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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This book is essential for anyone working in laboratories or workshops, as it provides crucial insights into safety measures, accident management, and first-aid procedures that are often lacking in institutional guidelines.
Most institutions lack a collective manual or guidelines that inform individuals working in laboratories or workshops about safety precautions or how to deal with accidents that occur on the premises. This leaves a gap that may result in fatalities or collateral damage. Institutional and Industrial Safety Engineering Practices will provide insight into the safety measures that should be followed for the proper functioning of laboratories and workshops present in an institution. It will also help readers deal with any accident or fire hazard occurring on the premises and provide steps for first aid.
After reading this book, readers will be able to comprehend the ideas and challenges linked to industrial safety, the incorporation of safety at the design stage to improve safety performance, and the analysis, prediction, and reduction of risks via the use of analytics and safety management. This book will also include safety key performance indicators used in various industries, which will assist readers in taking preventative measures at their workplace to avoid accidents. The rules of occupational safety and health management, which are responsible for preserving worker health and safety, are also covered.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Section 1: INSTITUTIONAL SAFETY
1 Introduction to Safety: Philosophy and Terminology
1.1 Background
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Philosophy of Safety
1.4 Safety Terminology
References
2 Safety and Behavior at Laboratories, Workshop, and Institution
2.1 Background
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Roles and Responsibilities
2.4 Safe Lab Practices
2.5 Workshop Safety
References
3 Globally Harmonized System (GHS): Classification and Labeling
3.1 Background
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Scope of GHS
3.4 Hazards Covered by the GHS
3.5 Globally Harmonized System (GHS) Labels
References
4 Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
4.1 Background
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Importance of Safety Data Sheet
4.4 Who Produces Safety Data?
4.5 Need of Safety Data Sheet
4.6 Responsibilities Related with the Safety Data Sheet
4.7 Contents of Safety Data Sheets
4.8 When a SDS is Obtained, What Should be Done?
Bibliography
5 Safety in Chemical Laboratories in Academic Institutions
5.1 Background
5.2 Introduction
5.3 The RAMP Concept
5.4 Incident Prevention
5.5 Protocols for Laboratory
References
6 First Aid and Compressed Gas Safety in Academic Institution Laboratories
6.1 Background
6.2 Introduction to First Aid at Laboratories
6.3 Introduction to Compressed Gas Cylinder Handling
References
7 Sharps Safety at Academic Institution Laboratories
7.1 Background
7.2 Introduction to Sharps
7.3 Hazards Associated with Sharps
7.4 Occurrence of Sharps Injuries
7.5 Prevention of Injuries Caused by Sharps
7.6 Handling of Sharps
7.7 Disposal of Sharps
7.8 Reduction of Sharps
7.9 Knowledge About the Environment During Disposal of Sharps
7.10 First Aid for Accidents Caused Due to Sharps
References
8 Safety Equipment in Academic Institution Laboratories and Workshops
8.1 Background
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Importance of Lab and Workshop Safety Equipment
8.4 Purpose of Lab and Workshop Safety Equipment
8.5 Different Types of Safety Equipment
8.6 Regular Maintenance and Inspections of Lab Safety Equipment
References
Section 2: INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
9 Introduction to Industrial Safety Engineering
9.1 Background
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Safety Engineering
9.4 Need for Safety
9.5 Types of Unsafe Acts
9.6 Unsafe Working Conditions
9.7 Safety Programs
9.8 Stakeholders
9.9 Accident Causation Model
9.10 Hazard Theory
9.11 Hazard Triangle
9.12 Hazard Recognition
9.13 Individual Risk and Societal Risk
9.14 Risk Assessment
9.15 Prevention Through Design
Bibliography
10 Hazard Identification and Analysis Techniques
10.1 Background
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Importance of Hazard Identification
10.4 When is it Done?
10.5 Who Prepares Hazard Identification?
10.6 Some Commonly Used Hazard Identification and Analysis Techniques
References
11 Safety Function Deployment and Quantification of Basic Events
11.1 Background
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Safety Function Deployment (SFD)
11.4 Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA)
