Handbook of Pharmacology E-Book

Aniqa Shah

• Herausgeber: BookRix
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

When students are asked which subject is the most challenging, pharmacology always appears near the top of the list. The study of pharmacology demands that students apply knowledge from a wide variety of natural and applied sciences. Successfully predicting drug action requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology. Lack of adequate pharmacology knowledge can result in immediate and direct harm to the patient; thus, the stakes in learning the subject are high.

Pharmacology cannot be made easy, but it can be made understandable when the proper connections are made to knowledge learned in these other disciplines. The vast majority of drugs in clinical practice are prescribed for specific diseases, yet many pharmacology textbooks fail to recognize the complex interrelationships between pharmacology and pathophysiology.

This book –Pharmacology is the product of teaching undergraduates the principles of pharmacology over the last many years. This book – Pharmacology has been organized to provide a logical continuum of information relating to drugs, beginning with the inevitable historical discovery of drugs in food. With this background, important pharmacological principles will be considered relating to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.  In essence, the emphasis is placed upon pharmacokinetic aspects of drug action. Having gained access to the body, how do drugs produce an effect and how can the effect be quantified for comparative purposes?

Leseprobe

Aniqa Shah

Handbook of Pharmacology

First of all, I would like to praise and express my gratitude to ALLAH (subhanahu wa taála) for blessing me with this opportunity to be of any help to humanity. This journey would not have been possible without the continuous support of my family, mentors, and friends. To my family, thank you for encouraging me in all of my pursuits and inspiring me to follow my dreams. I am especially grateful to my parents, who supported me. I always knew that you believed in me and wanted the best for me. All of this would not have been possible if not for your mental and moral support and prayers.BookRix GmbH & Co. KG81371 Munich

Note to Readers;

This Pharmacology handbook takes you on a structured journey through the fascinating world of drugs. It explores key pharmacological concepts such as how drugs get into the body, how they spread, metabolize, and get eliminated. The primary focus is on understanding the dynamics of how drugs work, unveiling the mechanisms by which they enter our bodies, create their effects, and how we can measure those effects for comparison.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to praise and express my gratitude to  ALLAH (subhanahu wa taála) for blessing me with this opportunity to be of any help to humanity. 

This journey would not have been possible without the continuous support of my family,  mentors, and friends. To my family, thank you for encouraging me in all

of my pursuits and inspiring me to follow my dreams. I am especially grateful to my

parents, who supported me. I always knew that you believed in me and wanted the best for me. All of this would not have been possible if not for your mental and moral support and prayers.

I would like to thank the colleagues who have played an important role in my development throughout my studies, as well as at my institution. 

In addition, as my career has advanced, I also have come to know many great academicians in other disciplines, and other leaders in pharmacy who have greatly influenced my career and provided keen guidance. I have learned so much from all these people, and feel fortunate that they have been willing to share their knowledge and experience with me.

I would also like to thank all of the students I have taught who have inspired me to continue to strive to become a better educator.

Aniqa Shah

Doctor of Pharmacy

PREFACE

Welcome to "Handbook of Pharmacology: A Guide to Drug Science." This book is your gateway to understanding the intricate world of pharmacology. Whether you're a student wrestling with the challenges of this subject or a healthcare professional seeking to deepen your knowledge, we've designed this guide to provide insight and clarity into the field of drug science.

In the early sections, we delve into the reasons why pharmacology consistently emerges as one of the most demanding subjects. We explore how it draws knowledge from a diverse array of scientific disciplines and why its role in patient care is pivotal.

Next, we connect the dots between pharmacology and other sciences like anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and pathology. This bridge will unravel the complexities of drug action and demonstrate how they intertwine.

Our guide builds on years of experience in teaching undergraduates and healthcare professionals the fundamentals of pharmacology. We present a structured flow of information, commencing with the historical context of drugs in food and moving into critical pharmacological principles such as drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

Lastly, we explore the core of pharmacology – the pharmacokinetic aspects of drug action. We place a strong emphasis on understanding how drugs enter the body, how they exert their effects, and how we can measure and compare these effects.

"Handbook of Pharmacology" is your guiding light through the complex terrain of drug science. This preface sets the stage for your educational journey and invites you to explore the subsequent sections. Whether you're a student, a healthcare professional, or simply curious about the fascinating world of pharmacology, we encourage you to embark on this enlightening expedition with us

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Section: 01

General Pharmacology

DRUG:

“ Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used to modify physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient .”

E.g, Aspirin, Paracetamol, Amoxicillin.

Branches of Pharmacology:

Following are some of the branches of pharmacology;

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacotherapeutics

Toxicology

Pharmacy

Pharmacognosy

Posology

1. Pharmadynamics:

In this branch, we study the effects of the drug on the body ( i.e, mechanism of action of drug)

2. Pharmacokinetics:

In this branch, we study the effects of body on the drug (i.e, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs)

3. Pharmacotherapeutics:

In this branch, we study the use of drugs for the treatment of diseases.

4. Toxicology:

In this branch, we study the toxic/ undesirable effects of drugs.

5. Pharmacy:

In this branch, we deal with the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs.

6. Pharmacognosy:

In this branch, we study the medicines or crude drugs produced from natural sources such as plants, microbes, and animals.

7. Posology:

In this branch, we study the dose or quantity of drugs that can be administered to a patient to get the desired pharmacological action.

Nomenclature of Drugs:

There are three main types of names used for pharmaceutical substances:

The chemical name,

The International Nonproprietary Name (INN) also known as the approved or generic name, and

The proprietary or brand name.

1. Chemical Name:

The chemical name is a scientific name based on the compound's chemical structure.

It is given when a new chemical entity (NCE) is developed. It is the name given to a drug in accordance with rules of chemical nomenclature established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It is useful for chemists or technical personnel as it provides the precise arrangement of atoms and atomic groups in the molecule. It is not used to identify the drug in a clinical or marketing situation.

2. Generic Name:

This is the name given to a drug after it might have been found to be of therapeutic use. It is the name with which the drug is described in official books of reference like pharmacopeias.

3. Brand Name:

The brand (also known as proprietary or trade name) is the name given to a drug by its manufacturer. A drug may have several brand names, depending on the number of manufacturers.

Prodrugs:

A biologically inactive compound that can be metabolized in the body to produce an active drug.

e.g, Sulfasalazine (anti-rheumatic drug) is a prodrug.

It is broken down by the bacteria in the colon regions of the large intestine into its active forms i.e, 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and Sulfapyridine.

Placebo:

Placebos are inactive substances or interventions, most often used in controlled studies for comparison with potentially active drugs.

The term placebo initially referred to an inactive, harmless substance given to patients to satisfy their psychic needs.

It is a pharmacologically inactive substance that can have a therapeutic effect if administered to a patient who believes that he or she is receiving effective treatment.

e.g; Sugar tablets, Normal saline injection.

B) Pharmacokinetics:

Definition:

The activity of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes by which drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body, localized in the tissues, and excreted.

Drug Dosage:

The quantity of an active agent (drug substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time.

The dosage is the prescribed administration of a specific amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specific period of time.