Indians and Other Misnomers of the Upper Great Lakes E-Book

Phil Bellfy

• Herausgeber: Modern History Press
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 192

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

No less than 27 out of the 50 states' names in the USA are based in American Indian languages. Additionally, six out of 13 of Canada's provinces and territories have names with indigenous origins, and, of course, Canada itself is derived from an indigenous source. Shakespeare quipped, "What's in a name?" A lot, it turns out, because states like California and Florida reflect their Spanish history; here, in the Great Lakes, that history is indigenous. If you have an understanding of the name of a place, its history may reveal itself. And that history will, most likely, enrich your own life and your place in it.
Join us on this journey through Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota as we alphabetically traverse indigenous place names in each locale. Alternately, you can peruse an alphabetical concordance of every place name. In the appendices, you'll discover details of US and Canadian treaties with indigenous people, and many that are still under dispute today--including the Anishinaabek, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, Sauk, Sioux, Ojibway, Mississauga, Mohawk, Algonquin, Iroquois, Huron, and related First Nations bands in Ontario.
"Emeritus Professor Phil Bellfy has used his life-long Indigenous knowledge to produce this imaginative, original work that will be indispensable to any researcher working on Indigenous studies in the Great Lakes watershed. Indians and Other Misnomers of the Upper Great Lakest will be in the forefront of changing the way in which Indigenous knowledge shapes the hitherto colonial narrative of the Great Lakes." David T. McNab, professor emeritus, York University, Toronto, Ontario.
"Indians and Other Misnomers of the Upper Great Lakest is a fascinating exploration of the Indigenous origins of many place names bordering the Great Lakes. This book offers readers the opportunity to contemplate their place within the landscape of the Indigenous homelands now claimed by the Canadian and American settler states. It is a must-own companion book for researchers, residents and anyone interested in the places, history and linguistic heritages of the Great Lakes." --Karl Hele, Anishinaabeg and the Davidson Chair in Canadian Studies, Mount Allison University
"Words carry meaning and history. In Indians and Other Misnomers of the Upper Great Lakest, Dr. Phil Bellfy takes us on an etymological journey around the Great Lakes region as he explains the possible origins and meanings of Native American place names. This book helps paint a relational picture of the cultural world of the Anishinaabe Three Fires Confederacy of Ojibway, Odawa, and Potawatomi and how that view has been impacted by settler colonialism." -- Dr. Martin Reinhardt, Anishinaabe Ojibway citizen of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians; professor of Native American Studies, Northern Michigan University, president of the Michigan Indian Education Council.

Leseprobe

Indians and Other Misnomers of the Upper Great Lakes: The True Indigenous Origins of Geographic Place Names.

Copyright © 2023 by Phil Bellfy. All Rights Reserved.

This book contains images and materials protected under International and Federal US Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the express written permission from the author.

Cover photo copyright by Phil Bellfy.

ISBN 978-1-61599-742-8 paperback

ISBN 978-1-61599-743-5 hardcover

ISBN 978-1-61599-744-2 eBook

Ziibi Press is an imprint of

Modern History Press

5145 Pontiac Trail

Ann Arbor, MI

More information at https://ziibipress.com/

[email protected]

www.ModernHistoryPress.com

Tollfree 888-761-6268

FAX [phone]

Distributed by Ingram (USA/CAN/AU), Bertram’s Books (EU/UK)

Contents

Introduction

Geographic Scope of this Volume

State and Provincial Maps

Place Names by State and Province

Michigan Place Names

Ontario Place Names

Pennsylvania Place Names

Ohio Place Names

Indiana Place Names

Illinois Place Names

Wisconsin Place Names

Minnesota Place Names

Alphabetical Listing of Indian Names

U.S. Treaties

Canadian Treaties

References

About the Author

Introduction

The United States of America contains 50 states, and 27 state names are rooted in American Indian languages. The modern nation of Canada consists of ten provinces and three territories: four of the provinces and two of the territories are names with indigenous origins, and, of course, Canada itself is derived from an indigenous source. In this volume, only Pennsylvania is from a non-native source.

So, What’s in a Name? California and Florida (and others) reflect their Spanish history; here in the Great Lakes, that history is indigenous. If you have an understanding of the name of a place, its history may reveal itself.

And that history will, most likely, enrich your own life and your place in it.

