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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
THE #1 REFERENCE ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION—UPDATED FROM THE GROUND UP
Edward Allen and Joseph Iano’s Fundamentals of Building Construction has been the go-to reference for thousands of professionals and students of architecture, engineering, and construction technology for over thirty years. The materials and methods described in this new Seventh Edition have been thoroughly updated to reflect the latest advancements in the industry. Carefully selected and logically arranged topics—ranging from basic building methods to the principles of structure and enclosure—help readers gain a working knowledge of the field in an enjoyable, easy-to-understand manner. All major construction systems, including light wood frame, mass timber, masonry, steel frame, light gauge steel, and reinforced concrete construction, are addressed.
Now in its Seventh Edition, Fundamentals of Building Construction contains substantial revisions and updates. New illustrations and photographs reflect the latest practices and developments in the industry. Revised chapters address exterior wall systems and high-performance buildings, an updated and comprehensive discussion of building enclosure science, evolving tools for assessing environmental and health impacts of building materials, and more. New and exciting developments in mass timber construction are also included.
This Seventh Edition includes:
- 125 new or updated illustrations and photographs, as well as 40 new photorealistic renderings
- The latest in construction project delivery methods, construction scheduling, and trends in information technology affecting building design and construction
- Updated discussion of the latest LEED and Living Building Challenge sustainability standards along with expanded coverage of new methods for assessing the environmental impacts of materials and buildings
- Expanded coverage of mass timber materials, fire resistance of mass timber, and the design and construction of tall wood buildings
- Revised end-of-chapter sections, including references, websites, key terminology, review questions, and exercises
- Fully-updated collection of best-in-class ancillary materials: PowerPoint lecture slides, Instructor’s Manual, Test Bank, Interactive Exercises, and more
- Companion book, Exercises in Building Construction, available in print and eBook format
For the nuts and bolts on building construction practices and materials, Fundamentals of Building Construction: Materials and Methods, 7th Edition lays the foundation that every architect and construction professional needs to build a successful career.
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Seitenzahl: 1734
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019
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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface to the
Seventh Edition
1 Making Buildings
Learning to Build
Buildings and the Environment
The Work of the Design Professional
The Work of the Construction Professional
Trends in the Delivery of Design and Construction Services
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
2 Foundations and Sitework
Foundation Requirements
Earth Materials
Earthwork and Excavation
Foundations
Foundations as Building Enclosure
Sitework
Designing Foundations
Foundations and the Building Code
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
3 Wood
Trees
Lumber
Wood Products
Plastic Lumber
Wood Panel Products
Protecting Wood from Decay and Fire
Wood Fasteners and Adhesives
Prefabricated Wood Components
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
4 Heavy Timber and Mass Timber Construction
Types of Construction
Fire Resistance of Large Wood Members
Traditional Heavy Timber Construction
Contemporary Heavy Timber Construction
Mass Timber Construction
Wood–Concrete Composite Construction
Longer Spans in Heavy Timber and Mass Timber
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
5 Wood Light Frame Construction
History
Platform Frame
Foundations for Wood Light Frame Structures
Building the Frame
Variations on Wood Light Frame Construction
Wood Light Frame Construction and the Building Codes
Uniqueness of Wood Light Frame Construction
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
6 Exterior Finishes for Wood Light Frame Construction
Protection from the Weather
Roofing
Windows and Doors
Siding
Corner Boards and Exterior Trim
Sealing Exterior Joints
Exterior Painting, Finish Grading, and Landscaping
Exterior Construction
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
7 Interior Finishes for Wood Light Frame Construction
Completing the Building Enclosure
Wall and Ceiling Finish
Millwork and Finish Carpentry
Flooring and Ceramic Tile Work
Finishing Touches
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
8 Brick Masonry
History
Mortar
Brick
Brick Masonry
Masonry Wall Construction
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
9 Stone and Concrete Masonry
Stone Masonry
Concrete Masonry
Other Types of Masonry Units
Masonry Wall Construction
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
10 Masonry Wall Construction
Types of Masonry Walls
Spanning Systems for Masonry Bearing Wall Construction
Detailing Masonry Walls
Special Problems of Masonry Construction
Masonry Paving
Masonry and the Building Codes
Uniqueness of Masonry
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
11 Steel Frame Construction
History
The Material Steel
Joining Steel Members
Details of Steel Framing
The Construction Process
Fire Protection of Steel Framing
Longer Spans and Higher-Capacity Columns in Steel
Steel and the Building Codes
Uniqueness of Steel
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
12 Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction
The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction
Light Gauge Steel Framing
Other Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing
Insulating Light Gauge Steel Frame Structures
Finishes for Light Gauge Steel Framing
Advantages and Disadvantages of Light Gauge Steel Framing
Light Gauge Steel Framing and the Building Codes
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
13 Concrete Construction
History
Cement and Concrete
Making and Placing Concrete
Formwork
Reinforcing
Concrete Creep
Prestressing
Concrete Standards
Innovations in Concrete
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
14 Sitecast Concrete Framing Systems
Casting a Concrete Slab on Grade
Casting a Concrete Wall
Casting a Concrete Column
One-Way Floor and Roof Framing Systems
Two-Way Floor and Roof Framing Systems
Sitecast Posttensioned Framing Systems
Other Types of Sitecast Concrete
Longer Spans in Sitecast Concrete
Designing Economical Sitecast Concrete Buildings
Sitecast Concrete and the Building Codes
Uniqueness of Sitecast Concrete
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
15 Precast Concrete Framing Systems
Precast, Prestressed Concrete Structural Elements
Assembly Concepts for Precast Concrete Buildings
Manufacture of Precast Concrete Structural Elements
Joining Precast Concrete Members
Composite Precast/Sitecast Concrete Construction
The Construction Process
Precast Concrete and the Building Codes
Uniqueness of Precast Concrete
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
16 Designing the Building Enclosure
Functional Requirements of the Building Enclosure
Keeping Water Out
Controlling the Flow of Heat
Controlling Air Leakage
Controlling the Diffusion of Water Vapor
Sealing Joints in the Exterior Wall
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
17 Roofing
Low-Slope Roofs
Steep Roofs
Cool Roofs
Green Roofs
Photovoltaic Systems
Roofing and the Building Codes
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
18 Glass and Glazing
History
The Material Glass
Glazing
Glass and Energy
Glass and the Building Codes
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
19 Windows and Doors
Windows
Doors
Other Window and Door Requirements
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
20 Cladding with Masonry and Concrete
Masonry Veneer Curtain Walls
Stone Curtain Walls
Precast Concrete Curtain Walls
Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
21 Cladding with Metal and Glass
Aluminum
Aluminum and Glass Framing Systems
An Outside Glazed Curtain Wall System
Double-Skin Facades
Sloped Glazing Systems
The Curtain Wall Design Process
Metal Panel Cladding
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
22 Selecting Interior Finishes
Installation of Mechanical and Electrical Services
The Sequence of Interior Finishing Operations
Selecting Interior Finishes
Long-Term Trends in Interior Finish Systems
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
23 Interior Walls and Partitions
Interior Walls and Fire Criteria
Partition Framing
Plaster Partitions
Gypsum Board Partitions
Masonry Partitions
Wall and Partition Facings
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
24 Finish Ceilings and Floors
Finish Ceilings
Types of Ceilings
Finish Flooring
Types of Finish Flooring Materials
Key Terms
Review Questions
Exercises
Selected References
Websites
Appendix
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
FIGURE 1.1 The Bullitt Center, Seattle, designed by architect Miller Hull Pa...
FIGURE 1.2 The LEED v4 New Construction and Major Renovation Project Checkli...
FIGURE 1.3 Life-cycle analysis of Western red cedar decking. The underlined ...
FIGURE 1.4 Simplified height and area limitations for common occupancies, fr...
FIGURE 1.5 Fire resistance of building elements, excerpted from the IBC. Typ...
FIGURE 1.6 Fire resistance ratings for a steel floor structure (top) and col...
FIGURE 1.7 Fire resistance requirements for fire walls, according to the IBC...
FIGURE 1.8 In design/bid/build project delivery (left), the owner contracts ...
FIGURE 1.9 In its traditional role, a construction manager (CM) at fee (left...
FIGURE 1.10 In sequential construction, construction does not begin until de...
FIGURE 1.11 In this photo, the construction sequence of a tall building is r...
FIGURE 1.12 In a Gantt chart, varying levels of detail can be represented. I...
FIGURE 1.13 The critical path method depends on a detailed analysis of work ...
FIGURE 1.14 A sample high-level diagram of the BIM execution process through...
FIGURE 1.15 At the end of each chapter, a list of MasterFormat sections rele...
Chapter 2
FIGURE 2.1 Some of the loads that act on buildings. Under any combination of...
FIGURE 2.2 Uniform settlement (b) is usually easily controlled and of little...
FIGURE 2.3 The Unified Soil Classification System, from ASTM D2487. The two-...
FIGURE 2.4 Excavations in frictional and highly cohesive soils.
