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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Fundamentals
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014
A concise, accessible introduction to the development, application and evaluation of nursing theories, this new edition of Fundamentals of Nursing Models, Theories & Practice provides a thorough overview of the body of knowledge on the topic, and a clear outline of their relevance to everyday nursing practice. Linking the development of theory to practice, this full-updated text features learning outcomes, key concept summaries and reflective exercises to aid the study of this key element of all modern nursing courses. Special Features * Clearly examines the relationship between nursing theory, clinical practice and nursing roles * Accessible and user-friendly with a range of features to help study, including key concepts, learning objectives and reflective exercises * Useful for all pre-registration nursing students, as well as newly qualified nurses * Accompanied by an online resource centre featuring case studies, multiple choice questions, exercises and activities
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CONTENTS
Cover
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Series page
Title page
Copyright page
About the series
Dedication
Preface
How to use your textbook
Features contained within your textbook
The anytime, anywhere textbook
1 The case for nursing theory
Introduction
The necessity and meaning of theory
Theory defined
Construction of theory
Theory and science of nursing
Other interpretations of theory
Main paradigms and philosophies and their influence on the development of nursing science
Theory and practice of nursing
Do we really need theory?
Nursing theories today
Conclusion
2 Knowing in nursing and nursing knowledge
Introduction
Defining knowing and knowledge
Philosophies of knowledge
How do nurses know?
Developing nursing knowledge
Conclusion
3 Theory from practice and practice from theory
Introduction
First steps – reflecting on theory
The questions begged
Developing nursing theory
Levels of theory
The relationship between theory and practice
The questions begged – some answers
Conclusion
4 Nursing theories and new nursing roles
Introduction
Defining role
Background to the development of new roles in nursing
Some implications of the new nursing roles
Using theory to understand new roles in nursing
Conclusion
Useful web links
5 Nursing theories or nursing models
Introduction
Reasons for historical nursing theory evolution
Model
Theory
Theory or model?
The classification of theories
Current trends in nursing theories
The nursing metaparadigm
Limitations of nursing theories
Benefits of nursing theories
Conclusions
Additional reading
6 Interpersonal relationships
Introduction
Types of interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal theories of nursing
Implications for nurse education
Social capital
Threats to the development of interpersonal relationships in nursing and the use of interpersonal theories
Conclusion
Additional reading
Useful web links
7 How to select a suitable model or theory
Introduction
Selecting an appropriate nursing theory
Potential problems when selecting a nursing theory
Choosing a suitable nursing theory
Nurses’ own philosophy as a basis for selecting a theory
A strategy for choice
Who should select the theory?
Nursing theories or theories developed by another discipline?
Conclusion
Additional reading
Useful web links
8 Research and theory
Introduction
Building theory through research: an inductive approach
Is the link between theory and research strong?
Research in nursing
Theory-generating research (TGR)
Theory-testing research (TTR)
Theory-framed research (TFR)
Theory-evaluating research (TER)
Strategies for theory development through research
Conclusions
Additional reading
Useful web links
9 Criteria for theory description, analysis and evaluation
Introduction
The evaluator of a nursing theory
Significance of the theory
Step 1: Theory description
Origins and logical development of a theory
Step 2: Theory analysis
Concept analysis
Internal and external criteria
Step 3: Theory evaluation
Simplicity and complexity
Importance and significance
Adequacy
Testability
Conclusion
Additional reading
References
Index
Access the companion website
Eula
List of Tables
Chapter 02
Table 2.1 Philosophies of knowledge.
Table 2.2 Types of knowledge.
Table 2.3 Human science: the received view versus the perceived view.
Chapter 05
Table 5.1 Perceived benefits of theories for practice.
Table 5.2 Perceived limitations of theories for practice.
Chapter 06
Table 6.1 How interpersonal theories define nursing and denote the focus, goals and interventions of nursing.
Table 6.2 Phases and roles within Peplau’s theory.
Chapter 08
Table 8.1 Types of propositional statements developed through theory-generating research.
Table 8.2 The relationship between levels of theory and levels of research.
Table 8.3 Relationships between types of theory and research methods.
Table 8.4 Carper’s ways of knowing as related to research approach.
Table 8.5 Developing concepts.
Chapter 09
Table 9.1 Concept analysis.
Table 9.2 Analysis and evaluation of theories by various authors.