This book’s subtitle claims that the book contains the “true” indigenous meaning of Great Lakes’ place names, but the reader should consider this—many of the place names were first recorded by Europeans during a time when Indigenous linguistics, and even spelling conventions, were in their infancy (at best). Consider that the Michigan village of Topinabee is named after a Potawatomie chief, whose name was spelled 12 different ways in 11 treaties, and, not one of those treaties spelled it the way the current village name is spelled!

And, as should be obvious, various spellings lead to various pronunciations, and, in turn, those various pronunciations may very well refer to indigenous words with different meanings. Indigenous languages of this hemisphere were not written languages; ours were and are oral traditions.

So, the reader will undoubtedly find entries that appear to be duplicates or entries of the same word with different meanings. That is because the author relies on different print sources and merely repeats what those sources contain. At the same time, the author made inquiries in every Indigenous community covered in this volume. Of course, many did not respond, but every Indigenous response is included. Again, these responses may not be the same as those in books cited in the References section of this volume.

Furthermore, in today’s internet world, you can find any number of sites that purport to give you the translation of Native-based place names. I have included some of these, but not if they differ appreciably from the References sources, believing that the older the source, the more authentic the meaning—the True Indigenous Origins claimed in this book’s subtitle.

I need to add a little about the US Royce maps in this book, and the list of land cession treaties. Just as it is vital to understand a place through an examination of its name, you cannot come to a true understanding of a place without a thorough understanding of the treaties through which those territories became part of the modern government states of which they are now an integral part.

As you can see in the “US Treaties” section of this book, the very first treaty signed by the US and Indigenous people was for the land cession of western Pennsylvania. Obviously, the eastern part of the state and, indeed, the entire colonial part of what is now the United States, had been taken over by the US before the treaty-making period; in this volume, starting in 1784 and ending in 1889.

In Canada, the first Ontario cession was signed in 1783; the last in 1930. Note that the Canadian list in this volume is not in chronological order, instead following the alphabetic order of the cessions as given by the Ontario government, creators of this volume’s map.

It should also be noted that both in the US and in Canada, many land cession treaties are subject to ongoing interpretation, and, in many cases, litigation. In most of British Columbia, for example, land cession treaties are still being negotiated. The first modern British Columbia treaty, the Nisga'a Treaty, came into effect in 2000, and only three have been added since then (in 2009, 2011 and 2016).

Compared to Latin, considered to be a “dead” language, indigenous treaties (with both US and Canada) are very much living documents, and the names of places in both countries are alive, as well, subject to a more accurate naming and meaning. Miigwetch (thank you) for your interest in this subject and in this book. I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I did creating it!

P.C.B.

Geographic Scope of this Volume

State and Provincial Maps

Royce Map of Michigan – West

Royce Map of Michigan – East

Map of Western Ontario

Map of Eastern Ontario

Royce Map of Pennsylvania – West

Royce Map of Pennsylvania – East

Royce Map of Ohio

Royce Map of Indiana

Royce Map of Illinois – 1

Royce Map of Illinois – 2

Royce Map of Wisconsin

Royce Map of Minnesota

Royce Map of Michigan – West

Royce Map of Michigan – East

Michigan Place Names

Michigan - most often translated as Big Lake; as in Michi (big) and Gammi (lake); or Mishi-gummeeng: Great Body of Water; other translations found were Majigan: Clearing, Majiigan: Large Clearing, and Mishi-maikin: Swimming Turtle. Used as a place name throughout the Midwest.

Ahmeek: Beaver

Alcona: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft

Allegan: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft

Alpena: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to the Partridge

Arenac: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft

Bawating: River Beaten to a Spray, or Gathering Place of the People; orig. name for Sault Ste. Marie

Bay Mills Indian Community: aka Ginozhaekaunning: Pike Place. Michigan reservation.

Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians: State-recognized Tribe

Cheboygan: Pipe, or Funnel; or from Shabwawagoning: Rumbling Waters, or Waters Disappearing Underground

Chesaning: At the Big Rock

Chippewa, tribal name with various meanings; those found in reference to place names; Gathering Up Voice, Voice Gathered Up, or Puckered Voice see Ojibway for a complete discussion

Cohoctah: Many Trees in the Water

Detroit; orig. Wawiyatanong: Where the River Turns, or Crooked Way; Yondotiga: Great Village; or Karontaen: Coast of the Straits

Dowagiac: Subsistance Area, or Fishing Waters

Escanaba: Flat Rock. Or Land of the Red Buck

Genesee: Beautiful Valley

Gogebic: Green Lake, High Lake, On the Rock, or Trembling Ground

Grand River Band of Ottawa Indians: State-recognized Tribe

Grand Sable Dunes; orig. Nigowidjiw: Sand Mountain

Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians: Reservation

Gun Lake: Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians: Bad Bird; (aka Gun Lake Tribe); Reservation

