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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Learn how AI and data science are upending the worlds of biology and medicine In Silico Dreams: How Artificial Intelligence and Biotechnology Will Create the Medicines of the Future delivers an illuminating and fresh perspective on the convergence of two powerful technologies: AI and biotech. Accomplished genomics expert, executive, and author Brian Hilbush offers readers a brilliant exploration of the most current work of pioneering tech giants and biotechnology startups who have already started disrupting healthcare. The book provides an in-depth understanding of the sources of innovation that are driving the shift in the pharmaceutical industry away from serendipitous therapeutic discovery and toward engineered medicines and curative therapies. In this fascinating book, you'll discover: * An overview of the rise of data science methods and the paradigm shift in biology that led to the in silico revolution * An outline of the fundamental breakthroughs in AI and deep learning and their applications across medicine * A compelling argument for the notion that AI and biotechnology tools will rapidly accelerate the development of therapeutics * A summary of innovative breakthroughs in biotechnology with a focus on gene editing and cell reprogramming technologies for therapeutic development * A guide to the startup landscape in AI in medicine, revealing where investments are poised to shape the innovation base for the pharmaceutical industry Perfect for anyone with an interest in scientific topics and technology, In Silico Dreams also belongs on the bookshelves of decision-makers in a wide range of industries, including healthcare, technology, venture capital, and government.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Introduction
What Does This Book Cover?
Reader Support for This Book
CHAPTER 1: The Information Revolution's Impact on Biology
A Biological Data Avalanche at Warp Speed
Biology's Paradigm Shift Enables In Silico Biology
Sequencing the Human Genome
Computational Biology in the Twenty-First Century
Omics Technologies and Systems Biology
Notes
CHAPTER 2: A New Era of Artificial Intelligence
AI Steps Out of the Bronx
From Neurons and Cats Brains to Neural Networks
Machine Learning and the Deep Learning Breakthrough
Limitations on Artificial Intelligence
Notes
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER 3: The Long Road to New Medicines
Medicine's Origins: The Role of Opium Since the Stone Age
Industrial Manufacturing of Medicines
Paul Ehrlich and the Birth of Chemotherapeutic Drug Discovery
The Pharmaceutical Industry: Drugs and War—New Medicines in the Twentieth Century
The Pharmaceutical Business Model in the Twenty-First Century
Notes
Recommended Reading
CHAPTER 4: Gene Editing and the New Tools of Biotechnology
Molecular Biology and Biological Information Flow
Manipulating Gene Information with Recombinant DNA Technology
Genetics, Gene Discovery, and Drugs for Rare Human Diseases
Second-Generation Biotechnology Tools: CRISPR- Cas9 and Genome Editing Technologies
Human Genome Editing and Clinical Trials
Biotechnology to the Rescue: Vaccine Development Platforms Based on Messenger RNA
Recommended Reading
Notes
CHAPTER 5: Healthcare and the Entrance of the Technology Titans
Digital Health and the New Healthcare Investment Arena
Assessing the Tech Titans as Disruptors in Healthcare
Echoes of the Final Frontier
Notes
CHAPTER 6: AI-Based Algorithms in Biology and Medicine
Recognizing the Faces of Cancer
AI for Diseases of the Nervous System: Seeing and Changing the Brain
Notes
CHAPTER 7: AI in Drug Discovery and Development
A Brief Survey of In Silico Methods in Drug Discovery
AI Brings a New Toolset for Computational Drug Design
A New Base of Innovation for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Summary
Notes
CHAPTER 8: Biotechnology, AI, and Medicine's Future
Building Tools to Decipher Molecular Structures and Biological Systems
Neuroscience and AI: Modeling Brain and Behavior
Engineering Medicines with Biotechnology and AI
Notes
Glossary
Index
Copyright
About the Author
About the Technical Editor
Acknowledgments
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1: Milestones in Technology Innovation by Decade
Table 1.2: Milestones in DNA Sequencing—From Single Genes to Metagenomes
Chapter 2
Table 2.1: Five Approaches to Machine Learning
Table 2.2: Performance Comparison of Machine Learning Methods for Lung Cancer...