11.5 Quantification of Basic Events
References
12 Human Errors: Classification, Causes, and Identification
12.1 Background
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Causes of Human Error
12.4 Identification of Human Error
12.5 Prevention of Human Error
References
13 Accident: Causes, Identification, and Investigation
13.1 Background
13.2 Introduction
13.3 What is an Accident and Why Should it be Investigated?
13.4 Classification of Accident
13.5 Different Types of Industrial Accidents
13.6 Common Causes of Industrial Accidents
13.7 Accident Investigation
13.8 Importance of Conducting Accident Investigation
13.9 Objectives of Accident Investigation
13.10 Structure of an Accident Report
13.11 Steps for Conducting Accident Investigation
13.12 Different Methods of Accident Investigations
13.13 Structure of an Accident Investigation Report
13.14 Who Should Conduct the Accident Investigation?
13.15 What Should be Looked at as the Cause of an Accident?
13.16 Fact Collection for Industrial Accident Investigations
13.17 What Should be Done if the Accidental Investigation Reveals Human Error?
References
14 Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.1 Background
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Steps Involved in Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.4 Importance of Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.5 Classification of Risk in Perspective of Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.6 Different Types of Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.7 Advantages of Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.8 Disadvantages of Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.9 Applications of Risk-Based Decision-Making
14.10 How to Make Risk-Based Decision-Making More Effective?
References
15 Risk-Based Maintenance
15.1 Background
15.2 Introduction
15.3 Importance of Risk-Based Maintenance
15.4 How to Conduct Risk-Based Maintenance
15.5 Advantages of Risk-Based Maintenance
15.6 Disadvantages of Risk-Based Maintenance
15.7 Application of Risk-Based Maintenance in Different Areas
15.8 How to Make Risk-Based Maintenance More Efficient?
References
16 Safety Key Performance Indicators
16.1 Background
16.2 Introduction
16.3 Defining and Tracking Safety Key Performance Indicators
16.4 Advantages of Safety Key Performance Indicators
16.5 Disadvantages of Safety Key Performance Indicators
16.6 Application of Safety Key Performance Indicators
16.7 How to Make Safety Key Performance Indicators More Efficient?
References
17 Occupational Health, Safety Management Systems, and Working Conditions
17.1 Background
17.2 Introduction to Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
17.3 Introduction to ISO 45001 Standard
17.4 Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Different lab coat materials.
Table 8.2 Different colors of lab coat according to the usage.
Table 8.3 Different types of gloves.
Table 8.4 Different types of face mask.
Table 8.5 Different types of shoes.
Table 8.6 Different types of ear protection.
Table 8.7 Different classes of fire and suitable fire extinguisher.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Different symbols used in FTA.
Table 10.2 FMEA scales.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Different reasons of accident causation.
Figure 1.2 Different types of cost due to accident.
Figure 1.3 A commonly used “DANGER” sign.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Safety shower with eye wash and fire extinguisher.
Figure 2.2 Different lab safety attires.
Figure 2.3 No eating and drinking symbol.
Figure 2.4 Different workshop safety attire.
Figure 2.5 Different welding safety attires.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Hazard group classification.
Figure 3.2 Sample GHS label of carbon monoxide: (a) product identifier, (b) si...
Figure 3.3 Hazard categories and their codes.
Figure 3.4 Precautionary statements codes.
Figure 3.5 Pictogram of corrosive material.
Figure 3.6 Pictogram of gas cylinder.
Figure 3.7 Pictogram of flammable substance.
Figure 3.8 Pictogram of oxidizing substance.
Figure 3.9 Pictogram of explosive.
Figure 3.10 Pictogram of reactive material.
Figure 3.11 Pictogram of acute toxic material.
Figure 3.12 Pictogram of substance that possess health hazard.
Figure 3.13 Pictogram of severe toxic material.
Figure 3.14 Pictogram of substances that possess environmental risk.
Figure 3.15 Pictogram of bio-hazardous substance.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Common laboratory hazards.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Different types of compressed gas cylinder.
Figure 6.2 Compressed gas cylinder trolley, pressure regulator, and wrench.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Safety goggles.
Figure 8.2 Different colors of lab coat.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Plot of safety and health issues.
Figure 9.2 Different stakeholders in safety of an organization.
Figure 9.3 Accident causation model of domino theory.
Figure 9.4 Loss causation model.
Figure 9.5 Energy damage model.
Figure 9.6 Time sequence model.
Figure 9.7 The Swiss cheese model.
Figure 9.8 Basic hazard theory.
Figure 9.9 The hazard triangle.
Figure 9.10 Basic steps of risk assessment.
Figure 9.11 Sample of risk assessment matrix.
Figure 9.12 Prevention through design chart.
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 The HAZOP analysis process.
Figure 10.2 Bow tie analysis.
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Categorization of human errors.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Basic classification of accidents.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Structure of risk-based decision-making.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Framework of risk-based maintenance.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 OHSMS cycle.
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
Also of Interest
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Institutional and Industrial Safety Engineering Practices
Abhishek Barua
Kanchan Kumari
Sumit Saha
Siddharth Jeet
and
Swastik Pradhan
This edition first published 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-394-31441-6
Front cover images supplied by Adobe FireflyCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
Safety is one of the key dimensions of monitoring and maintaining the health and well-being of individuals working in a workspace, laboratory, institutional campus, or any industry. Safety by design, or prevention through design, is at the core of keeping systems safe. The objective of this book is to impart knowledge of various aspects and facets of safety, with a focus on tools, techniques, and procedures. This book is divided into two sections: Section 1: Safety and Behavior at Workspaces and Laboratories on Any Institutional Campus; and Section 2: Industrial Safety Engineering Practices.