FIGURE 2.5 Two gravel samples, illustrating differences in gradation. The l...
FIGURE 2.6 Allowable bearing values for various soil types, from the IBC. Th...
FIGURE 2.7 A truck-mounted drilling rig performing test borings at a site pl...
FIGURE 2.8 An example of a log from a test boring indicating the type of soi...
FIGURE 2.9 In a triaxial load test, a soil sample is loaded axially by the p...
FIGURE 2.10 On a spacious site, excavation can be benched. When excavating c...
FIGURE 2.11 Soldier beams and lagging, shown in horizontal (plan) section.
FIGURE 2.12 Soldier beams and lagging. Lagging planks are added at the botto...
FIGURE 2.13 Horizontal (plan) sections through three types of sheet piling. ...
FIGURE 2.14 Steel sheet piling being installed with a vibratory driver. The...
FIGURE 2.15 Where excavation support turns the corner and the soil can be s...
FIGURE 2.16 Soil mixing.
FIGURE 2.17 Soil-mixed excavation support, strong enough to support soil pr...
FIGURE 2.18 Steps in constructing a slurry wall. (A) Temporary concrete guid...
FIGURE 2.19 Three types of ground support used in one excavation. The upper...
FIGURE 2.20 Three methods of bracing excavation support, drawn in cross sect...
FIGURE 2.21 Three steps in the installation of a tieback to a soil anchor. (...
FIGURE 2.22 Drilling through a slurry wall for a tieback. The ends of hundr...
FIGURE 2.23 Rock anchors are similar to tiebacks but are used to hold jointe...
FIGURE 2.24 Two methods of keeping an excavation dry, viewed in cross sectio...
FIGURE 2.25 Well point dewatering. The pump at right draws water from well ...
FIGURE 2.26 Superstructure, substructure, and foundation. The substructure i...
FIGURE 2.27 A column footing and a wall footing of concrete. The steel reinf...
FIGURE 2.28 Concrete foundation walls and footings. Where a column will land...
FIGURE 2.29 Three types of substructures with shallow foundations. The slab ...
FIGURE 2.30 Foundations on sloping sites, viewed in a cross section through ...
FIGURE 2.31 Either a combined footing (top) or a cantilevered footing (botto...
FIGURE 2.32 A typical detail for a shallow frost-protected footing.
FIGURE 2.33 Pouring a large foundation mat. Six truck-mounted pumps receive...
FIGURE 2.34 A cross section through a building with a floating foundation. T...
FIGURE 2.35 Deep foundations. Caissons are concrete cylinders poured into dr...
FIGURE 2.36 A 6-foot- (1828-mm-) diameter auger on a telescoping 70-foot (2...
FIGURE 2.37 For cutting through hard material, the caisson drill is equippe...
FIGURE 2.38 The bell is formed at the bottom of the caisson shaft by a bell...
FIGURE 2.39 Caisson drilling in progress. On the left half of the image, a ...
FIGURE 2.40 An elevation view of a pile cap, column, and floor slab. Pile ca...
FIGURE 2.41 Clusters of two, three, four, and nine piles with their concrete...
FIGURE 2.42 A single friction pile (left) transmits its load into the earth ...
FIGURE 2.43 To support a loadbearing wall, pile caps are joined by a grade b...
FIGURE 2.44 A piledriver hammers a precast concrete pile into the ground. T...
FIGURE 2.45 Cross sections of common types of piles. Precast concrete piles ...
FIGURE 2.46 A helical pile. Rows of piles transfer loads from the shallow fo...
FIGURE 2.47 Precast, prestressed concrete piles. Lifting loops are cast int...
FIGURE 2.48 Various types of sitecast concrete piles. Most are cast into ste...
FIGURE 2.49 Above, four steps in the construction of rammed aggregate piers....
FIGURE 2.50 Base isolation.
FIGURE 2.51 Two methods of supporting a building while carrying out underpin...
FIGURE 2.52 Two methods of foundation underpinning. (Left) After temporarily...
FIGURE 2.53 Up–down construction. (a) Preliminary slurry wall and column con...
FIGURE 2.54 Typical foundation drainage and waterproofing. The ground surfac...
FIGURE 2.55 Waterproofing in progress on a concrete foundation. Leftmost: T...
FIGURE 2.56 Blind-side waterproofing is used where there is no working spac...
FIGURE 2.57 A synthetic rubber waterstop is used to seal against water penet...
FIGURE 2.58 A synthetic rubber waterstop ready for the next pour of a concr...
FIGURE 2.59 A swelling bentonite waterstop is adhered to a concrete footing...
FIGURE 2.60 Exterior insulation added to a foundation similar to the one sho...
FIGURE 2.61 (Left) Perimeter insulation located inside of the foundation wal...
FIGURE 2.62 Passive radon protection. Many subslab vapor retarder membranes ...
FIGURE 2.63 Three failure mechanisms in retaining walls. The high water tabl...
FIGURE 2.64 Three types of simple retaining walls, usually used for heights ...
FIGURE 2.65 A segmental retaining wall consisting of specially made concret...
FIGURE 2.66 Cantilevered retaining walls of concrete and concrete masonry. T...
FIGURE 2.67 A retaining wall made of precast concrete panels fastened to lon...
Chapter 3
FIGURE 3.1 Summerwood rings are prominent and a few rays are faintly visibl...
FIGURE 3.2 Cell structure of a softwood. Vertical cells (tracheids, labeled...
FIGURE 3.3 Cell structure of a hardwood. Rays (WR) constitute a large perce...
FIGURE 3.4 Grain figures of two softwoods (a, b) and two hardwoods (c, d). ...
FIGURE 3.5 Common wood species used in building construction in North Americ...
FIGURE 3.6 Loading logs onto a truck for their trip to the sawmill.
FIGURE 3.7 Sawn lumber is sorted into stacks according to its cross-section...
FIGURE 3.8 Left : Plainsawing produces boards with a broad, irregular grai...
FIGURE 3.9 Left: Vertical-grain Douglas fir. Tightly spaced growth rings an...
FIGURE 3.10 For proper air drying, lumber is supported well off the ground. ...
FIGURE 3.11 Measuring moisture content in boards in a drying kiln.
FIGURE 3.12 Shrinkage of a typical softwood with decreasing moisture conten...
FIGURE 3.13 Because tangential shrinkage is so much greater than radial shri...
FIGURE 3.14 The difference between tangential and radial shrinkage also pro...
FIGURE 3.15 Examples of lumber growth and manufacturing characteristics. In...
FIGURE 3.16 Four types of seasoning distortions in dimension lumber.
FIGURE 3.17 The effects of seasoning distortions can often be minimized thro...
FIGURE 3.18 Standard structural grades for Western softwood framing lumber. ...
FIGURE 3.19 Comparative allowable stresses (with factors of safety applied) ...
FIGURE 3.20 Comparative ultimate strength properties of four common structur...
FIGURE 3.21 Nominal and actual sizes for boards and dimension lumber. For ex...
FIGURE 3.22 Nominal and actual sizes for timbers. For example, the actual si...
FIGURE 3.23 Veneers for structural panels are rotary-sliced, which is the m...
FIGURE 3.24 Glue-laminated wood members, such as the beams and posts seen h...
FIGURE 3.25 (Top) A glulam beam shown in elevation, with joint locations ind...
FIGURE 3.26 CLT panels, both five-layer and three-layer, stacked on a truck...
FIGURE 3.27 Examples of CLT panel layups, shown in cross section. (A) A four...
FIGURE 3.28 (A) NLTs in cross section. In the lower diagram, laminations alt...
FIGURE 3.29 DLTs in cross section. Above, a simple, smooth-faced panel. Belo...
FIGURE 3.30 An LVL beam, made of veneers similar to those used in the manuf...
FIGURE 3.31 A view of corner framing for a residential garage. The lower be...
FIGURE 3.32 A bundle of I-joists delivered to the construction site. The we...
FIGURE 3.33 Plywood is made of veneers selected to give the optimum combina...
FIGURE 3.34 Three common wood panel products. From bottom to top: 3/4-inch ...
FIGURE 3.35 Steps in plywood manufacture. (a) A 250-horsepower lathe spins ...
FIGURE 3.36 Softwood plywood veneer grades. Plywood with an A grade face of...
FIGURE 3.37 The 48/24 span rating on this structural panel gradestamp means ...
FIGURE 3.38 Pressure preservative-treated lumber. Incising marks are visibl...
FIGURE 3.39 Part of the AWPA Use Category System, listing the categories mo...
FIGURE 3.40 Most nailed framing connections are made with common nails, box ...
FIGURE 3.41 Common nail sizes, lengths, and shaft diameters. The abbreviatio...
FIGURE 3.42 From left to right : A 16d common nail, 16d box nail (note the ...
FIGURE 3.43 Face nailing is the strongest of the three methods of nailing. E...
FIGURE 3.44 Some common screw types. Flat-head screws are used without washe...
FIGURE 3.45 A manufacturer's chart illustrating variations in styles of pow...
