Human Security E-Book

Mary Kaldor

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 386

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

There is a real security gap in the world today. Millions of people in regions like the Middle East or East and Central Africa or Central Asia where new wars are taking place live in daily fear of violence. Moreover new wars are increasingly intertwined with other global risks the spread of disease, vulnerability to natural disasters, poverty and homelessness. Yet our security conceptions, drawn from the dominant experience of World War II and based on the use of conventional military force, do not reduce that insecurity; rather they make it worse.

This book is an exploration of this security gap. It makes the case for a new approach to security based on a global conversation- a public debate among civil society groups and individuals as well as states and international institutions. The chapters follow on from Kaldors path breaking analysis of the character of new wars in places like the Balkans or Africa during the 1990s.

The first four chapters provide a context; they cover the experience of humanitarian intervention, the nature of American power, the new nationalist and religious movements that are associated with globalization, and how these various aspects of current security dilemmas have played out in the Balkans. The last three chapters are more normative, dealing with the evolution of the idea of global civil society, the relevance of just war theory in a global era, and the concept of human security and what it might mean to implement such a concept.

This book will appeal to all those interested in issues of peace and conflict, in particular to students of politics and international relations.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

1 A Decade of Humanitarian Intervention, 1991–2000

Global Civil Society Actors

The Evolution of Humanitarian Intervention

The Global Public Debate

Intervention in 2000: The Case of Sierra Leone

Conclusion

2 American Power: From Compellance to Cosmopolitanism?

The Changing Global Context

Alternative Visions of American Power

Conclusion

3 Nationalism and Globalization

In Defence of the Modernist Paradigm

Contemporary Nationalisms

Cosmopolitan or European Politics

Conclusion

4 Intervention in the Balkans: An Unfinished Learning Process

The New Nationalism in the Balkans

The Role of Outside Intervention

5 The Idea of Global Civil Society

Changing Meanings of Civil Society

The Reinvention of Civil Society

Global Civil Society in the 1990s

Critics of Global Civil Society

After September 11

6 Just War and Just Peace

The Global Context

Why the Language of Just War is Awkward

Just Peace

Conclusion

7 Human Security

The Principles of Human Security

Implications for Policy

Conclusion

Index

Copyright © Mary Kaldor 2007

The right of Mary Kaldor to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2007 by Polity Press

Polity Press

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Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

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Malden, MA 02148, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-07456-3853-9

ISBN-13: 978-07456-3854-6 (pb)

ISBN-13: 978-07456-5801-8 (Multi-user ebook)

ISBN-13: 978-07456-5802-5 (Single-user ebook)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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Acknowledgements

First and foremost, I would like to thank David Held, for proposing this book and for his unfailing help and support. I would also like to thank: Sabine Selchow for her invaluable critical scrutiny and for help with references and information; Marlies Glasius for comments on the original version of the first chapter and for the ideas, which we developed together, on human security – some bits of the last chapter were originally co-written; Caroline Soper for commissioning the first version of the ‘American Power’ chapter and for very helpful suggestions on both ‘American Power’ and ‘The Idea of Global Civil Society’; Montserrat Guibernau for commissioning and commenting on ‘Nationalism and Globalization’; Charles Read for comments on the original version of the ‘Just War’ essay; Heba Raouf Ezzat for introducing me to Islamic principles of Just War; and Jo Stone for help with references and formatting and for administrative support. I am also grateful to everyone at Polity, which is an especially author-friendly publisher, particularly Emma Hutchinson, who oversaw the publication, and Ann Bone who has been my copy editor for most of the books I have written. Finally I want to thank my colleagues at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance and at LSE in general, as well as my family, for providing a stimulating and convivial environment.

The chapters in this book are revised and updated versions of essays that were originally published as book chapters or journal articles. I am grateful for permission to reproduce all or parts of the original essays from Cambridge University Press, International Affairs, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford University Press and Routledge.

Abbreviations

AU   African Union CARE   Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere CDD   Centre for Democracy and Development (Sierra Leone) CIS   Commonwealth of Independent States DDR   disarmament, demobilization and reintegration DRC   Democratic Republic of Congo ECOMOG   Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWAS   Economic Community of West African States EU   European Union FBI   Federal Bureau of Investigation GDP   gross domestic product HCA   Helsinki Citizens’ Assembly HDZ   Croatian Democratic Union ICC   International Criminal Court ICRC   International Committee of the Red Cross IDPs   internally displaced persons IMF   International Monetary Fund INTERFET   International Force for East Timor KLA   Kosovo Liberation Army MEP   Member of the European Parliament MIME-NET   Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network MSF   Medécins sans Frontières NATO   North Atlantic Treaty Organization NEPAD   New Partnership for Africa NGOs   non-governmental organizations NLA   National Liberation Army (Macedonia) NMSP-WOT   National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terror OAS   Organization of American States OAU   Organization for African Unity OSCE   Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe PDD   Presidential Decision Directive PGMs   precision guided munitions R&D   research and development RMA   Revolution in Military Affairs RUF   Revolutionary United Front (Sierra Leone) SADC   Southern African Development Community SALT   Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty UAVs   unmanned aerial vehicles UNAMIR   United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda UNAMSIL   United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone UNICEF   United Nations Children’s Fund UNITAF   United Nations Unified Task Force UNOSOM   United Nations Operation in Somalia UNPROFOR   United Nations Protection Force UNSCR   United Nations Security Council Resolution WMD   weapons of mass destruction 

Introduction

War no longer exists. Confrontation, conflict and combat undoubtedly exist all round the world … and states still have armed forces which they use as symbols of power. None the less, war as cognitively known to most combatants, war as battle in a field between men and machinery, war as a massive deciding event in a dispute in international affairs: such war no longer exists.

Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force

The war in Iraq can be considered an illustration of why we need a new approach to security. President Bush and his former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld claimed that they were fighting a new type of war, based on the application of information and communications technology. Yet in fact the approach was rather traditional; it reproduced the methods that General Rupert Smith says we cognitively know as ‘war’, using conventional military forces to invade Iraq and subsequently to try to defeat the insurgents. What Rumsfeld called ‘defense transformation’ merely means incorporating new technologies into traditional structures and strategies.

The transformation in security goes well beyond technological change; it involves a transformation of the social relations of warfare and the character of the threats that we face. It is failure to understand this transformation of the social relations of warfare that explains why the Americans (and the British) have been dragged ever deeper into a combination of insurgency and sectarian ‘confrontation, conflict and combat’ that has provided a magnet for global terrorism.

This book is a compilation of essays on this theme written during the first five years of the new century. It argues for a new approach to security based on a global conversation – a public debate among civil society groups and individuals as well as states and international institutions. The chapters are a logical follow-on to my work during the 1990s on the character of ‘new wars’ in places like the Balkans or Africa, or what Rupert Smith calls ‘wars amongst the people’.1 In this introduction, I sketch my thinking on new and old wars, the Cold War, and on global civil society because it provides a conceptual and historical background to the chapters in this book. Then I raise some brief methodological and normative considerations and, in the last section, I outline the essays.