Table 9.3 Theory evaluation.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 01
Figure 1.1 The links between theory and practice.
Figure 1.2 Theory as construction.
Figure 1.3 Nightingale theory of nursing.
Figure 1.4 Correlation: education, science and practice.
Figure 1.5 Basic structure of nursing. Reproduced from Pajnkihar M (2003) Theory development for nursing in Slovenia.
PhD thesis
. Manchester: University of Manchester, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy.
Chapter 02
Figure 2.1 ‘Know that', 'know how' and 'know why' knowledge.
Figure 2.2 Patterns of knowing in nursing (Carper 1978).
Figure 2.3 Ways of knowing (Kerlinger 1986).
Figure 2.4 Hierarchy of evidence (Muir Gray 1997).
Figure 2.5 A proposed new hierarchy of evidence.
Figure 2.6 Developing nursing knowledge.
Chapter 03
Figure 3.1 Categorisations of theory.
Figure 3.2 Levels of theory (Dickoff & James 1968).
Figure 3.3 The utility of theory in nursing.
Figure 3.4 Levels of theory.
Figure 3.5 Levels of theory-abstraction.
Figure 3.6 Classification and examples of ‘grand’ theories (Meleis 2012).
Figure 3.7 Examples of mid-range theories.
Figure 3.8 Propositional theory: from conception to application.
Figure 3.9 The theory–practice relationship.
Figure 3.10 The thing observed.
Chapter 04
Figure 4.1 The ‘practice cross’.
Figure 4.2 Development of advanced nursing roles (Pulcini et al. 2010).
Figure 4.3 Role sets.
Figure 4.4 Classification and examples of nursing ‘grand’ theories (Meleis 2012).
Chapter 05
Figure 5.1 The theory–model controversy: position A.
Figure 5.2 The theory–model controversy: position B.
Chapter 08
Figure 8.1 Examples of propositional diagramming.
Figure 8.2 A typical theory testing process.
Chapter 09
Figure 9.1 Theory description, analysis and evaluation.
Figure 9.2 Difference between inductive and deductive development of theory.
Figure 9.3 Testing theory.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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This title is also available as an e-book. For more details, please seewww.wiley.com/buy/9780470657768or scan this QR code:
SECOND EDITION
Fundamentals ofNursing Models, Theories and Practice
Hugh P. McKenna
CBE, PhD, BSc(Hons), RMN, RGN, RNT, DipN(Lond), AdvDipEd, FFN FRCSI FEANS, FRCN, FAANProfessor and Pro Vice Chancellor, Research and InnovationUniversity of Ulster, UK
Majda Pajnkihar
PhD, RNAssociate Professor, Dean, Senior Research Fellow, Head of Institute of Nursing CareFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Maribor, Slovenia
Fiona A. Murphy
PhD, MSc, BN, RGN, NDN, RCNT, PGCE(FE)Associate ProfessorCollege of Human and Health SciencesSwansea University, UK
This edition first published 2014 © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Offices350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.
The right of Hugh McKenna, Majda Pajnkihar and Fiona Murphy to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McKenna, Hugh P., 1954– author.Fundamentals of nursing models, theories and practice / Hugh P. McKenna, Majda Pajnkihar, Fiona A. Murphy. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-65776-8 (paperback)I. Pankhihar, Majda, author. II. Murphy, Fiona, author. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Nursing Theory. 2. Models, Nursing. 3. Nursing Process. WY 86] RT84.5 610.7301–dc23
2014002678
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover image: Reproduced from iStock © kertlisCover design by Visual Philosophy
About the series
Wiley’s Fundamentals series are a wide-ranging selection of textbooks written to support preregistration nursing and other healthcare students throughout their course. Packed full of useful features such as learning objectives, activities to test knowledge and understanding, and clinical scenarios, the titles are also highly illustrated and fully supported by interactive MCQs, and each one includes access to a Wiley E-Text: powered by VitalSource – an interactive digital version of the book including downloadable text and images and highlighting and note-taking facilities. Accessible on your laptop, mobile phone or tablet device, the Fundamentals series is the most flexible, supportive textbook series available for nursing and healthcare students today.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to all the patients, families and communities with whom we have worked over the years. It is also dedicated to those scholars and students who have shaped our thinking on nursing theories.