FIGURE 3.46 Both machine bolts and carriage bolts are used in wood construct...
FIGURE 3.47 Split rings are high-capacity connectors used in heavily loaded ...
FIGURE 3.48 Manufacturers of toothed-plate connectors also manufacture the ...
FIGURE 3.49 Joist hangers are used to make strong connections in floor frami...
FIGURE 3.50 The sheet metal connectors shown in this diagram are less common...
FIGURE 3.51 Manufacturing and transportation of wood trusses. (Top) Factory...
FIGURE 3.52 Three types of prefabricated wood panels. The framed panel is id...
FIGURE A The plan diagram consists of four pods connected by service links. ...
FIGURE B In Phase 1, four one-story pods were erected, with service modules...
FIGURE C A module arriving on site. Each of 25 modules in Phase 1 and 19 mo...
FIGURE D The same module seen in Figures B and C being lifted into position....
FIGURE E A projecting canopy marks the main entrance to the building. Smalle...
Chapter 4
FIGURE 4.1 European timber house forms generally followed a progression of d...
FIGURE 4.2 The European tradition of heavy timber framing was brought to No...
FIGURE 4.3 Most 19th-century industrial buildings in North America were con...
FIGURE 4.4 The generously sized windows in the mills provided plenty of day...
FIGURE 4.5 Minimum sizes for wood components in Type IV-HT construction acco...
FIGURE 4.6 Sea Ranch Condominium 1. Each attached dwelling at Sea Ranch, in...
FIGURE 4.7 An overview of new construction types that will appear for the fi...
FIGURE 4.8 Fire protection of a glulam beam. Left: Char protection relies on...
FIGURE 4.9 Traditional Mill construction. Exterior walls are constructed of...
FIGURE 4.10 Heavy timber girder–column connections are designed so that col...
FIGURE 4.11 Details for wood beam ends bearing on masonry. The beam ends are...
FIGURE 4.12 (A) A steel plate hanger beam–girder connection. (B) Loads are t...
FIGURE 4.13 Poor fastener placement. As the beam fastener is moved farther f...
FIGURE 4.14 A beam–column connection that relies on direct bearing between t...
FIGURE 4.15 Multistory column connections. (A) The column is continuous thro...
FIGURE 4.16 An incorrectly designed column and beam connection. The concentr...
FIGURE 4.17 Canted exterior glulam columns supporting paired glulam roof be...
FIGURE 4.18 Sectional views of the columns pictured in Figure 4.17. At the b...
FIGURE 4.19 Loadbearing, self-drilling steel dowels (top) are used with ste...
FIGURE 4.20 A completed heavy timber truss joint using the fastening system...
FIGURE 4.21 A steel column base connection raises the vulnerable end of the ...
FIGURE 4.22 Sheet metal flashing protects rafter tails exposed to the weath...
FIGURE 4.23 Four types of decking that qualify for Type IV Heavy Timber cons...
FIGURE 4.24 A glue-laminated wood building frame with diagonal bracing to r...
FIGURE 4.25 When floors and roofs are heavy timber framed, much of the ligh...
FIGURE 4.26 A CLT wall panel being lifted into position. Note the cutouts a...
FIGURE 4.27 A partial diagram of CLT construction illustrating some of the p...
FIGURE 4.28 CLT connection details from Figure 4.27. In (A), two strategies ...
FIGURE 4.29 Examples of CLT wall and floor assemblies with approximately 2-h...
FIGURE 4.30 Brock Commons, Vancouver, BC, by Action Ostry Architects, Fast ...
FIGURE 4.31 Installing tongue-and-groove roof decking over laminated beams ...
FIGURE 4.32 Typical details for three-hinged arches of laminated wood. The t...
FIGURE 4.33 A contemporary heavy timber truss made from solid wood members....
FIGURE 4.34 A traditional heavy timber roof truss with steel rod tension mem...
FIGURE 4.35 Semicircular laminated wood arches support the timber roof of B...
FIGURE 4.36 This laminated wood dome spans 530 feet (161.5 m) to cover a 25...
FIGURE 4.37 Metropol Parasol, Plaza de la Encarnacion, Seville, Spain, by J...
Chapter 5
FIGURE 5.1 A wood light frame single-family home under construction. At bot...
FIGURE 5.2 Comparative framing details for platform framing (left) and ballo...
FIGURE 5.3 The concept of platform framing, shown in cross section, reading ...
FIGURE 5.4 The basic components of platform frame construction. (a) Walls ar...
FIGURE 5.5 Step one in the construction of a simple platform frame building:...
FIGURE 5.6 Typical details for a sitecast concrete foundation and basement f...
FIGURE 5.7 Step two in the construction of a typical platform frame building...
FIGURE 5.8 Foundation insulation strategies. The need for insulation and the...
FIGURE 5.9 Masons construct a foundation of concrete masonry. The first coa...
FIGURE 5.10 Erecting formwork for a sitecast concrete foundation wall. The ...
FIGURE 5.11 Concrete foundation work in progress. The foundation wall has n...
FIGURE 5.12 Concrete basement construction in progress. Anchor bolts are omi...
FIGURE 5.13 Erecting a permanent wood foundation. One worker applies a bead...
FIGURE 5.14 A floor plan and building section are two important components o...
FIGURE 5.15 A framing plan for the ground-floor platform of the building sho...
FIGURE 5.16 Ground-floor framing details for both solid lumber (top) and I-j...
FIGURE 5.17 Step three in erecting a typical platform frame building: the gr...
FIGURE 5.18 Methods of beam support for lumber joists (left column) and I-jo...
FIGURE 5.19 A partial list of standard nailing for platform frame constructi...
FIGURE 5.20 Carpenters apply a preservative-treated wood sill to a sitecast...
FIGURE 5.21 Installing solid lumber floor joists. Also visible in the face ...
FIGURE 5.22 Wood crossbridging for I-joists. Bridging installation begins f...
FIGURE 5.23 Metal crossbridging for solid wood joists. The steel strip is m...
FIGURE 5.24 A floor platform being framed with manufactured I-joists. The j...
FIGURE 5.25 I-joist web blocking at a sheet metal joist hanger. The blockin...
FIGURE 5.26 These floor trusses (shown here being set up for a demonstratio...
FIGURE 5.27 Applying OSB subflooring. Note that the longer dimension of the...
FIGURE 5.28 For a stiffer, quieter floor, subflooring may be glued to the j...
FIGURE 5.29 Typical ground-floor wall framing details, keyed by letter to Fi...
FIGURE 5.30 Step four in erecting a platform frame building: The ground-floo...
FIGURE 5.31 Framing details for nonloadbearing interior partitions.
FIGURE 5.32 Steps in the framing of a typical wall and details at wall inter...
FIGURE 5.33 The wall frame is constructed while it lies flat on the already...
FIGURE 5.34 Tilting an interior partition into position. The gap in the upp...
FIGURE 5.35 Fastening a wall to the floor platform. Horizontal blocking bet...
FIGURE 5.36 Wall framing is held in place by temporary bracing until the fl...
FIGURE 5.37 Applying a panel of insulating foam sheathing. Because this typ...
FIGURE 5.38 The lateral force resisting system of the building must resist s...
FIGURE 5.39 Strap tie hold-downs are made of galvanized steel straps with h...
FIGURE 5.40 Hold-downs made from threaded rod and steel plate anchors can re...
FIGURE 5.41 A heavy-duty seismic hold-down similar to that illustrated in t...
FIGURE 5.42 (Top) Shear walls for a multistory, wood light frame structure....
FIGURE 5.43 Prefabricated shear panels are especially useful where large op...
FIGURE 5.44 In addition to supporting gravity loads over the garage opening...
FIGURE 5.45 Step five in erecting a two-story platform frame building: build...
FIGURE 5.46 Details of the second-floor platform, keyed to the letters in Fi...
FIGURE 5.47 I-joist framing details analogous to those for solid lumber show...
FIGURE 5.48 Installing upper-floor plywood combination subflooring/underlay...
FIGURE 5.49 Step six: The second-story walls are framed. The circle labeled ...
FIGURE 5.50 Interior stairways are usually framed as soon as the upper-floor...
FIGURE 5.51 Basic roof shapes for wood light frame buildings. As explained i...
FIGURE 5.52 A roof framing plan for the building illustrated in Figure 5.54....
FIGURE 5.53 Roof framing details and procedures: The lettered details are ke...
FIGURE 5.54 Step seven: framing the attic floor and roof. The outer ends of ...
FIGURE 5.55 Framing for a hip roof. The difficult geometric problem of layin...
FIGURE 5.56 Framing for an overhanging
rake
.
FIGURE 5.57 A framing square being used to mark rafter cuts. The run of the...
FIGURE 5.58 Tracing a pattern rafter to mark cuts for the rest of the rafte...
FIGURE 5.59 I-joists may be used as rafter material instead of solid lumber...
FIGURE 5.60 Applying plywood roof sheathing to a half-hipped roof. Blocking...
