Hendee's Radiation Therapy Physics E-Book

Todd Pawlicki

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1110

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

The publication of this fourth edition, more than ten years on from the publication of Radiation Therapy Physics third edition, provides a comprehensive and valuable update to the educational offerings in this field. Led by a new team of highly esteemed authors, building on Dr Hendee’s tradition, Hendee’s Radiation Therapy Physics offers a succinctly written, fully modernised update.

Radiation physics has undergone many changes in the past ten years: intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has become a routine method of radiation treatment delivery, digital imaging has replaced film-screen imaging for localization and verification, image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) is frequently used, in many centers proton therapy has become a viable mode of radiation therapy, new approaches have been introduced to radiation therapy quality assurance and safety that focus more on process analysis rather than specific performance testing, and the explosion in patient-and machine-related data has necessitated an increased awareness of the role of informatics in radiation therapy. As such, this edition reflects the huge advances made over the last ten years. This book:

• Provides state of the art content throughout
• Contains four brand new chapters; image-guided therapy, proton radiation therapy, radiation therapy informatics, and quality and safety improvement
• Fully revised and expanded imaging chapter discusses the increased role of digital imaging and computed tomography (CT) simulation
• The chapter on quality and safety contains content in support of new residency training requirements
• Includes problem and answer sets for self-test

This edition is essential reading for radiation oncologists in training, students of medical physics, medical dosimetry, and anyone interested in radiation therapy physics, quality, and safety.

Leseprobe

Hendee’s Radiation Therapy Physics

Fourth Edition

Todd Pawlicki PhD, FAAPM

Professor and Vice-Chair Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences University of California, San Diego, CA

Daniel J. Scanderbeg PhD

Associate Professor Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences University of California, San Diego, CA

George Starkschall PhD, FACMP, FAAPM, FACR

Research Professor Department of Radiation Physics Division of Radiation Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Third Edition © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Pawlicki, Todd, author. | Scanderbeg, Daniel J., author. | Starkschall, George, author. | Hendee, William R. Radiation therapy physics. Preceded by (work):

Title: Hendee's radiation therapy physics / Todd Pawlicki, Daniel J. Scanderbeg, George Starkschall.

Other titles: Radiation therapy physics

Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] | Preceded by Radiation therapy physics / William R. Hendee, Geoffrey S. Ibbott, Eric G. Hendee. 3rd ed. c2005. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015039643 | ISBN 9780470376515 (cloth)

Subjects: | MESH: Radiotherapy. | Physics.

Classification: LCC RM849 | NLM WN 250 | DDC 615.8/42--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039643

CONTENTS

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

CHAPTER 1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Introduction

Atomic and nuclear structure

Radioactive decay

Types of radioactive decay

Radioactive equilibrium

Natural radioactivity and decay series

Artificial production of radionuclides

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 2 INTERACTIONS OF X RAYS AND GAMMA RAYS

Introduction

Attenuation of x rays and gamma rays

X-ray and gamma-ray interactions

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 3 INTERACTIONS OF PARTICULATE RADIATION WITH MATTER

Introduction

Differences between charged particles and photons

Classification of particles

Collisional interactions

Radiative interactions

Summary

Problems

Note

References

CHAPTER 4 MACHINES FOR PRODUCING RADIATION

History of x rays

Conventional x-ray tubes

Electron source

X-ray tube voltage

X-ray spectra

Low-energy therapy x-ray units

Grenz–ray units

Contact therapy units

Superficial therapy units

Orthovoltage therapy units

Supervoltage therapy units

Megavoltage x-ray units

Isotope teletherapy units

137

Cs teletherapy units

Linear accelerators

Historical development

Major components of medical electron accelerators

Other medical accelerators

Cyclotrons

Microtrons

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 5 MEASUREMENT OF IONIZING RADIATION

Introduction

Radiation intensity

Radiation exposure

Measurement of radiation exposure

Radiation dose

Measurement of radiation dose

Absorbed dose measurements with an ionization chamber

Dose equivalent

Radiation quality

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 6 CALIBRATION OF MEGAVOLTAGE BEAMS OF X RAYS AND ELECTRONS

Introduction

Calibration standards and laboratories

Calibration of low-energy x-ray beams

Calibration of megavoltage beams: The AAPM protocol

The IAEA calibration protocol

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 7 CENTRAL-AXIS POINT DOSE CALCULATIONS