Chapter 3
Table 3.1: Genesis of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry
Table 3.2: Discovery and Development of Small Molecule Drugs
Chapter 4
Table 4.1: Types of Pathogenic Variants Underlying Human Genetic Diseases
Table 4.2: Clinical Trials Using Gene Editing with Programmable Nucleases
Chapter 6
Table 6.1: Current Applications of AI-Based Algorithms in Medicine
Chapter 7
Table 7.1: Bringing AI Innovation to Drug Discovery
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1: Genomic epidemiology during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in North America...
Figure 1.2: SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein structure
Figure 1.3: Genome analysis pipeline for whole genome sequencing on Illumina...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1: The Mark I Perceptron
Figure 2.2: Receptive fields in retinal ganglion cells
Figure 2.3: Examples of shapes used to evaluate responses of neurons from th...
Figure 2.4: Pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex
Figure 2.5: Hierarchy of visual areas
Figure 2.6: Information processing in neural networks
Figure 2.7: Convolutional neural network design concepts
Figure 2.8: Neural network architectures
Figure 2.9: A future path for integrating AI into medical practice
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1: Early spread of agricultural crops and poppy seed discoveries in...
Figure 3.2: The opium capsule and opiate alkaloids
Figure 3.3: Chemical foundations of the coal tar dye industry
Figure 3.4: Cancer therapeutic development: linking innovation to industry...
Figure 3.5: Novel FDA approvals since 1993
Figure 3.6: Therapeutic modalities employed in current drug development pipe...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1: Biotechnology tools and the acceleration into an era of precisio...
Figure 4.2: The first illustration of the “central dogma,” as drawn by Franc...
Figure 4.3: Nancy Wexler with the Venezuelan family pedigree chart for track...
Figure 4.4: Molecular basis of human genetic disease
Figure 4.5: Genome editing strategies with programmable Cas nucleases and te...
Figure 4.6: Overview of strategies for delivery of CRISPR-Cas engineered the...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1: Technologies and applications in digital health
Figure 5.2: Tech giants and healthcare—competitive positioning across the la...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1: Impact of assistance on individual pathologist diagnostic perfor...
Figure 6.2: Applications and models for AI-driven algorithms in medicine
Figure 6.3: Computational oncology platform from SimBioSys
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1: A structure-based virtual screening workflow
Figure 7.2: Analogous mapping in language translations and chemical reaction...
Figure 7.3: Overview of the RXNMapper Transformer tool
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1: The discovery cycles in biology, pharma, and medicine
Figure 8.2: The tech stack for biology
Figure 8.3: From robotics to rock climbing: adopting a modular, three-layer ...
Figure 8.4: Motor control circuitry
Figure 8.5: Engineering medicines: the new therapeutic development landscape...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyrigt
About the Author
About the Technical Editor
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Begin Reading
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
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In Silico Dreams
How Artificial Intelligence and Biotechnology Will Create the Medicines of the Future
Brian Hilbush
Introduction
We have entered an unprecedented era of rapid technological change where developments in fields such as computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), genetic engineering, neuroscience, and robotics will direct the future of medicine. In the past decade, research organizations around the globe have made spectacular advances in AI, particularly for computer vision, natural language processing and speech recognition. The adoption of AI across business is being driven by the world's largest technology companies. Amazon, Google, and Microsoft offer vast, scalable cloud computing resources to train AI systems and platforms on which to build businesses. They also possess the talent, resources, and financial incentives to accelerate AI breakthroughs into medicine. These tech giants, including Apple, are executing on corporate strategies and product roadmaps that take them directly to the heart of healthcare. Every few weeks, a new AI tool is announced that performs a medical diagnostic procedure at human levels of performance. The pace of innovation in the tech sector is exponential, made possible by continual improvements and widespread availability of computing power, algorithmic design, and billions of lines of software programming code. Technology's influence on the sciences has been profound. Traditional disciplines such as biology and chemistry are being transformed by AI and data science to such an extent that new experimental paradigms have emerged for research and the pharmaceutical industry.