FIGURE 5.61 Fastening roof sheathing with a pneumatic nail gun.
FIGURE 5.62 Step eight: The sheathed frame is completed.
FIGURE 5.63 A wood light frame structure fully sheathed with plywood struct...
FIGURE 5.64 Comparison of walls framed with conventional and advanced techni...
FIGURE 5.65 Roof trusses are typically lifted to the roof by a boom mounted...
FIGURE 5.66 A roof framed with prefabricated trusses. Approximately midway ...
FIGURE 5.67 This proprietary fire wall consists of light gauge metal framin...
FIGURE 5.68 This townhouse has collapsed completely as the result of an int...
FIGURE 5.69 This mixed-use building is being constructed of cast-in-place c...
FIGURE 5.70 The W. G. Low house, built in Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1887 to...
FIGURE 5.71 In the late 19th century, the sticklike qualities of wood light...
FIGURE 5.72 Light wood frame construction is used to build the vast majorit...
FIGURE 5.73 In this contemporary New England cottage, designer Dennis Wedli...
FIGURE 5.74 The Thorncrown Chapel in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, designed by ...
Chapter 6
FIGURE 6.1 With roofing, skylights, doors, and windows installed, the interi...
FIGURE 6.2 Building felt covers most of the roof and housewrap covers the wa...
FIGURE 6.3 Two typical details for the rakes of sloping roofs. The upper det...
FIGURE 6.4 Three ways, from among many, of finishing the eaves of a light fr...
FIGURE 6.5 An example of a badly done wood eave detail with an aluminum gutt...
FIGURE 6.6 Ice dams form because of inadequate insulation combined with a la...
FIGURE 6.7 To maintain clear ventilation passages where thermal insulation m...
FIGURE 6.8 A continuous soffit vent made of perforated sheet aluminum permit...
FIGURE 6.9 This building has both a louvered gable vent and a continuous rid...
FIGURE 6.10 In cold climates, building codes require that an ice barrier be ...
FIGURE 6.11 Two ways to build an unventilated roof assembly. In the top diag...
FIGURE 6.12 Applying asphalt shingles over roofing felt. Shingles and other ...
FIGURE 6.13 Steps in installing a vinyl-clad wood window in a wall covered w...
FIGURE 6.14 Window flashing in a wall exposed to heavy, wind-driven rain. Th...
FIGURE 6.15 Synthetic fabric flashing and a window unit installed in a wall ...
FIGURE 6.16 A six-panel wood entrance door with flanking sidelights and a fa...
FIGURE 6.17 Details of an exterior wood door installation. The door opens to...
FIGURE A
FIGURE 6.18 Six types of wood siding from among many. The four bevel and shi...
FIGURE 6.19 Drained cladding. Water that penetrates through gaps in the sidi...
FIGURE 6.20 A carpenter applies V-groove tongue-and-groove redwood siding to...
FIGURE 6.21 A completed installation of tongue-and-groove siding, vertically...
FIGURE 6.22 Grooved plywood siding is used vertically on this commercial bui...
FIGURE 6.23 A detail of a simple Z-flashing, the device most commonly used t...
FIGURE 6.24 Applying wood shingle siding over asphalt-saturated felt buildin...
FIGURE 6.25 A detail of wood shingle siding at the sill of a wood platform f...
FIGURE 6.26 Wood shingles can be woven at the corners to avoid corner boards...
FIGURE 6.27 Corner boards save time when shingling walls and become a strong...
FIGURE 6.28 Fancy cut wood shingles were often a featured aspect of shingle ...
FIGURE 6.29 Fancy cut wood shingles stained in contrasting colors are used h...
FIGURE 6.30 Both the roof and walls of this New England house by architect J...
FIGURE 6.31 Aluminum and vinyl sidings are both intended to imitate wood hor...
FIGURE 6.32 Retrofitting aluminum siding over insulating foam sheathing on a...
FIGURE 6.33 Applying exterior stucco over woven wire lath, often referred to...
FIGURE 6.34 This small Los Angeles office building demonstrates the plastici...
FIGURE 6.35 A detail of masonry veneer facing for a platform frame building....
FIGURE 6.36 Well-crafted brick veneer, stucco, and painted exterior finish c...
FIGURE 6.37 Painters finish the exterior of a house. The painter at the far ...
FIGURE 6.38 Careful detailing is evident in every aspect of the exterior fin...
FIGURE 6.39 This house in a rainy climate is designed to shelter every windo...
FIGURE 6.40 Exterior carpentry for this residential addition includes ipe de...
Chapter 7
FIGURE 7.1 (Opposite page) Insulated metal flue systems are often more econo...
FIGURE 7.2 A mason adds a section of clay flue liner to a chimney. The large...
FIGURE 7.3 A typical residential wastewater system. All fixtures drain to th...
FIGURE 7.4 A typical residential water supply system. Water enters the house...
FIGURE 7.5 This plumbing wall is framed with 2 × 8 (38 × 184 mm) studs to pr...
FIGURE 7.6 The plumber's work is easier and less expensive if the building i...
FIGURE 7.7 A forced-air system in a two-story building with a basement. The ...
FIGURE 7.8 The installation of this hot air furnace and air conditioning uni...
FIGURE 7.9 Ductwork and electrical wiring are installed conveniently through...
FIGURE 7.10 A hydronic heating system. The boiler burns gas or oil, or uses ...
FIGURE 7.11 The radiant heating system in this two-story building delivers h...
FIGURE 7.12 The electrician begins work by nailing metal or plastic fixture ...
FIGURE 7.13 Commonly used thermal insulation materials. The R-values per equ...
FIGURE 7.14 (a) Installing a polyethylene vapor retarder over glass fiber ba...
FIGURE 7.15 Blowing loose-fill glass fiber insulation into a ceiling below a...
FIGURE 7.16 (a) Spraying a low-density polyicynene foam insulation between s...
FIGURE 7.17 Left, a 2 × 6 (38 × 140 mm) framed wall with R-20 (RSI-3.5) gla...
FIGURE 7.18 Two examples of wall assemblies that achieve insulation values e...
FIGURE 7.19 Insulated headers for window and door openings that reduce therm...
FIGURE 7.20 Insulated corner details that minimize thermal bridging in a 2 ×...
FIGURE 7.21 A raised-heel roof truss provides plenty of space for attic insu...
FIGURE 7.22 An air barrier system must form a continuous airtight boundary b...
FIGURE A A cutaway view of a conventional masonry fireplace. Concrete masonr...
FIGURE B The critical dimensions of a conventional masonry fireplace, keyed...
FIGURE C Recommended proportions for conventional masonry fireplaces, based...
FIGURE 7.23 Types of wood doors.
FIGURE 7.24 Edge details of three types of wood doors. The panel is loosely ...
FIGURE 7.25 Installing a door frame in a rough opening. The shingle wedges a...
FIGURE 7.26 Casing a door frame. (a) The heads of the finish nails in the fr...
FIGURE 7.27 A split-jamb interior door arrives on the construction site preh...
FIGURE 7.28 Casing a window. (a) Marking the length of a casing. (b) Cutting...
FIGURE 7.29 Simple but carefully detailed and skillfully crafted window casi...
FIGURE 7.30 Prepainted wood kitchen cabinets installed before the installati...
FIGURE 7.31 Custom, paneled wood cabinetry contrasts elegantly with contempo...
FIGURE 7.32 Below: Stair dimensions and clearances for wood frame residenti...
FIGURE 7.33 A constructed-in-place stair, and stair terminology. The joint b...
FIGURE 7.34 A shop built stair. All the components are glued firmly together...
FIGURE 7.35 (a) A worker completes a highly customized curving stair in a sh...
FIGURE 7.36 Some common molding patterns for wood interior trim. A and I are...
FIGURE 7.37 Fireplace mantels are available from specialized mills in a numb...
FIGURE A Dimensional limitations for stairs as established by the IBC and th...
FIGURE B A sample calculation for proportioning a residential stair.
FIGURE 7.38 Workers apply a gypsum underlayment to an office floor. The gyps...
FIGURE 7.39 Installing sheets of ceramic tile in a shower stall. The base co...
FIGURE 7.40 Ceramic tile is used for the floor, countertops, and backsplash ...
FIGURE 7.41 Varnished oak flooring, millwork, and casework.
Chapter 8
FIGURE 8.1 The Parthenon, constructed of marble, has stood on the Acropolis ...
FIGURE 8.2 Construction in ashlar limestone of the magnificent Gothic cathed...
FIGURE 8.3 The Gothic cathedrals were roofed with lofty vaults of stone bloc...
FIGURE 8.4 Despite the steady mechanization of construction operations in ge...
FIGURE 8.5 Mortar types by proportion specification. Generally, the greater ...
FIGURE 8.6 Minimum compressive strength for mortar types by property specifi...
FIGURE 8.7 A simple wooden mold produces seven water-struck bricks at a time...
FIGURE 8.8 A column of clay emerges from the die in the stiff mud process of...
FIGURE 8.9 Rotating groups of parallel wires cut the column of clay into ind...
