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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
INDUSTRIAL VALVES Improve the design and safety of your industrial valves with this comprehensive guide Industrial valves are used to regulate the flow of liquids, gases, or slurries. They are fundamental to multiple industries, including marine shipping, in which valves regulate power supply, wastewater, water for fire-fighting, and other shipboard essentials. They are also critical to the oil and gas industry, where valves are used to control the flow of oil or gas out of deposits, direct the crude oil refining process, protect key areas and equipment from spillage and overflow, and more. Without the safety and regulating power provided by industrial valves these industries could not proceed. This book provides a thorough introduction to the modeling and calculation of key challenges related to valve design, manufacturing, and operation. It focuses particularly on solving problems of material failure due to corrosion and cavitation, allowing readers to construct valve designs that will maximize safety and reliability. It is a critical resource in helping protect workplaces, industrial sites, and valuable equipment from the externalities of these fundamental industrial resources. Readers will also find: * Applied calculations based on real-life cases from industry * Information based on international standards including NORSOK (Norwegian standard) and IECs (European standards) * Based on decades of experience in the relevant industries Industrial Valves is a useful reference for engineers and practitioners in the oil and gas and marine industries, piping engineers, valve manufacturers, and more.
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Seitenzahl: 588
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Industrial Valves
Calculations for Design, Manufacturing, Operation, and Safety Decisions
First Edition
Karan Sotoodeh
University of Stavanger
Oslo, Norway
Copyright © 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Sotoodeh, Karan, author.Title: Industrial valves : calculations for design, manufacturing, operation, and safety decisions / Karan Sotoodeh.Description: First edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2023] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023002088 (print) | LCCN 2023002089 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394185023 (cloth) | ISBN 9781394185030 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394185054 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Valves–Design and construction–Mathematics. | Fluid dynamics–Mathematics. | Engineering mathematics–Formulae.Classification: LCC TS277 .S68 2023 (print) | LCC TS277 (ebook) | DDC 621.8/40151–dc23/eng/20230302LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023002088LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023002089
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2Valve Sizing
2.1 Introduction
Valve sizing is an essential engineering task that must be done accurately since improper valve sizing is both expensive and inconvenient. If a valve is too small, it cannot pass the required flow and compromises flow assurance and process integrity. On the other hand, an oversized valve increases the cost. Valve sizing is typically conducted based on both theoretical and experimental methods: Valve sizing is split based on the valve's applications, such as isolation valves, nonreturn or check valves, control valves, and safety valves.
2.2 Isolation Valve Sizing
A ball, plug, or gate valve that stops and starts fluids normally has the same size as the pipe it is connected to. A 3″ isolation valve, for example, is typically connected to a 3″ pipe. It is possible for ball valves to have a full or reduced bore, and the bore is defined by the size of the hole inside the ball. Full‐bore ball valves in 3‐in. sizes have a nominal pipe size (NPS) of 3″. Reduced bore ball valves in 3 in. sizes have a NPS of 3″ × 2″. As an example, a 3″ refers to the size of the valve end connected to the piping, whereas a 2″ refers to the size of the valve bore. Engineers intend to use a reduced bore ball valve as a first choice because of its lower cost unless the reduced bore causes flow assurance problems or undesirably very high‐pressure drop. As an example, ball valves on subflare lines which are installed before and after pressure safety valves (PSVs) shall be a full bore to allow a sudden release of fluid from the piping system to the flare line upon overpressurization. Further, some ball valves are subject to the piping injected gadget (PIG) running for cleaning or maintenance. So these valves must have an internal diameter equal to the internal diameter of the connected piping. Using the following example, it is possible to look at how to select a ball valve for stopping/starting the flow in a piping system. This will satisfy the process engineers' need to set the flow rate.
Example 2.1
A ball valve is installed on the water piping that is 4 in. in diameter and 60 °F. According to the process engineer, the valve has a flow rate of 8000 US gallons per minute (gpm). Valve inlet and outlet pressures are 600 psi and 585 psi, respectively. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 provide the flow coefficient values provided by the valve manufacturer for full bore and reduced bore ball valves in size ranges ranging from 1/2″ to 20″. Select the appropriate size for the valve.
Table 2.1 Flow coefficient (Cv) for full‐bore ball valves (size ranges: 1/2″–18″).
Valve size
in.
1/2″
3/4″
1″
1.5″
2″
3″
4″
6″
8″
mm
12
19
25
37.5
50
75
100
150
200
Flow coefficient (
C
v
)
26
50
94
560
480
1300
2300
5400
10,000
in.
10″
12″
14″
16″
18″
Mm
250
300
350
400
450
Flow coefficient (
C
v
)
16,000
24,000
31,400
43,000
57,000
Table 2.2 Flow coefficient (Cv) for reduced bore ball valves (size ranges: 3″–20″).
Valve size
in.
3″
4″
6″
8″
10″
12″
14″
16″
18″
mm
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Flow coefficient (
C
v
)
420
770
1800
2500
4500
8000
12,000
14,000
18,000
in.
20″
mm
500
Flow coefficient (
C
v
)
22,000
Ball valves in the size range of 2″ and below are not reduced bore typically.
Answer
The first ball valve choice is a reduced bore 4″ × 3″ ball valve, which is a cheaper alternative. However, a 4″ reduced bore ball valve has a flow coefficient of 770 gpm/psi as per Table 1.2 which does not meet the required flow coefficient of 2066 gpm/psi. Thus, a reduced bore ball valve is not appropriate in this case. Alternatively, the flow coefficient of a 4″ full‐bore ball valve is 2300 gpm/psi, which is compatible with the required flow coefficient. Thus, a 4″ full‐bore ball valve is the best choice.
Butterfly valves have gained popularity for flow isolation since they are more compact and lighter than gate and ball valves. A butterfly valve is a reduced bore valve, which is helpful to know. Butterfly valves, which are quarter‐turn valves, have advantages over ball valves, gate valves, and plug valves, such as saving weight, space, and costs, as well as the amount of torque required to open and close a butterfly valve. A quarter‐turn valve has a valve closure member and stem that are rotated 90° between open and closed positions. A butterfly valve may also have a wafer‐type design or a flangeless design, which enables the installation of the valve between two flanges. Based on the required flow coefficient and the inlet and outlet pipe sizes, the following example shows how to size a butterfly valve.
Example 2.2
Flow coefficient values for the 70° open and fully open positions of butterfly valves are shown in Table 2.3 based on the inlet and outlet pipe sizes from 4″ to 10″.
The crude oil at 60 °F with a specific gravity of 0.8 and flow rate of 3500 US gpm is passing through the butterfly valve at the fully open position. The butterfly valve's inlet and outlet pressure values are 10 psi and 7 psi, respectively. What should be the size of the valve, inlet, and outlet pipe?
Answer
The advantage of the flow coefficient values shown in Table 2.3 is that they have been corrected to account for the effects of piping geometry factors. The butterfly valve Cv values in the table have been adjusted to account for pressure losses caused by pipe fittings, such as reducers and expanders, which might be connected directly to the butterfly valve's inlet or outlet connections. The second point is that in this example, the butterfly valve is used for flow isolation. Therefore, the second column from the right, which shows the flow coefficient at 70° open, is for flow control or throttling, and it would not be applicable here. The next section calculates the required valve flow coefficient for a fully open position.
Table 2.3 Flow coefficient values for butterfly valves based on the inlet and outlet pipe sizes from 4″ to 10″.
Inlet pipe size
Butterfly valve size
Outlet pipe size
Flow coefficient in 70° open position