Biotechnology's growth and innovation cycles are equally impressive. Startling advances have been made to move the field from simple gene cloning experiments using viral and bacterial genetic material in test tubes to performing gene editing at precise locations in the human genome. A new generation of gene therapy and T-cell engineering companies are building tools to equip the immune systems of patients to destroy cancer. Explosive growth in data-generating capabilities from DNA sequencing instruments, medical imaging, and high-resolution microscopy has created a perfect storm of opportunities for AI and machine learning to analyze the data and produce biological insights. Out of this milieu, the first generation of tech-inspired startups has emerged, initiating the convergence of AI and biotechnology. These young companies are taking aim at the conventional path of drug development, with the brightest minds and freshest ideas from both fields providing a new base of innovation for the pharmaceutical industry.
This book tells the story of the impact of innovations in biology and computer science on the future of medicine. The creation of a new industry based on therapeutic engineering has begun. Nearly 200 years ago, Emmanuel Merck saw a commercial opportunity to produce the painkilling substance from the opium poppy, which was in widespread use across Europe and beyond. He was inspired by Fredrich Sertürner's innovative process for the extraction of the opiate alkaloid. Sertürner gave the newly purified narcotic substance the name morphium, after the Greek god of dreams. For thousands of years before these Germans helped to launch the pharmaceutical industry, medicinal compounds derived from nature had been concocted into noxious mixtures of uncertain potency by alchemists, physicians, or shamans in all cultures. With the elucidation of the rules of organic chemistry, the preparation and manufacturing of small molecule drugs and the practice of medicine would be forever changed.
The pharmaceutical industry began during the Industrial Revolution, drawing on a series of innovations in chemistry from the coal tar-based dye industry, along with other technological developments. This same rhythm of explosive innovation occurred again 100 years later in post–World War II laboratories in the United States and Britain. In the epochal years of 1952 and 1953, the foundations of computing, molecular biology, neuroscience, AI, and modern medicine arose almost at once, appearing in juxtaposition against the afterglow of the first thermonuclear bomb detonated in the Pacific. Science was literally blazing on all fronts.
Medicine has benefited enormously from the scientific discoveries and technologies born in the atomic age. Biotechnology has its roots in the principles and successes of molecular biology. The historic beginning was the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953, followed a generation later by the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s. Therapeutics originating from biotechnology innovations now account for 7 of the top 10 drugs sold in the world.
Cancer chemotherapy treatments entered into clinical practice in the early 1950s, landmarked by the FDA's approval of methotrexate in 1953. These therapies provided a rational basis for attacking cancer cells selectively and sparked a decades-long search for new chemotherapeutics. As importantly, clinicians became critical in the evaluation of these and other new drugs in clinical trials, taking a seat at the table alongside medicinal chemists and pharmacologists as decision-makers in industry.
In neuroscience, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley's unifying theory of how neurons fire action potentials was published in 1952. The Hodgkin-Huxley model stands as one of biology's most successful quantitative models, elegantly tying together experimental and theoretical work. The framework led to the search for the ion channels, receptors, and transporters that control ionic conductance and synaptic activity, which together formed the basis of 50 years' worth of neuroscience drug discovery.
Modern computing and AI began with the work of its seminal figures starting in the 1930s and was anchored by successful operation of the first stored program, electronic digital computer—the MANIAC I—in 1952. Historian George Dyson framed the significance of this moment well in his 2012 book, Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe, (Vintage, 2012), stating that “The stored-program computer conceived by Alan Turing and delivered by John von Neumann broke the distinction between numbers that mean things and numbers that do things. The universe would never be the same.” AI pioneers who had hopes for machine intelligence based on neural networks would need another 60 years and a trillion-fold increase in computing performance to have their dreams realized.
The science and technologies sparking the biotech and digital revolutions developed in parallel over the past 50 years and within the past decade have acquired powerful capabilities with widespread applications. The convergence of these technologies into a new science will have a profound impact on the development of diagnostics and medicines and nonpharmaceutical interventions for chronic diseases and mental health. The recent advances in AI and biotechnology together will be capable of disrupting the long-standing pharmaceutical industry model via superiority in prediction, precision, theory testing, and efficiency across critical phases of drug development. Not too far into the future, with any luck, the in silico dreams of scientists and its impact on medicine will be realized.