Hannahville Potawatomi Indian Community: Reservation

Hiawatha: River Maker

Iosco: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to Shining Water, or Water of Light

Ishpeming: High Place

Juniata (Twp): Standing Rock

Kalamazoo, of Native origin, with several possible translations: It Smokes, Smoke, or Otter's Water; or from Kekekalakalamazoo: Where the Water Boils (or Smokes) in the Pot; or from Negikanamazo: Otter Tail, or Beautiful Water, Boiling Water, or Stones Like Otters; or from Kikalamozo: He Is Inconvienced By Smoke In His Lodge

Kalkaska: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to Burned-Over Land

Kawkawlin: Pike Place

Kenockee: Long-legged

Keweenaw (Bay Indian Community): Cross A Point, or Portage; MI Reservation

Lac Vieux Desert (Band of Lake Superior Chippewa): Lake of the Old Garden Clearing; Reser-vation

Leelanau: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to Delight of Life. There is no “L” sound in the Ojibway language.

Lenawee: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to “Man.” There is no “L” sound in the Ojibway language.

Les Chenaux; orig; Anaminang: In the Bowels (a reference to the channels' tortuous intricacy)

Little River Band of Ottawa Indians: MI Reservation

Little Traverse Bay Band of Odawa Indians: MI Reservation

Mackinac (also spelled, and pronounced, Mackinaw): from Michilimackinak; Large Turtle Island, or Place of the Great Turtle.

Mackinac Bands of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians: State-recognized Tribe

Manistee (and Manistique): Crooked River, Red River, Wind Sound, Lost River, Wood's Spirit, or Yellow Thunder

Manitou: Spirit

Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Potawatomi Indians: Bad Bird; aka Gun Lake Tribe; Reservation

Meauwataka: Halfway (between two bodies of water)

Mecosta: Bear Cub

Menominee: Wild Rice People

Michigamme: Great Water

Missaukee: At the Big Outlet

Munising: Island in the Lake

Munuscong: Place of the Reeds

Muskegon: Swampy, or Marshy River; or from Maskegowok: Swamp People

Nahma: Sturgeon

Naubinway: Place of Echoes

Neahtawanta: Placid Waters

Neebish (Island): Leaf

Negaunee: He Walks Ahead (ie. the pioneer)

Nottawa: the Iroquois

Nottawaseppi Huron Band Potawatomi: Like Rattlesnakes; Reservation

Nunda: Where the Valley Meets the Hill

Ogemaw: Chief

Okemos: Secondary Chief, or Little Chief

Onaway: Awake

Onekama: Singing Water

Ontonagon: Place Where Game Was Shot By Luck

Osceola: Black Drink Hallower

Oscoda County: given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to a Rocky Prairie

Oshtemo: Headwaters

Ossineke: Where the Pictographs Were

Otsego: Place of the Rock

Ottawa: To Trade

Painted Rocks: Mazinaubikaung

Petoskey: Where the Sun Shines Through the Clouds

Pinconning: Potato Place

Pokagon (Band of Potawatomi Indians): Something Used to Shield; Reservation

Ponshewaing: Peaceful Waters, or Winter Home

Pontiac: from Bonitiyak: Stops By Use of A Stick

Quinnesec: from Pekwenesseg: Where the River Forms A Spray

Saginaw (Chippewa Indian Tribe): Place of the Sac Tribe; Reservation

Sagola: “Welcome”

Sandusky: Water

Saranac: Sumac Cone River

Saugatuck: Tidal Outlet

Sault Ste. Marie (Tribe of Chippewa Indians);): Reservation

Sault Ste. Marie: orig. Baweting: Place of the Rapids; Gathering Place of the People

Sebewa: Little Creek

Sebewaing: River Place

Shiawassee: Straight Ahead Water; or from Azhaowesse: River That Twists About

St. Clair (Lake) : orig. Wauwi-autinoong: Round Lake

Superior (Lake): orig. Kitchi-gummeng: Great Lake (of the Ojibway)

Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribes of Michigan: State-recognized Tribe

Tahquamenon: Shallow Bed River, or Dark-colored Water

Tecumseh: Panther Crouching For Its Prey

Tekonsha: Resembling a Caribou

Tittabawassee: River Following the Line of the Lakeshore

Topinabee: He Who Sits Quietly; notable 19th c. Potawatomi chief who signed many treaties Tuscola: County given “Indian-sounding” name by Indian Agent Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, possibly meant to refer to a Warrior Prairie, or Level Lands