FIGURE 8.10 Three stages in the firing of water-struck bricks. (a) Bricks st...
FIGURE 8.11 Examples of brick types and sizes. Dimensions are given first in...
FIGURE 8.12 Bricks may be custom molded to perform particular functions. Thi...
FIGURE 8.13 Some commonly used custom brick shapes. Notice that each water t...
FIGURE 8.14 From left to right: cored, hollow, and frogged bricks. Cored an...
FIGURE 8.15 Brick grade classifies durability. Brick type classifies appeara...
FIGURE 8.16 Weathering indices for the continental United States. Areas with...
FIGURE 8.17 Basic brickwork terminology. A course is a single, horizontal ro...
FIGURE 8.18 Frequently used bonds for brick walls. Running bond is not a str...
FIGURE 8.19 Photographs of some brick bonds. (a) Running bond, (b) common bo...
FIGURE 8.20 The procedure for building brick walls. This example is a single...
FIGURE 8.21 Laying a brick wall. (a) The first course of bricks for a lead i...
FIGURE 8.22 Dimensions for brick buildings are worked out in advance by the ...
FIGURE 8.23 (a) Tooling horizontal joints to a concave profile. (b) Tooling ...
FIGURE 8.24 Joint tooling profiles for brickwork. The concave joint and vee ...
FIGURE 8.25 Three types of lintels for spanning openings in brick walls. The...
FIGURE 8.26 Because of corbelling and arching action in the bricks, a lintel...
FIGURE 8.27 Corbelling has many uses in masonry construction. It is used in ...
FIGURE 8.28 Corbelling creates a transition from the cylindrical tower to a ...
FIGURE 8.29 All the skills of the 19th-century mason were called into play t...
FIGURE 8.30 Arch forms and arch terminology in brick and cut stone. The span...
FIGURE 8.31 (a) Two rough brick arches under construction, each on its woode...
FIGURE 8.32 A deep semicircular brick arch frames a view of a brick arcade a...
FIGURE 8.33 A rough jack arch (also called a flat arch) in a wall of Flemish...
FIGURE 8.34 (a) Masons in Mauritania, drawing on thousands of years of exper...
FIGURE 8.35 A reinforced brick loadbearing wall is built by installing steel...
FIGURE 8.36 Twelve-inch (300-mm) reinforced brick walls of constant thicknes...
FIGURE 8.37 Because loads in a building accumulate from top to bottom, the u...
FIGURE 8.38 Ornamental corbelled brickwork in an 18th-century New England ch...
FIGURE 8.39 In the gardens he designed at the University of Virginia, Thomas...
FIGURE 8.40 Cylindrical bays of brick with stone lintels front these Boston ...
FIGURE 8.41 Bricks were laid diagonally in two of the courses to create this...
FIGURE 8.42 Quoins originated long ago as cut-stone blocks used to form s...
FIGURE 8.43 Louis Sullivan's National Farmers' Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota, ...
FIGURE 8.44 Architect Pei Cobb Freed & Partners employed brick half-domes to...
FIGURE 8.45 Frank Lloyd Wright used long, flat Roman bricks and cut limeston...
FIGURE 8.46 During the second half of the 20th century, Uruguayan engineer E...
Chapter 9
FIGURE 9.1 Austin Hall at Harvard University (1881–1884), designed by Henry ...
FIGURE 9.2 The loadbearing walls of the Cistercian Abbey Church in Irving, T...
FIGURE 9.3 The heavy timber roof of the Cistercian Abbey Church, flanked by ...
FIGURE 9.4 A typical procedure for quarrying limestone. (A) A diamond belt s...
FIGURE 9.5 (a) The long blade of a diamond belt saw, only the shank of which...
FIGURE 9.6 Stone milling operations, showing a composite of techniques for w...
FIGURE 9.7 This 9-ton (8-metric-ton) Corinthian column capital was carved fr...
FIGURE 9.8 Minimum property requirements for some common stone types, accord...
FIGURE 9.9 Rubble and ashlar stone masonry, coursed and random.
FIGURE 9.10 Random granite rubble masonry (
top
) and random ashlar limestone ...
FIGURE 9.11 Lewises permit the lifting and placing of blocks of building sto...
FIGURE 9.12 A conventional method of anchoring blocks of cut-stone facing to...
FIGURE 9.13 Details of Gothic window framing and tracery in limestone. In th...
FIGURE 9.14 Columns of igneous red porphyry and basalt, Basilica de La Sagra...
FIGURE 9.15 The Marshall Field Wholesale Store, built in 1885 in Chicago, re...
FIGURE 9.16 The Suzallo Library, University of Washington, built in 1926, co...
FIGURE 9.17 Cut-stone detailing. (a) Random ashlar of broken face granite on...
FIGURE 9.18 A forklift truck loads newly molded concrete masonry units into ...
FIGURE 9.19 American standard concrete blocks and half-blocks. Each full blo...
FIGURE 9.20 Other concrete masonry shapes. Concrete bricks are interchangeab...
FIGURE 9.21 Specified densities and typical weights of hollow concrete mason...
FIGURE 9.22 Concrete blocks and bricks can be cut very accurately with a wat...
FIGURE 9.23 Modular dimensioning of concrete masonry construction. Concrete ...
FIGURE 9.24 Laying a concrete masonry wall. (a) A bed of mortar is spread on...
FIGURE 9.25 Concrete masonry walls subject to only moderate stresses are rei...
FIGURE 9.26 These specially formed masonry units are grooved to allow the in...
FIGURE 9.27 Grout is deposited in the cores of a reinforced concrete masonry...
FIGURE 9.28 Lintels for openings in concrete masonry walls. At the top, a st...
FIGURE 9.29 A small house by architects W. G. Clark and Charles Menefee is s...
FIGURE 9.30 Some decorative concrete masonry units, representative of litera...
FIGURE 9.31 A facade of split-face concrete masonry.
FIGURE 9.32 Some walls of decorative concrete masonry. (a) Split block. (b) ...
FIGURE 9.33 Glass block stairway enclosure and exterior window wall.
FIGURE 9.34 Dark granite, simply and beautifully detailed, creates a feeling...
Chapter 10
FIGURE 10.1 Types of masonry walls. (A) In a traditional composite wall, the...
FIGURE 10.2 Masonry ties and joint reinforcing. These are only a few example...
FIGURE 10.3 Photographs of joint reinforcing and ties. (a) Ladder reinforci...
FIGURE 10.4 Masonry wall flashings. The letters on the full-height section o...
FIGURE 10.5 Mortar deflection material. Strips of tangled matting cut with ...
FIGURE 10.6 Ultimate strength and density for bricks, concrete blocks, and b...
FIGURE 10.7 One system for posttensioning a concrete masonry wall. Short sec...
FIGURE 10.8 Traditional Ordinary construction, shown here with a cavity wall...
FIGURE 10.9 An example of a concrete masonry exterior bearing wall with a ro...
FIGURE 10.10 An example of concrete block exterior and interior bearing wall...
FIGURE 10.11 An open head joint weep, with a plastic insert to prevent the e...
FIGURE 10.12 Internal metal flashings under a rowlock brick windowsill and a...
FIGURE 10.13 Flashing a rowlock brick windowsill with composite flashing sh...
FIGURE 10.14 A concrete masonry unit and insulation system. The webs of the...
FIGURE 10.15 A worker installs foam plastic insulation on the interior of a...
FIGURE 10.16 Average linear coefficients of thermal expansion for some mason...
FIGURE 10.17 Expansion joints in masonry walls should be located near change...
FIGURE 10.18 Expansion joints in masonry walls should also be located at dis...
FIGURE 10.19 Some ways of allowing for movement in masonry construction. Not...
FIGURE A
FIGURE B
FIGURE 10.20 Some masonry paving patterns in brick and granite. All six of ...
FIGURE 10.21 Approximate fire resistance ratings and Sound Transmission Clas...
FIGURE 10.22 Comparative ultimate strength properties of four common structu...
FIGURE 10.23 A detail of the porch of H. H. Richardson's First Baptist Chur...
Chapter 11
FIGURE 11.1 Landscape architect Joseph Paxton designed the Crystal Palace, ...
FIGURE 11.2 Allied Bank Plaza, designed by architect Skidmore, Owings & Mer...
FIGURE 11.3 Engineer Gustave Eiffel's magnificent tower of wrought iron was...
FIGURE 11.4 The Home Insurance Company Building, designed by William LeBaro...
FIGURE 11.5 The steelmaking process, from iron ore to structural shapes. No...
FIGURE 11.6 Molten iron is poured into a crucible to begin its conversion t...
FIGURE 11.7 A glowing steel wide-flange shape emerges from the rolls of the...
FIGURE 11.8 A hot saw cuts pieces of wide-flange stock from a continuous le...
FIGURE 11.9 Wide-flange shapes are inspected for quality on the cooling bed...
FIGURE 11.10 Standard structural steel shapes. Where two shapes are superimp...