In addition, we wish to acknowledge the patience and fortitude of our friends and families, specifically Tricia, Gowain and Saoirse McKenna, Grega and Jasna Pajnkihar, Boris Kac and Phil, Katie and Kieran Murphy. M.P. would also like to thank Dr Verena Tcshudin and Dominika Jakl for their help.
Hugh P. McKennaMajda PajnkiharFiona A. Murphy
Preface
The stimulus for this second edition was the very positive feedback we received for the first edition from nursing students, nurse lecturers and clinical nurses. It helped that the publishers were extremely keen on an updated version being produced. Initially, there was some reluctance on our part because we felt that the first book had dealt with the subject matter very thoroughly. However, on reflection we realised that in the intervening years there had been a growth in discussion and debate about nursing theory. A preface to a later edition of a book should set out to explain in what respects that edition differs from the previous one. There are a number of differences. Fiona Murphy and Majda Pajnkihar have joined the team and they bring with them new insights into how theory can inform nursing practice and research and how this, in turn, improves the quality and safety of patient care. The literature has been updated considerably and we have taken account of developments outside the USA and the UK. In particular, Majda provides information on how nursing theories are being taught and used in Slovenia, Croatia, Russia and Poland. Readers will also find that we have included more exercises. These include key concept boxes, reflective exercises, multiple choice questions, true/false questions, additional reading sources and a number of case studies.
Therefore, for these reasons and many others, we believe that this new edition is a considerable improvement on the previous book. It still takes the reader on a journey, from presenting the case for the use of theory in nursing practice through to considering the extent to which practice influences the development of theory, the definitions of theory and the different types of theory. We illustrate for readers the fact that theory is linked to science and why this is important for the profession of nursing. We spend a considerable amount of time outlining the different ways in which nurses know and the role of research and reasoning in building nursing knowledge.
One of the main movements for the profession worldwide is the emergence of new nursing roles. We show how such roles are linked to theories and we highlight the importance of ‘role theory’. We describe how grand nursing theories have evolved and the importance of mid-range and practice theories for guiding patient care. We unravel the often controversial relationship between nursing theories and nursing models, and examine these terms in detail and compare and contrast them, taking into account their advantages and disadvantages. We show how the biomedical model has influenced nurse education, practice and research over the years, and not always for the benefit of nursing.
We make a case for nursing being mainly about building and sustaining interpersonal relationships with patients, their families and communities. Several nursing theories have their roots in such relationships. We share a number of these with the readers, explaining Hildegard Peplau’s theory in considerable detail. We consider the differences between a normal interpersonal relationship and a therapeutic interpersonal relationship, stressing that practising nurses use both. We also outline the actual and potential barriers to the development of therapeutic interpersonal relationships.
Selecting an unsuitable theory can have a detrimental effect on patient care, and when this happens nurses are often reluctant to admit it and they try to mould the patient’s needs to fit the theory rather than moulding the theory to fit the patient’s needs! Conversely, we believe that a theory that is appropriate for practice will benefit patients and improve the working practices and morale of nurses. Therefore, choosing an appropriate theory to underpin nursing practice or nurse education needs a great deal of thought. We discuss 12 different criteria that can be used to help readers select a nursing theory for practice.
Since the first edition of this book, there has been a great deal written about evidence-based practice. We believe that no reasonable nurse would argue that an important part of every clinical nurse’s role is to ensure their practice is informed by the best available evidence. We show the link between theory and research and best evidence. We discuss how theory is generated by research, tested by research and evaluated by research. We also highlight how theory can help to shape a research study.
Every day in clinical practice, nurses are exposed to phenomena that influence patient care. Sometimes such phenomena are ignored because they seem commonplace or unimportant. We guide the readers through the process of identifying these phenomena, naming them and finding relationships between them. This provides an insight into how readers can construct a nursing theory.
Finally, we highlight how the worth of a theory is ascertained. The characteristics of a good theory are reviewed and these are presented as the basis for evaluating and analysing nursing theory. The particular place of testing a theory is considered, and the relationship between theory evaluation and theory testing is clarified.
We hope you enjoy reading this textbook as much as we have enjoyed writing it. We anticipate that it will open up new and interesting perspectives in your thinking about nursing theories and how they can be used to increase the knowledge base for the profession and enhance clinical practice.
Hugh P. McKennaMajda PajnkiharFiona A. Murphy
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