1. INTRODUCTION
The control of the nanoscale from atoms and molecules has shown to be the basic concept to scale-up for the development of nanodevices and microdevices. Similarly, the processes and phenomena that took place at shorter nm length and overcame signal loss and interference have allowed showing an impact on the macroscale and real world where it needs to be transferred. Here, multi-disciplinary research interactions have shown the relevance of the control of the nanoscale by methodologies ranging from wet chemistry [1] to nanolithography [1, 2], based on high electron beam [1, 2] and laser applications [1, 2].
In these fields, the design, synthesis and development of new nanomaterials showed a high impact on energy with solar panels and batteries [3, 4], nanomedicine [5] with current advanced point-of-care diagnostics, new treatments from drug delivery [6-8], genomic applications [9-11], biomedical devices and instrumentation based on the control of surface modification [12, 13], nanotechnological developments such as hybrid Light Emitters Devices (LEDs) [14], Organic Light Emitters Devices (O-LEDs) [15, 16] and new approaches including Plasmonic Light Emitters Devices (P-LEDs) [17],Advanced Optical
Instrumentation such as reduced-size lens based on synthetic nanocrystals [18], semiconductor nanomaterials and conductive nanomaterials with impact on electronics and micro-processors [19], and many other developments where nanoarchitecture control is used as a nanotool and nanoplatform for signal transduction in the frontiers of Quantics and nanoscale [20] to higher levels.
Therefore, from the design and synthesis of tuneable properties based on variable nanoarchitectures for targeted applications, nanodevices could be developed and also incorporated within microdevices (Fig. 1). The major aspect in the development of these types of nano- and microdevices centers on signal discrimination, enhancement and transduction from the molecular level to the nanoscale and beyond larger surfaces by accurate patterning and excitation.
In the developments and applications mentioned, the study of light interaction and energy with nanomaterial as nanophotonics [21] has proved to be key, having different applications [22].
Fig. (1)) Scheme of tuneable properties based on variable nanoarchitecture for targeted applications (blue). Type of nanoparticles, chemical modification and physical properties developed (black).In addition, control of the nanoscale has allowed producing nanofluidic [23] and microfluidic devices [24] where nanomaterials could be confined and combined with variable biostructures for advanced studies. In this way, nano-material characterization has been brought to another level, as well as applications based on detection, tracking and activation of controlled functionalities from individual nano- and microplatforms by advanced optical set-ups coupled to biomaterial and biological samples.
In order to transduce signals from a nanoplatform or from another stimulus within controlled routing, signal waveguiding has been developed from polymeric nanomaterials that allowed controlled and targeted detection and transductions of wavelength signals such as silica waveguides [25] used in the design of microdevices.
Some of these new approaches based on inflow and within conductive materials have been applied to real instrumentation that came into the market and are currently available in research, biochemistry and clinical laboratories [26].
From these levels of control, the design and production of photonic circuits [27] could be mentioned as well, for conventional and no-conventional light transductions, impacting on microdevices, microprocessors and new computers.
Similarly, the nanograting of optical fibers [28] for the development of optosensor has shown studies with high impact and applications in different research fields such as communication, molecular-, bio-sensing and neurophotonics [29].
All the developments just mentioned, related to the control of the nanoscale for nanodevices and microdevices, as well as their incorporation in new set-ups and instrumentation, have enabled advanced biophotonic [30, 31] applications, where accurate targeted light, electronic and physical-chemical process detections have demonstrated to be major challenges to overcome.
Accordingly, studies based on nanoimaging [32] and bioimaging opened up new research fields in Single Molecule Detection (SMD) [33], high point-of-care diagnostics and new nanomedicine treatments [34] that reached the genomic level [35].
Probably, these subjects were not interrelated in the early developments. Today, however, from multidisciplinary knowledge, the most advanced applications gained recognition/proved successful in this way.
This chapter discusses the latest developments taking place in nanophotonics, biophotonics, neurophotonics and nanomedicine. In addition, due to the implication of different Plasmonic phenomena in quantum-, nano- and microdevices, we also discussed Enhanced Plasmonics (EP) [36], Optical Nanocavities and Resonators (OR) [37], Metal Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) [38, 39] and coupled phenomena, as well as Energy Transfer (ET) [40] phenomena and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) [41].
CONCLUDING REMARKS
On the basis of chemical synthesis, it should be noted that material properties could be controlled, as well size, shape, material surface modification and patterning in order to tune materials and properties, from the nanoscale to the microscale, the design and development of targeted nanodevices and microdevices. Multidisciplinary fields are also involved so as to obtain functional devices for nanophotonics, biophotonics and nanomedicine applications.
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A. Guillermo BracamonteAbstract
The basis of the nanoscale control was shown and discussed according to different methods of synthesis applying accurate controlled organized media conditions depending on the required size and shape of nanostructures. The importance of chemical surface modification that determined inter-nanoparticle interactions was also underlined, in addition to the final properties based on the nanomaterial constitution.
1. Control of Nanoparticle Size
Accurate size control at the nanoscale dimension still represents a major challenge due to its implication in tuning the properties of the nanomaterial as well as in its targeted functionality.
The synthetic methodology used depends on the nanomaterial needed and the targeted application. Within colloidal dispersion, variable degrees of dispersibility could be obtained, from dimmers, trimmers and tetramers to higher nanoaggregates, according to the chemical surface interaction. Hence, different properties could be obtained depending on the nanomaterial. In addition, the size of a nanomaterial, along with a given property, determines the success of the targeted application.