Unadilla: Meeting Place

Waishkey: Buffalo (U.P. river)

Washtenaw: On the River, or Far Off

Waucedah: Talking Stream

Wequetonsing: At the Head of the Little Bay

Winona: First-Born Daughter

Wyandotte: Islanders, or Peninsula Dwellers

Wyoming: At the Big River Flat

Yuma: Sons of the River

Zeba: from Zibii: River

Indians fishing in the rapids, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Courtesy Library of Congress

Map of Western Ontario

Map of Eastern Ontario

Ontario Place Names

ONTARIO; or from Kanadario: Sparkling Water; or from Onitariio: Beautiful Lake; or from Ontarack: Rocks Standing High in the Water; other possible meanings: Handsome Lake, or Large Lake; NY, OR, WI p.n. It should be noted that many Ontario First Nations have renamed their Reserves in their language, and the “translation” is not always given as an assertion of their original jurisdiction.

Aamjiwnaang: Meeting Place By the Rapid Water, or At the Spawning Stream; First Nation

Abitibi: Half-way Water (in reference to trading posts in either direction)

Agawa Canyon: Bending Shore

Alderville: First Nation

Algonquin: Spearing Fish from the End of a Canoe, or Spearing Fish Place

Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn: A Hilly Place; First Nation

Animbiigoo Zaagi'igan Anishinaabek (ntg);): First Nation

Anishinaabeg of Naongashiing: Big Island: First Nation

Aroland: First Nation

Atikameksheng Anishnawbek: (ntg) formerly known as the Whitefish Lake First Nation

Atikokan: Caribou Bones

Attawapiskat: Rock Bottom; People of the Parting of the Rocks; First Nation

Baagwaashiing: Where the Water is Shallow; aka Pays Plat (French: Flat Land); First Nation

Batchewana: First Nation

Batchewana Bay: Welling Waters Place

Batchewana; First Nation

Bearfoot Onondaga: First Nation

Beausoleil: First Nation

Beaverhouse  (non-Status);): First Nation

Big Grassy: First Nation

Biinjitiwaabik Zaaging Anishinaabek (ntg);): First Nation

Bkejwanong: Where the Waters Divide (Walpole Island); First Nation

Brantford: named after the prominent Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant

Brunswick House: First Nation

Caldwell: First Nation

Cat Lake: First Nation

Cataraqui: Where River and Lake Meet

Cayuga: Here They Take the Boats Out

Chapleau Cree: First Nation

Chippawa: People Without Moccasins

Chippewa of the Thames: First Nation

Chippewas of Georgina Island: First Nation

Chippewas of Kettle & Stony Point: First Nation

Chippewas of Mnjikaning: The Fish Fence at the Narrows; (aka Rama); First Nation

Chippewas of Nawash (formerly known as Cape Croker);): First Nation

Chippewas of Saugeen: First Nation

Coaticook: River of Pines

Constance Lake; First Nation

Couchiching: Edge of a Whirlpool; or from Gojijing: Inlet; First Nation

Curve Lake; First Nation

Deer Lake: First Nation

Delaware: First Nation

Dokis: First Nation

Eabametoong First Nation: At the Reversing of the Waterplace

Eagle Lake: First Nation

Erie: Long-tailed, or Panther

Etobicoke: from Wahdobekaung; Forest of Alders, or Place Where Alders Grow

Flying Post: First Nation

Fort Albany: First Nation

Fort Severn: First Nation

Fort William: First Nation

Gananoque: Rocks in Deep Water, or Rocks Rising Out of River

Ginoogaming (formerly known as Long Lake 77);): First Nation

Gogama: Fish Leap Over the Water

Grassy Narrows: aka Asubpeeschoseewagong (ntg); aka Iskapiciwan: Dried-up Stream; First Nation

Gull Bay: First Nation

Hiawatha: First Nation

Hornepayne: First Nation

Iroquois: Real Adders

Iskutewizaagegan: (ntg) (formerly known as Shoal Lake 39 First Nation)

Kakabeka Falls: River of Short Bends and Many Islands, or Always Plenty of Game

Kaministiquia: (River) With Islands

Kapuskasing: from Paskeshegay; Rushing Water, Shooting Water, or Bend in River

Kasabonika Lake: (ntg); First Nation

Kashechewan First Nation: Where the Water Flows Fast

Keewatin: North Wind Place

Keewaywin: Going Home, or Going Back; First Nation

Kenogami: Long Water

Kenora: a municipal name coined from KEewatin (see above), NOrman, and RAt Portage