FIGURE 11.11 Commonly used steel shapes and sizes.
FIGURE 11.12 A portion of the table of dimensions and properties of wide-fl...
FIGURE 11.13 A portion of the table of dimensions and properties of angle s...
FIGURE 11.14 Open-web steel floor and roof joists are supported on wide-fla...
FIGURE 11.15 How riveted connections are made. (A) A hot steel rivet is inse...
FIGURE 11.16 An ironworker tightens high-strength bolts with a pneumatic im...
FIGURE 11.17 Top: An untightened high-strength bolt with a load indicator w...
FIGURE 11.18 A splined tension-control bolt.
FIGURE 11.19 Tightening a tension-control bolt. (A) The wrench holds both t...
FIGURE 11.20 Close-up diagram of the electric arc welding process.
FIGURE 11.21 Standard weld symbols, as used on steel connection detail drawi...
FIGURE 11.22 Typical welds used in steel frame construction. Fillet welds ar...
FIGURE 11.23 A simple steel building frame. The letters are keyed to the con...
FIGURE 11.24 Exploded and assembled views of a bolted beam-to-column-flange ...
FIGURE 11.25 Two elevation views of the bolted beam-to-column-flange connect...
FIGURE 11.26 A pictorial view of a framed, bolted beam-to-column-flange shea...
FIGURE 11.27 A welded moment connection (AISC fully restrained) for joining ...
FIGURE 11.28 Photograph of a moment connection, in progress, similar to the...
FIGURE 11.29 Elevation views of the basic means for imparting lateral stabil...
FIGURE 11.30 Core structures (top) concentrate the lateral force resisting s...
FIGURE 11.31 A seated beam-to-column-web connection, location B on the frame...
FIGURE 11.32 A welded beam-to-column-web moment (AISC fully restrained) conn...
FIGURE 11.33 A single-tab shear (AISC simple frame) connection is an economi...
FIGURE 11.34 Shear (AISC simple frame) connections may also be made entirely...
FIGURE 11.35 A welded/bolted end plate beam–column connection. As shown, thi...
FIGURE 11.36 A coped beam–girder shear (AISC simple) connection, used at loc...
FIGURE 11.37 A bolted column–column connection for columns that are the same...
FIGURE 11.38 Column sizes diminish as the building rises, requiring frequent...
FIGURE 11.39 Column connections may be welded rather than bolted. The connec...
FIGURE 11.40 A welded butt plate connection is used where a column changes f...
FIGURE 11.41 A typical framing plan for a multistory steel-framed building, ...
FIGURE 11.42 Punching bolt holes in a wide-flange beam.
FIGURE 11.43 Structural steel members, formed into complex shapes in the fa...
FIGURE 11.44 Welders attach connector plates to an exceptionally heavy colu...
FIGURE 11.45 Machine welding plates together to form a box column. The torc...
FIGURE 11.46 Three typical column base details. Upper left: A small column w...
FIGURE 11.47 Ironworkers guide the placement of a very heavy column fabrica...
FIGURE 11.48 Two common types of tower cranes and a mobile crane. The luffin...
FIGURE 11.49 An ironworker clips his body harness to a safety line as he mo...
FIGURE 11.50 A tower crane lowers a series of beams to ironworkers. The wor...
FIGURE 11.51 Connecting a beam to a column.
FIGURE 11.52 Ironworkers attach a girder to a box column. Each worker carri...
FIGURE 11.53 Bolting heavy joist girders to a column.
FIGURE 11.54 Welding open-web steel joists to a wide-flange beam.
FIGURE 11.55 Topping out: The last beam in a steel frame is special.
FIGURE 11.56 A 10-story steel frame nears completion. The lower floors have...
FIGURE 11.57 Tile or brick arch flooring is found in many older steel frame ...
FIGURE 11.58 There are three types of corrugated metal decking in this imag...
FIGURE 11.59 Common profiles of corrugated steel decking. Standard depths of...
FIGURE 11.60 Samples of corrugated steel decking. The second sample from th...
FIGURE 11.61 Composite decking acts as steel reinforcing for the concrete to...
FIGURE 11.62 Composite beam construction. Shear studs are not welded to beam...
FIGURE 11.63 Pouring a concrete fill on a steel roof deck, using a concrete...
FIGURE 11.64 A tower crane installs precast concrete hollow-core planks for...
FIGURE 11.65 Architectural steel tree-like columns, fabricated from HSS rou...
FIGURE 11.66 An exposed steel structure following a prolonged fire in the h...
FIGURE 11.67 The relationship between temperature and strength in structura...
FIGURE 11.68 Methods for fire-protecting steel columns. While heavier than o...
FIGURE 11.69 Methods for fireproofing steel beams and girders. Spray-applied...
FIGURE 11.70 Lath-and-plaster fireproofing around a steel beam.
FIGURE 11.71 Gypsum board fireproofing around a steel column. The gypsum bo...
FIGURE 11.72 Attaching slab fireproofing made of mineral fiber to a steel c...
FIGURE 11.73 Applying spray-on fireproofing to a steel beam, using a gauge ...
FIGURE 11.74 In this photograph, spray-applied fireproofing appears as a li...
FIGURE 11.75 Manufacture of a castellated beam.
FIGURE 11.76 A long-span floor system is framed with castellated beams in t...
FIGURE 11.77 Erecting a welded steel plate girder. Notice how the girder is...
FIGURE 11.78 The steel rigid frames of this industrial building carry steel...
FIGURE 11.79 A fabricator's shop drawing of a welded steel roof truss made ...
FIGURE 11.80 Ironworkers seat the end of a heavy roof truss made of wide-fl...
FIGURE 11.81 Steel lenticular trusses supporting the roof of the Shanghai P...
FIGURE 11.82 Assembling a space truss.
FIGURE 11.83 A steel roof arch at Century Link Field, Seattle, spans more t...
FIGURE 11.84 The Olympic Stadium roof in Munich, Germany, is made of steel ...
FIGURE A Simple tensile (A) and (B) pneumatic (air-supported) fabric struct...
FIGURE B One of the world's largest roof structures covers the Haj Terminal...
FIGURE C The fabric of the Haj Terminal is PTFE-coated glass fiber cloth.
FIGURE D The roof canopy of the San Diego Convention Center is supported at ...
FIGURE E The San Diego Convention Center's roof is raised at the middle on ...
FIGURE F Most air-supported structures are designed so that if air pressure...
FIGURE 11.85 A core structure of eight large composite columns, each a conc...
FIGURE 11.86 Comparative ultimate strength properties of four common structu...
FIGURE 11.87 This elegantly detailed house in southern California is an ear...
FIGURE 11.88 Architect Peter Waldman utilized steel pipe columns, wide-flan...
FIGURE 11.89 (Opposite page) Chicago is famous for its role in the developm...
Chapter 12
FIGURE 12.1 Light gauge steel framing member shapes.
FIGURE 12.2 Minimum thicknesses of base sheet metal (not including the metal...
FIGURE 12.3 Standard light gauge steel shapes and sizes.
FIGURE 12.4 Standard accessories for light gauge steel framing. End clips ar...
FIGURE 12.5 Typical light gauge framing details. Each detail is keyed by let...
FIGURE 12.6 Headers and trimmers for floor openings are doubled and nested t...
FIGURE 12.7 A typical window or door head detail. The header is made of two ...
FIGURE 12.8 Diagonal strap braces stabilize upper-floor wall framing for an ...
FIGURE 12.9 Ceiling joists in place for an apartment building. A brick vene...
FIGURE 12.10 Close-up view of a window header connection. Because a support...
FIGURE 12.11 Flexible metal conduit runs through prepunched openings in met...
FIGURE 12.12 A detail of eave framing.
FIGURE 12.13 A worker tightens the last screws to complete a connection in ...
FIGURE 12.14 Installing steel roof trusses.
FIGURE 12.15 Light gauge steel joists supporting corrugated composite metal...
FIGURE 12.16 Gypsum sheathing panels being applied over metal stud framing ...
FIGURE 12.17 Light gauge steel stud infill between concrete and structural ...
FIGURE 12.18 Light gauge steel stud framing forms the exterior enclosure fo...
FIGURE 12.19 The straightness of steel studs is apparent in these tall stud...
FIGURE A Section and elevation.
FIGURE B Cutting templates derived from the digital model.
FIGURE C Individually sized and shaped aluminum fins.
FIGURE D Assembly diagram.
Chapter 13
FIGURE 13.1 At the time concrete is placed, it has no form of its own. This...
FIGURE 13.2 Hadrian's Villa, a large palace built near Rome between AD 125 ...
FIGURE 13.3 Photograph of a polished cross section of hardened concrete, sh...
FIGURE 13.4 A rotary kiln manufacturing cement clinker. The blended raw ing...
FIGURE 13.5 Steps in the manufacture of portland cement.
FIGURE 13.6 A photomicrograph of a small section of air-entrained concrete ...
FIGURE 13.7 Taking a sample of coarse aggregate from a crusher yard for tes...