Introduction

Dose calculation model

Percent depth dose

Tables of percent depth dose

Tissue-air ratio

Backscatter

Scatter-air ratio

Tissue-phantom ratio

Monitor unit calculations for electrons

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 8 EXTERNAL BEAM DOSE CALCULATIONS

Introduction

Dose calculation challenges

Aspects of clinical photon beams

Beam data

Patient data

Photon beam computational algorithms

Analytical methods

Matrix techniques

Semi-empirical methods

Electron-beam computational algorithms

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL BEAM TREATMENT PLANNING AND DELIVERY

Introduction

Virtual simulation techniques

Immobilization and localization

Segmentation of the CT image data set

Selection of ideal treatment plan

Biological modeling

Forward planning

Inverse planning

Intensity modulated radiation therapy

Dynamic delivery techniques

Tomotherapy

Robotic treatments

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 10 THE BASICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING

Introduction

Characteristics of imaging systems

Image contrast

Digital imaging concepts

Summary

Problems

Reference

CHAPTER 11 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND APPLICATIONS TO RADIATION THERAPY

Introduction

Radiography

Computed tomography

Ultrasonography

Nuclear medicine

Emission computed tomography

Magnetic resonance imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 12 TUMOR TARGETING: IMAGE-GUIDED AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION THERAPY

Introduction

Intrafractional motion

Positioning uncertainties

Two-dimensional versus three-dimensional alignment

Non-radiographic image-guided radiation therapy

Data requirements for image-guided radiation therapy

Summary

Problems

Note

References

CHAPTER 13 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

Introduction

Terminology and data representation

Bits, bytes, and words

Representation of data

Computer architecture

Computer software

Programming languages

Networking

Computer requirements for treatment planning

Summary

Problems

Notes

References

CHAPTER 14 RADIATION ONCOLOGY INFORMATICS

Introduction

Ontologies

Information standards

Information flow in radiation oncology

Informatics for treatment planning

Future trends in radiation oncology informatics

Summary

Problems

Note

References

CHAPTER 15 PHYSICS OF PROTON RADIATION THERAPY

Introduction

Production of proton beams

Characteristics of clinical proton beams

Generating a clinically useful beam

Proton treatment planning

Uncertainties in proton radiation therapy

Quality assurance for proton radiation therapy

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 16 SOURCES FOR IMPLANT THERAPY AND DOSE CALCULATION

Introduction

Radium sources

Radium substitutes

Ophthalmic irradiators

Implantable neutron sources

Radiation safety of brachytherapy sources

Specification of brachytherapy sources

Radiation dose from brachytherapy sources

Sievert integral

Isodose distributions from individual sealed sources

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 17 BRACHYTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING

Introduction

Design of implants

Distribution rules for interstitial implants

Remote afterloading

Computer calculations

Air-kerma strength calculation

Dose over treatment duration

Plaques

Radiographic localization of implants

Three-dimensional image-based implants

Therapy with radiopharmaceuticals

Intravascular brachytherapy

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 18 RADIATION PROTECTION

Introduction

Effects of radiation exposure

Current limits on radiation exposure

Protective barriers for radiation sources

Protection for sealed radioactive sources

Radiation surveys

Personnel monitoring

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 19 QUALITY ASSURANCE

Introduction

Recommended quality assurance procedures

Physics instrumentation

Conventional linear accelerators

In-room image-guidance quality assurance

Quality assurance procedures for conventional simulators

CT simulator quality assurance

Treatment planning computers

Quality assurance for intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy

Brachytherapy quality assurance procedures

Summary

Problems

References

CHAPTER 20 PATIENT SAFETY AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Introduction

Human factors

Hazard analysis

Incident learning

Quality improvement

Process control

Summary

Problems

References

APPENDIX: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

INDEX

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4

Table 6.5

Table 6.6

Table 6.7

Table 6.8

Table 6.9

Table 6.10

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Table 15.2

Table 15.3

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

Table 17.2

Table 17.3

Table 17.4

Table 17.5

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Table 18.2

Table 18.3

Table 18.4

Table 18.5

Table 18.6

Table 18.7

Table 18.8

Table 18.9

Chapter 19

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 19.4

Table 19.5

Table 19.6

Table 19.7

Table 19.8

Chapter 20

Table 20.1

Table 20.2

Table 20.3