Ketegaunseebee: Garden River First Nation

Kingfisher: First Nation

Komoka: Place Where the Dead Lie

Koocheching: (ntg); First Nation

Lac des Mille Lacs: First Nation

Lac La Croix: First Nation

Lac Seul: First Nation

Little Current: aka Waibejewung: Place Where the Waters Flow Back and Forth

Long Lake: First Nation

Madawaska: Grassy River Mouth; or People of the Shadows

Maganetewan: Long, Open Channel, or Swiftly Flowing River

Magnetawan: Swiftly Flowing Waters; First Nation

Manitoulin: Island of the Spirit; or a corruption of Manitowaning: At the Spirit's Cave (the root, Manitou, means Spirit)

Manitowaning: Great Spirit Cave

Marten Falls: First Nation

Matachewan: Meeting of the Currents; First Nation

Mattagami: Meeting of the Currents; First Nation

Mattawa: Where the Current Begins, River Flowing Into the Lake, or River Flowing Into Another Body of Water

McDowell Lake: First Nation

M'Chigeeng: Village Enclosed by Stepped Cliffs; First Nation

Michipicoten: Big Blufs, Bold Promontories Place, or Broken, Craggy Highlands Place; First Nation

Mimico: Wild Pigeon Place

Mindemoya, Lake: Old Woman Lake

Mishkeegogamang: (formerly known as Osnaburgh); First Nation

Missanabie Cree: Pictured Water: First Nation

Missinaibi: Pictures on the Water (reference to pictographs along banks)

Mississauga: River Having Many Outlets; First Nation

Mississaugas of Scugog Island: Swampy or Marshy Land; First Nation

Mississaugas of the Credit: First Nation

Mnjikaning First Nation: Near the Fishing Weirs

Mocreebec Indian Government: First Nation

Mohawks of Akwesasne: Land Where the Partridge Drums; First Nation

Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte: First Nation

Moose Cree: First Nation

Moose Deer Point: First Nation

Moosonee: At the Moose (River)

Munsee-Delaware Nation: First Nation

Muskoka: Red Earth; or from Mesqua Ukie: (Chief) Yellowhead

Muskrat Dam Lake: First Nation

Naicatchewenin: At the Place Where the Current is Obstructed; First Nation

Nakina: Land Covered with Moss

Namaygoosisagagun: Trout Lake (non-Status); First Nation

Nanticoke: Tide-water

Naotkamegwanning Anishinabe: Of the Whitefish Point; First Nation

Napanee: Flour

Nassagaweya: River with Two Outlets

Neebing: Summer

Neskantaga: (ntg); First Nation

Netmizaaggamig Nishnaabeg: (ntg) (formerly Pic Mobert); First Nation

Niagara: Bisected Bottom Lands, Neck of Land Between Lakes, Thunder of Waters, or Resounding with Great Noise; aka Kitchi-Gaugeedjiwunng: Great Falls

Nibinamik First Nation: Summer Beaver

Nigigoonsiminikaaning First Nation: Place Abundant with Little-Otter Berries

Niisaachewan Anishinaabe Nation: (ntg); First Nation

Nipigon: So Long that You Cannot See the End of It; or from Animibeegoong: Along the Water's Edge, or Continuous Water

Nipissing, Lake: At the Place of the Waters; or In a Little Water, or In the Leaves; or from Nipisisinan: Little Body of Water (ie. the smallest of the Great Lakes); First Nation

North Caribou Lake: First Nation

North Spirit Lake: First Nation

Northwest Angle No. 33: First Nation

Northwest Angle No. 37: First Nation

Ojibways of Garden River: First Nation

Ojibways of Onigaming: The Portage; First Nation

Ojibways of Sucker Creek: First Nation

Ojibways of the Pic River: First Nation

Onaping: from Onumananing: Red Paint, or Vermillion

Oneida Nation of the Thames: First Nation

Oneida: People of the Upright Stone

Opeongo: Sandy at the Narrows

Oshawa: To Go to the Other Side, Stream Crossing, or Carrying Place

Otonabee: River That Beats Like a Heart

Ottawa: Bartering Place, To Trade; Basil Johnston, an Ojibway speaker, says the word means To Sell, not To Trade; he also says that the Ottawa River is named from Odauwuhnshk, which means Bullrush River