What Does This Book Cover?
The book ties together historical background with the latest cutting-edge research from the fields of biotechnology and AI, focusing on important innovations affecting medicine. Several chapters also contain highlights of the crop of new businesses engaged in the latest gene and cell therapy, along with those founded on AI-based therapeutic discovery and engineering. An in-depth look at the history of medicines sets the stage for understanding the pharmaceutical industry today and the evolution of therapeutic discovery for tomorrow.
Chapter 1, “The Information Revolution's Impact on Biology,” begins with an overview of milestones in technology innovation that are central to modern biology and biomedical applications. The first section covers the success of genomics in tackling the deluge of genome sequencing information during the COVID-19 pandemic and biotech's utilization of the data for creating a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The next section details the recent paradigm shift in biology, describing how the field is moving toward a more quantitative discipline. Another major thrust of the chapter is the role of computational biology in human genome sequencing, and its potential for medicine in the 21st century.
Chapter 2, “A New Era of Artificial Intelligence,” covers the history of AI's development and the major milestones leading up to the stunning advances in deep learning. The role of neuroscience in formulating some of the ideas around artificial neural networks and the neurobiological basis of vision are discussed. An introduction to various approaches in machine learning is presented along with current deep learning breakthroughs. A first look at AI applications in medicine is also given. The chapter ends with a brief look at current limitations of AI.
Chapter 3, “The Long Road to New Medicines,” travels all the way back to the Stone Age to reveal humanity's first random experimentations to find nature's medicines. The first section outlines the progression of therapeutic discovery through four eras: botanicals, chemical therapeutics, biotherapeutics, and therapeutic engineering. The next section delves into the industrial manufacturing of medicines and the rise of the modern pharmaceutical industry. The chapter describes the birth of chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics and the impact of war on their development. A segment is devoted to the development of cancer therapeutics, including immunotherapy. The latter sections cover the pharmaceutical business model of the 21st century and the role of biotechnology in drug discovery innovation.
Chapter 4, “Gene Editing and the New Tools of Biotechnology,” begins by introducing the timeline and brief history of the development of precision genome engineering tools. A significant portion of the chapter covers molecular biology and biological information flow, with a history of recombinant DNA technology. The second-generation biotechnology tools from the bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems are outlined and presented as important genome editing strategies. A companion section reviews clinical trials of CRISPR-Cas engineered therapies. A final section describes the mRNA vaccine platforms and innovations leading up to its success against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Chapter 5, “Healthcare and the Entrance of the Technology Titans,” provides a look at how each of the technology giants—Amazon, Apple, Google, and Microsoft—are making moves to enter the healthcare sector. The first section describes digital health and investment activity in this newly emerging area, along with the drivers of healthcare technology innovation. A series of vignettes presents the ability of each tech giant to disrupt and play a role as new participants in healthcare, with a look at their competitive advantages in the healthcare landscape.
Chapter 6, “AI-Based Algorithms in Biology and Medicine,” explores how AI technology is already impacting biomedical research and medicine today and potential routes for the future. Two sections provide in-depth coverage of deep learning algorithms for cancer and brain diseases. The final sections review regulatory approval of AI-based software as a medical device and the challenges faced in implementation of clinical AI.
Chapter 7, “AI in Drug Discovery and Development,” dives into the use of AI and machine learning in drug discovery. A brief survey of in silico methods in drug discovery and development is presented, followed by a section on computational drug design with AI tools. A subsequent section introduces biotechnology companies that are creating a new base of innovation for the industry. A final section summarizes where AI is deployed currently across pharmaceutical discovery and development.
Chapter 8, “Biotechnology, AI, and Medicine's Future,” begins with a discussion of convergence and how a new discovery engine based on hypothesis generation and evaluation by AI might work across biology, pharma, and medicine. The next section looks at how experimental approaches and computational methods together power biology by forming a new tech stack. AI's potential for neuroscience and the value of brain studies for AI and medicine are presented around the theme of motor control behavior and the brain. The chapter ends with a look at the landscape of companies arrayed against the range of technologies being developed to engineer therapeutics.
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