FIGURE 13.8 The effect of the water–cement ratio on the strength of concret...
FIGURE 13.9 Charging a transit-mix truck with measured quantities of cement...
FIGURE 13.10 A transit-mix truck discharges its concrete, which was mixed e...
FIGURE 13.11 Measuring concrete slump. The hollow metal cone is filled with...
FIGURE 13.12 Inserting a standard concrete test cylinder into a structural ...
FIGURE 13.13 A transit mixer feeds fresh concrete directly to a truck-mount...
FIGURE 13.14 The growth of compressive strength in concrete over time. Mois...
FIGURE 13.15 Casting concrete on the building site requires the constructio...
FIGURE 13.16 Comparative ultimate strength properties of four common structu...
FIGURE 13.17 Glowing strands of steel are reduced to reinforcing bars as th...
FIGURE 13.18 The deformations rolled onto the surface of a reinforcing bar ...
FIGURE 13.19 American standard sizes of reinforcing bars based on inch-pound...
FIGURE 13.20 Hard metric reinforcing bar sizes, as produced in Canada. Actua...
FIGURE 13.21 Reinforcing bars are manufactured with identification marks, de...
FIGURE 13.22 A partial listing of standard wires for welded wire reinforceme...
FIGURE 13.23 Rolls of welded wire reinforcement delivered to the constructi...
FIGURE 13.24 The bending of reinforcing bars is done according to precise s...
FIGURE 13.25 Some mechanical devices for splicing reinforcing bars. From le...
FIGURE 13.26 (a) The directions of force in a simply supported beam (support...
FIGURE 13.27 A cross section of a rectangular concrete beam showing cover an...
FIGURE 13.28 A two-piece plastic bar support, called a “tower chair,” suppo...
FIGURE 13.29 Chairs and bolsters for supporting reinforcing bars in beams a...
FIGURE 13.30 Reinforcing for a continuous beam that is supported across seve...
FIGURE 13.31 Reinforcing for a one-way concrete slab. The reinforcing is sim...
FIGURE 13.32 One-way and two-way slab action, with deflections greatly exagg...
FIGURE 13.33 Reinforcing for concrete columns. To the left is a column with ...
FIGURE 13.34 Rectangular column cages, fabricated offsite, arrive on the co...
FIGURE 13.35 A large reinforcing cage being assembled while resting on its ...
FIGURE 13.36 The rationale for prestressing concrete. In addition to the eli...
FIGURE 13.37 Pretensioning. Photographs of pretensioned steel strands for a ...
FIGURE 13.38 Posttensioning, using draped strands to more nearly approximate...
FIGURE 13.39 Posttensioning draped tendons in a large concrete beam with a ...
FIGURE 13.40 Most beams and slabs in buildings are posttensioned with plast...
FIGURE 13.41 End anchorage for a posttensioning tendon. The steel anchor pl...
FIGURE 13.42 Draped posttensioning tendons. As explained in Chapter 14, ban...
FIGURE 13.43 Shaping pretensioning strands to improve structural efficiency....
FIGURE 13.44 The Shawnessy LRT Station in Calgary, Alberta, designed by Sta...
FIGURE 13.45 Casting of a concrete shell for the Shawnessy LRT Station show...
Chapter 14
FIGURE 14.1 Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, was constructed by architec...
FIGURE 14.2 The construction of a concrete slab on grade. Notice how the wel...
FIGURE 14.3 Constructing and finishing a concrete slab on grade. (a) Attach...
FIGURE 14.4 Examples of Minimum Local Values for concrete slab on grade flat...
FIGURE 14.5 Guided by a laser beam, the motorized straightedging device on t...
FIGURE 14.6 Casting a concrete wall. (a) Vertical reinforcing bars are wired...
FIGURE 14.7 Protected against falling by a safety harness, a worker stands ...
FIGURE 14.8 Section through a reinforced concrete wall, with two layers of h...
FIGURE 14.9 Detail of a typical form-tie assembly. Plastic cones just insid...
FIGURE 14.10 Wall formwork, similar to that diagrammed in Figure 14.6, has ...
FIGURE 14.11 Ganged wall forms (described later in this chapter) for a 40-f...
FIGURE 14.12 Consolidating wet concrete after pouring, using a mechanical v...
FIGURE 14.13 A concrete wall with formwork stripped. In the foreground and ...
FIGURE 14.14 (a) A column footing almost ready for pouring but lacking dowe...
FIGURE 14.15 In the foreground, a square column form is tied with pairs of ...
FIGURE 14.16 Round columns may also be formed with single-use heavy cardboa...
FIGURE 14.17 Plan and larger-scale section of a typical one-way solid slab s...
FIGURE 14.18 Isometric view of a one-way solid slab system under constructio...
FIGURE 14.19 An example of a beam–column connection in a one-way solid slab ...
FIGURE 14.20 Reshoring supports the first slab above grade. Above that, for...
FIGURE 14.21 Banded slab construction. Note also the grouted slab band post...
FIGURE 14.22 This helical ramp is a special application of one-way solid sl...
FIGURE 14.23 Plan and larger-scale section of a typical one-way concrete joi...
FIGURE 14.24 Standard steel form dimensions for one-way concrete joist cons...
FIGURE 14.25 Reinforcing being placed for a one-way concrete joist floor. E...
FIGURE 14.26 A one-way concrete joist system after stripping of the formwor...
FIGURE 14.27 Formwork for a wide-module concrete joist system. These pans h...
FIGURE 14.28 The underside of the finished wide-module joists, joist bands,...
FIGURE 14.29 One-way sitecast concrete framing systems. (a) One-way solid sl...
FIGURE 14.30 Plan and larger-scale section of a typical two-way flat slab sy...
FIGURE 14.31 Top of column conditions for two-way concrete slab systems. Top...
FIGURE 14.32 Flat plate construction for a high-rise apartment building. Co...
FIGURE 14.33 The high shear forces around the top of the column require eit...
FIGURE 14.34 Plan and larger-scale section of a typical two-way concrete joi...
FIGURE 14.35 The underside of a two-way concrete joist floor. Notice how th...
FIGURE 14.36 Two-way sitecast concrete framing systems. (a) Two-way solid sl...
FIGURE 14.37 A plan and two larger-scale sections of the tendon layout in a ...
FIGURE 14.38 Banded tendons run directly through the concrete column of thi...
FIGURE 14.39 Tilt-up construction. The exterior wall panels were reinforced...
FIGURE 14.40 Insulating concrete forms are manufactured as interlocking blo...
FIGURE 14.41 Exposed wall surfaces of sitecast architectural concrete, incl...
FIGURE 14.42 Standards specified by the architect to control the visual qua...
FIGURE 14.43 Examples of surface textures for exposed concrete walls. (a) C...
FIGURE 14.44 Section through a simple sitecast concrete stair.
FIGURE A A
diamond saw
blade is made up of cutting segments brazed to a stee...
FIGURE B A hand-held pneumatically powered diamond circular saw cuts excess...
FIGURE C Using a technique called stitch drilling, a core drill cuts an ope...
FIGURE D A water-cooled, walk-behind flat saw with circular cutting blade i...
FIGURE E Sawed and drilled openings for utility lines in a concrete floor s...
FIGURE 14.45 The same wooden centering was used four times to form this con...
FIGURE 14.46 Three concrete shell structures by 20th-century masters of conc...
FIGURE 14.47 By keeping sizes of columns, beams, and other formed elements ...
FIGURE 14.48 Flying formwork for a one-way concrete joist system being move...
FIGURE 14.49 Self-climbing formwork is being used to cast concrete cores fo...
FIGURE 14.50 Lift-slab construction in progress. In North America, this sys...
FIGURE 14.51 Concrete work nears the 1475-foot (450-m) summit of the twin P...
FIGURE 14.52 Le Corbusier's most sculptural building in his favorite materia...
FIGURE 14.53 The plastered surfaces of Frank Lloyd Wright's Guggenheim Muse...
FIGURE 14.54 The Chapel of St. Ignatius, Seattle University, designed by ar...
FIGURE 14.55 A sitecast concrete house in Lincoln, Massachusetts.
FIGURE 14.56 The TWA Terminal at John F. Kennedy Airport, New York, 1956–19...
Chapter 15
FIGURE 15.1 A precast building frame under construction. A poured concrete t...
FIGURE 15.2 Workers guide a pair of hollow-core slabs, lowered by a crane in...
FIGURE 15.3 Four types of precast concrete slab elements.
FIGURE 15.4 Precast concrete beam and girder shapes. The heavier bars near t...
FIGURE 15.5 Double tees supported on a frame of precast columns and L-shaped...
FIGURE 15.6 Hollow-core slabs supported on precast loadbearing wall panels....
FIGURE 15.7 Double tees supported on exterior precast loadbearing wall panel...
FIGURE 15.8 Manufacturing double tees. (a) A worker inserts weld plates with...
FIGURE 15.9 A precasting bed being readied for the pouring of a long AASHTO ...
FIGURE 15.10 Workers install side forms for inverted-tee beams in an outdoor...