For drug delivery applications, the use of biocompatible nanomaterials is required. For this reason, not any nanomaterial could be used, and studies should be developed in vitro and in vivo. Still, variable levels of immune response could be detected against synthetic material. Moreover, size could determine incorporation by cells, cargo drug loading and release. Larger cargo nanoparticles could load higher concentrations than smaller ones; yet, depending on the kind of administration, different results could be found. For injectable applications, sizes below 100.0 nm showed to be the best dimensions, while for oral administration,
where the nanoparticle should cross different barriers, higher dimensions could be used. However, at this point, the importance of size [1] for membrane interaction [2] and surface charge in cellular uptake pathway [3] should be highlighted.
For biosensing, according to the application, the nanoscale could vary. For example, molecular detection based on different detection techniques reduced sizes were required, even close to quantum sizes. Instead, for biostructure detection based on targeted nanolabelling, intermediate sizes could be used [4]. Similarly, for Imaging applications such as nanoimaging and bioimaging based on fluorescence, the size of nanoparticles showed variable intensities, leading to different nanoresolutions. This basic concept from optics was even applied to enhanced resolution based on a switch on/off fluorescence of individual molecules, honoured with a Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 shared by Germany and USA [5].
In nanoelectronics, catalysis and electrochemistry, nanomaterial is a key component, having the effect of reduced nanoparticle size and larger surface area to volume ratios that produce increased catalysis and electrochemical response [6].
For in flow methodologies, lab-on chips and lab-on particles, the size of nanoparticles showed to be a central control parameter depending on their applications. For instance, the capability of the design of micro- to nanochannels confines dimensions at different scales and allows passing through targeted sizes [7]. Similarly, in lab-on chips [8] and lab-on particle [9], the size of the nanoparticle, such as nanoplatform for molecular and biostructure detection should be controlled as well. It is particularly interesting to determine, per nanoparticle, how many molecules are deposed, and control their sizes to tune the detection signal of biostructures [10]. Thus, the importance of size control to tune properties for targeted applications where external factors such as media constraints should be stressed.
2. Synthesis, Type of Reactions and Nanomaterials in Organized Media
For the synthesis and development of the different nanomaterials reported in the literature, there are many types of reactions in the presence of different organized media within colloidal dispersion. Even if this section has not been conceived for detailed procedures, it has been interesting in order to show the most common types of reactions applied over the last years, in addition to highlighting the influence of non-covalent interactions within reaction media to control size, shape, the stability of the colloidal dispersion, and nanopatterns [11-13]. Besides wet chemistry methodologies, we should mention nanolithography techniques with high-energy electron beams and lasers on modified surfaces for accurate nanoarchitecture patterning [14]. In colloidal dispersion, the different types of reactions could be classified according to nanomaterial properties. For example, in inorganic nanoparticles such as cooper [15], silver [16] and gold [17], nanoparticles showed different syntheses by reduction reactions with varying strength of reducing agents [18]. Therefore, based on the molar ratios of reactants and the strength of reducing agents, the size of the nanoparticles was controlled. Moreover, for magnetic nanoparticles based on iron, different oxidation/reduction reactions were used with special care in the application of passivating agents for the stabilization of these nanoparticles [19]. Here, we should highlight the importance of the capping agents in the nanoaggregation properties based on their different inter-nanoparticle interactions according to the nanomaterials used. It should also be noted that not all of the most well-known nanoparticles formed by the most commonly known nanomaterials showed the same dispersibility and homogeneity in shape distribution.
Hence, the synthesis is still a considerable challenge for improved colloidal stability and controlled size and shape. In particular, for shape control, different organized media were used to control from the nucleation of a few atoms to the spatial 3D crystal growth. For example, spherical gold nanoparticles were reported with the application of citrate [20] and borohydride [21], as soft and strong reducing agents, respectively. However, in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), longitudinal nanoparticle growth was observed, obtaining nano-rods [22].
Another important variable for control depending on the nanomaterial was the use of controlled atmospheres for the synthesis of nanoparticles that showed higher tendencies to get oxidized, if their size, shape, and property could not be drastically changed, as in nanoparticles of aluminium [23] and indium [24] oxides.
Moreover, within inorganic nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles based on their particular intrinsic excellent properties, including dielectric material and optical transparent characteristics, allowed a considerable/significant number of developments, from nanoplatforms in colloidal dispersion to microdevices based on film deposition and surface modification in numerous research areas such as silica nanophotonics and photovoltaics.
The synthesis of silica nanoparticles was reported by the Sol.-gel Störber method [25] based on an acid/basic catalyzed reaction for condensation of different organosilane monomers (Fig. 1). These nanoparticles showed high dispersibility in polar media due to their hydroxylated surface, also allowing their chemical surface modification.
Fig. (1)) Schematic mechanism of condensation of Silanes via acid or base catalysis A) With retention of configuration. B) With siloxane bond hydrolysis [25].For organic nanoparticles, polymeric materials based on different types of reaction of polymerization and co-polymerization in the presence of variable monomers allowed obtaining tuneable properties of polymeric Nanomaterials. For example, biodegradable nanoparticles could be obtained by ester condensations in the presence of different organic solvent ratios. Thus, the most commonly known biodegradable nanoparticles, such as polyglycolic, lactic and malic acids, were obtained by multiple-solvent diffusion methodology, inducing monomer condensation by solvent evaporation [26]. Moreover, other polymeric nano-materials should be mentioned from the combination of different molecular properties to monomers and functional polymeric materials such as flexible [27], stretchable organic [28], conductive [29] and wearable organic polymers [30].
In addition, the application of supramolecular interactions as non-covalent linkers for supra nanoparticle architectures aroused interest in many research areas [31]. Similarly, DNA origamis, based on stable non-covalent interactions, showed to be advanced materials with potential application from biomaterial fields [32] to encryption of information and digital information storage [33].