Parry Island: orig. Waussaukissing: Brightly Reflecting

Peawanuck: Flintstone; new name for Winisk

Penetanguishene: Place of White Falling Sands, or Where the Sand Slides Down the Bank

Petawawa: Noise of Water Far Away is Heard

Pikangikum: Lake of Calm Waters; First Nation

Pikwakanagan First Nation: Hilly Place, or Hlly Country Covered in Evergreens

Poplar Hill: First Nation

Poplar Point: First Nation

Powassan: Big Bend

Rainy River: Ojiji Ziibi; First Nation

Red Rock Band: First Nation

Sabaskong: Passage Way

Sachigo Lake: (ntg); First Nation

Sagamok Anishnawbek: Two Points Joining, or Many Rivers Joining; First Nation

Sand Point: First Nation

Sandy Lake: First Nation

Sarnia: orig. Aumidjiwunaung: Place Where the Waters Collect

Saugeen: Zaagiing:; At the Mouth of the River; First Nation

Sault Ste. Marie; orig. Baweting: Gathering Place of the People, Place of the Rapids, or River Beaten to a Spray

Scugog: Muddy Bottom, Submerged Land, or Waves Leap Over a Canoe

Seine River: First Nation

Serpent River: First Nation

Shawanaga: Long Bay or Strait, or South Portage; First Nation

Sheboygan: Great Noise

Sheguiandah: Bay of Gray Slate; First Nation

Sheshegwaning: (ntg); First Nation

Shingwauk: Place of Pines

Shoal Lake: First Nation

Shuniah: Money, or Silver

Six Nations of the Grand River: First Nation

Slate Falls: First Nation

Spadina: from Ishapadenah: Hill (Toronto Street name)

St. Clair (Lake): orig. Wauwi-autinoong: Round Lake

Stanjikoming (a true misnomer with no meaning in any Indigenous language): changing name to Mitaanjigamiing: Where Shallow Water Runs into Deep Water; First Nation

Superior (Lake): orig. Kitch-gummeng: Great Lake (of the Ojibway)

Taykwa Tagamou: (ntg) (formerly known as New Post); First Nation

Tecumseh: Panther Crouching for its Prey

Temagami: Deep Water by the Shore; First Nation

Temiscaming: Deep Dry Water Place (dry in summer)

Thessalon: from Neyashewun: Point of Land; First Nation

Thomas Bay (on Manitoulin Island): aka Wanoshkang Bay: You Must Go Around

Thunder Bay: from the Native, Animikie-Wekwed; orig. Gamanautigawaeyauk: Land of Many River Islands

Timagami: Deep Water

Timiskaming: Deep Water, or In the Deep Water

Toronto: Fallen Trees in the Water, or Meeting Place; or from Deondo: Trees Growing Out of the Water; or from Kanitareonto: Bay in the Lake, or Opening; or from Thorontohen: Timbers on the Water

Wabaseemoong First Nation: Whitedog

Wabigoon: Marigold, or White Feather; First Nation

Wahgoshig: Little Fox; First Nation

Wahnapitae: Place Where Water is Shaped Like a Tooth; First Nation

Wahta Mohawks: Sugar Maple; First Nation

Wapekeka: (ntg) (formerly known as Angling Lake First Nation); First Nation

Wasauksing First Nation: Place that Shines Brightly in the Reflection of the Sacred Light

Wasauksing: (formerly Parry Island First Nation); First Nation

Washagamis Bay: (also Obashkaandagaang) (ntg); First Nation

Wauzhushk First Nation: Portage to the Country of the Muskrats

Wawa: Cry of the Wild Goose, or simply Wild Goose

Wawakapewin First Nation: Long Dog Lake

Wawanosh: Beautiful Sailor

Webequie First Nation: Shaking Head

Weenusk First Nation: Groundhog

Whitesand: First Nation

Whitewater Lake: First Nation

Wikwemikong: Bay of Beavers; Unceded Indian Territory; First Nation

Winisk: now called Peawanuck: Flintstone

Wunnumin First Nation: Vermillion Lake

Wyoming: At the Big River Flat

Zhiibaahaasing: (ntg) (formerly Cockburn Island 19A); First Nation

Battle of the Thames River, Ontario, depicting the death of Tecumseh, October 5, 1813. Image courtesy of Library of Congress

Royce Map of Pennsylvania - West

Royce Map of Pennsylvania - East

Pennsylvania Place Names

Pennsylvania has no federally-recognized or state-recognized Tribes

Allegheny: from Kithanne: Main Stream

Carlisle