FIGURE 15.11 Steps in the manufacture of a hollow-core slab. (A) A thin bott...
FIGURE 15.12 A tilting table being used for casting a foam-insulated concret...
FIGURE 15.13 A simple base detail for precast concrete columns. Four anchor ...
FIGURE 15.14 Similar details serve both as an alternative way of placing a c...
FIGURE 15.15 This column-to-column connection uses proprietary sleeves that ...
FIGURE 15.16 A posttensioned, structurally continuous beam–column connection...
FIGURE 15.17 Topped hollow-core roof slabs supported on beams are joined to ...
FIGURE 15.18 The beams in this system of framing rest on concrete corbels th...
FIGURE 15.19 (a,b) Topped double-tee floor slabs are supported by inverted-t...
FIGURE 15.20 A minimum-headroom, minimum-cost floor system for parking garag...
FIGURE 15.21 A cutaway view of a topped double-tee slab.
FIGURE 15.22 A cross section through a topped hollow-core slab.
FIGURE 15.23 The Linn Cove Viaduct in Linnville, North Carolina, was built o...
FIGURE 15.24 The Linn Cove Viaduct was constructed with very little temporar...
FIGURE 15.25 Filigree precast slab units have been set and will act as formw...
FIGURE 15.26 A framing plan and elevation of a simple four-story building ma...
FIGURE 15.27 A typical detail for the slab–wall junctions in the structure s...
FIGURE 15.28 A view of the construction of a building that uses precast conc...
FIGURE 15.29 Exterior loadbearing wall panels are often made of specially co...
FIGURE 15.30 A crane hoists a single-piece precast stair for a high-rise bui...
FIGURE 15.31 A close-up of the precast concrete building frame shown in Figu...
FIGURE 15.32 A precast concrete building frame with a long-span OWSJ roof st...
FIGURE 15.33 (a) A crane lifts a column section from a flatbed truck to begi...
FIGURE 15.34 The precast walls and slabs of these condominium apartments wer...
FIGURE 15.35 Highly customized precast concrete framing is used in this cour...
FIGURE 15.36 The Stockholm Flat Iron Building, designed by Rosenbergs Arkite...
Chapter 16
FIGURE 16.1 Building enclosure elements—exterior walls, windows, and roofs—c...
FIGURE 16.2 A diagram of positive and negative wind pressures acting on the ...
FIGURE 16.3 Distortions of curtain wall panels, illustrated in cross section...
FIGURE 16.4 Forces on curtain wall panels caused by movements in the frame o...
FIGURE 16.5 The curtain wall of Chicago's Reliance Building (1894–1895) has ...
FIGURE 16.6 A pair of workers, safely tethered to the building frame, positi...
FIGURE 16.7 Three types of exterior walls. (A) Barrier walls prevent water i...
FIGURE 16.8 The five forces that can move water through an opening in the bu...
FIGURE 16.9 An open-jointed drained cladding wall system. To reduce thermal ...
FIGURE 16.10 Insulation materials representing a range of types, materials, ...
FIGURE 16.11 Thermal resistance calculations for a wood-framed wall. In (A),...
FIGURE 16.12 Thermal resistance calculations for a metal-framed wall. In (A)...
FIGURE 16.13 Air pressure differences in a building can be caused by (a) win...
FIGURE 16.14 Approximate air permeance of materials. Shaded rows indicate ma...
FIGURE 16.15 Vapor permeance of common building materials. Values are approx...
FIGURE 16.16 In a cold-climate wall assembly, the vapor retarder is located ...
FIGURE 16.17 The sloped lines graph temperatures from inside to outside acro...
FIGURE 16.18 Applying a high-range gunnable sealant to a joint between preca...
FIGURE 16.19 (a) Solid tape is adhered to the vertical leg of the aluminum f...
FIGURE 16.20 Good and bad examples of sealant joint design. (A) This properl...
FIGURE 16.21 (A) When sealant adhesion occurs on three sides of a joint, the...
Chapter 17
FIGURE 17.1 A steep roof can be made waterproof with any of a variety of mat...
FIGURE 17.2 The finished thatched roof has gently rounded contours and a ple...
FIGURE 17.3 Insulation locations within low-slope roof assemblies. Typical l...
FIGURE 17.4 A cutaway detail of a protected membrane roof shows, from bottom...
FIGURE 17.5 Rigid insulating materials for low-slope roofs.
FIGURE 17.6 Workers bedding rigid insulation boards in strips of hot asphalt...
FIGURE 17.7 Screws and large sheet metal washers secure insulation to a meta...
FIGURE 17.8 In any building, the roof and wall air barriers must meet to com...
FIGURE 17.9 Two built-up roof constructions, as seen from above. The top dia...
FIGURE 17.10 Overlapping layers of roofing felt are hot-mopped with asphalt ...
FIGURE 17.11 Roofers bond a polymer-modified bitumen membrane to a concrete ...
FIGURE 17.12 A roofer heat-fuses an aluminum-faced modified bitumen cap shee...
FIGURE 17.13 Workers unfold a wide single-ply, EPDM roof membrane sheet. Usi...
FIGURE 17.14 A thermoplastic membrane is attached with closely spaced fasten...
FIGURE 17.15 After the first sheet of membrane is fastened in place, the nex...
FIGURE 17.16 A hot-air welder used to weld the seams in a thermoplastic memb...
FIGURE 17.17 Plastic pedestals support stone or precast concrete paving bloc...
FIGURE 17.18 A simple roof edge for a single-ply, thermoset roof membrane. M...
FIGURE 17.19 A roof edge system for low-slope roofs. The perforated metal st...
FIGURE 17.20 Detail of a scupper. The raised curb is discontinued to allow w...
FIGURE 17.21 A building separation joint in a low-slope roof. Large differen...
FIGURE 17.22 An area divider is designed to allow for movement only in the m...
FIGURE 17.23 A parapet—a low wall that projects above the roof edge—with she...
FIGURE 17.24 A parapet coping system. Metal cleats, about 12 inches (300 mm)...
FIGURE 17.25 A cast iron interior roof drain for a low-slope roof. The roof ...
FIGURE 17.26 A single-piece roof drain made of molded plastic.
FIGURE 17.27 A roof penetration for a plumbing vent stack, with a multi-ply ...
FIGURE 17.28 As a first step in reroofing a building with a structural metal...
FIGURE 17.29 A metal clip is used to fasten the metal roofing sheets to the ...
FIGURE 17.30 The completed structural metal roof has a slope of only 1/4:12 ...
FIGURE 17.31 A lightweight steel Quonset hut structure is clad with curved c...
FIGURE 17.32 Wood shingles applied over skip sheathing, as seen from below. ...
FIGURE 17.33 Wood shingles and shakes are installed so that any part of the ...
FIGURE 17.34 Shake installation over a new roof deck. Strips of asphalt-satu...
FIGURE 17.35 Installing asphalt shingles. To give a finer visual scale to th...
FIGURE 17.36 Laminated asphalt shingles create a pleasing, textured roof sur...
FIGURE 17.37 Starting an asphalt shingle roof. As explained in Chapter 6, bu...
FIGURE 17.38 Completing an asphalt shingle roof. A metal or plastic ridge ve...
FIGURE 17.39 A valley is formed in a roof where two sloping roof planes meet...
FIGURE 17.40 Splitting slate for roofing. The thin slates in the background ...
FIGURE 17.41 A slate roof during installation.
FIGURE 17.42 Two styles of clay tile roofs. The mission tile has ancient ori...
FIGURE 17.43 Standing-seam metal roofing. The four diagrams at the bottom of...
FIGURE 17.44 A sheet metal installer forms standing-seam pans at the constru...
FIGURE 17.45 On the roof an automatic roll seamer, moving under its own powe...
FIGURE 17.46 Finished standing-seam copper roofing.
FIGURE 17.47 The standing-seam roof panels for the International Center in B...
FIGURE 17.48 Flat-seam metal roofing. To ensure that seams remain watertight...
FIGURE 17.49 Batten-seam metal roofing. The battens are tapered in cross sec...
FIGURE 17.50 Thicknesses of sheet metals commonly used in architectural shee...
FIGURE 17.51 Cool roof requirements for low-slope and steep roofs. Both Ener...
FIGURE 17.52 Approximate solar heating properties for selected roof material...
FIGURE A The galvanic series for selected metals, immersed in flowing seawat...
FIGURE 17.53 A green roof over a sloping roof deck. This extensive planted r...
FIGURE 17.54 Built on a steep slope, the roofs of the building below have a ...
FIGURE 17.55 A rooftop-mounted array of photovoltaic modules. Each module is...
FIGURE 17.56 A house is both roofed and sided with red cedar shingles to fea...
Chapter 18
FIGURE 18.1 The glassworker in this old engraving wears a face shield (a) an...
FIGURE 18.2 Making cylinder glass in the 19th century, Pittsburgh, Pennsylva...
FIGURE 18.3 In the float glass process, molten glass from the furnace is flo...