The institutional campus includes various types of laboratories and workshops that deal with hazardous substances and, at times, hinder the safety of an individual or any assets. As a result, on the premises, certain safety and accident prevention guidelines should be followed and practiced. Section 1 of the book will detail the best safety practices and accident prevention guidelines that should be followed in any laboratory or workshop. It will also detail how to handle any chemicals, materials, apparatus, machinery, or tools, as well as how to dispose of materials, chemicals, or biological waste. It will also address global fire safety practices. The book will also teach readers how to report and react appropriately to accidents, in addition to providing first aid.
Section 2 of the book will provide the concepts of engineering system safety, dimensions of engineering system safety, safety design, and integrating safety with other operational objectives such as quality and dependability. It will also provide some case studies on the practices adapted by industries. Modern industrial safety practices are very different from the literature and information available previously. This book will provide methods that are being used in industries. Safety analytics is used for a variety of purposes, including analyzing safety performance and identifying specific areas for improvement by mapping safety factors based on safety data and incident reports, predicting occupational incidents, and evaluating occupational hazards that must be discussed. Accident investigation and safety will also be discussed, which entails conducting a scientific and academic analysis of the facts that occurred during an accident and conducting an investigation to determine the root cause of the accident in order to make recommendations or take corrective action to prevent the occurrence of the same or a similar event in the future. The rules of occupational safety and health management, which are responsible for preserving worker health and safety, must also be considered.
AuthorsAbhishek BaruaKanchan KumariSumit SahaSiddharth JeetSwastik Pradhan
Section 1INSTITUTIONAL SAFETY
1Introduction to Safety: Philosophy and Terminology
Abstract
This chapter deals with the basics of safety and its necessity in an organization. The philosophy of safety, which deals with common causes and their remedial measures, was also discussed. Lastly, some common terminologies associated with safety, i.e., accident, danger, hazards, disaster, emergency, error, and risk, were also stated along with their causes and effects.
Keywords: Safety, philosophy of safety, safety terminology, accident, danger, hazard, disaster, risk
1.1 Background
We live in an unsafe environment. Natural dangers include fire, flood, storm, hunger, and illness. Technological and economic development has made us less vulnerable to these threats. However, technology also introduces new risks, such as workplace mishaps, vehicle accidents, toxic substances, and radiation. Future technologies, such as genetic modification or artificial intelligence, may pose dire dangers to the human species. These dangers are the most compelling case against a naïve or careless approach to development. To completely comprehend development, we must first comprehend danger and safety.
1.2 Introduction
A safe scenario is one in which hazards and conditions are controlled to safeguard people’s and society’s health and well-being. Individuals, communities, governments, and others must create and maintain the following conditions to achieve an optimal level of safety: a climate of social cohesion and peace; equity in protecting human rights and freedoms; prevention and control of injuries and other consequences or harm caused by accidents; respect for values; and the physical, material, and social environment. Environmental initiatives (physical, technical, social, economic, political, and organizational) as well as behavioral initiatives can serve to ensure these circumstances.
Safety is a value, and improvements in safety are seen as progress. We have made progress itself safer by requiring higher levels of testing and analysis before new technologies are put on the market. For example, a century ago, little to no testing was performed on new drugs, but, today, they go through extensive, multi-stage trials. In both nature and technology, we must actively pursue and build for safety. It necessitates procedures, norms, and protocols, as well as education and training, feedback loops, leadership, and statistical thinking protocols. Pressure valves, seat belts, and smoke alarms can all assist, but, ultimately, safety needs human answers.
Safety has typically been reactive, but, as we move forward, we must foresee risks in advance. This is because, as the baseline level of risk diminishes, it makes reason to reduce our tolerance for risks of all types, and the more advanced our technology becomes, the more possible harm we can cause. Being vigilant about safety entails recognizing risks through theory rather than experience, and this has intrinsic epistemic constraints. Even when risks are anticipated, individuals do not always take them seriously.
Broad skills help protect against broad categories of risk, including those we cannot predict. Science helps us comprehend risk and what we can do to reduce it; technology provides us with instruments; and riches and infrastructure provide a buffer against disruptions. The route to safety does not involve prohibiting wide areas of R&D or slowing development in general. The route to safety varies greatly depending on the topic. It requires the most accurate threat models that we can create, as well as particular tools, methods, procedures, and standards to counter them.
1.3 Philosophy of Safety
The philosophy of safety is the search for and coordinate common causes and remedial measures for general as well as specific safety problems. It starts with the essential need or prerequisite of safety, its foundations, causation analysis and consequences, methods of detecting unsafe circumstances and unsafe actions, and the reason and order of mishap occurrence. It then investigates physical, physiological, psychological, and other factors affecting and strengthening safety; the costs and types of accidents; the types of safety management; and methods and means of providing and maintaining safe working conditions, as well as human actions affecting people’s health and safety and environmental safety. It also discusses the genesis, growth, and amendment of safety legislation, as well as its innovation, as well as all corporate and environmental safety requirements. The field of safety philosophy is limitless, its scope is broad, and it encompasses the entire subject of safety, from its origins to the most recent advances in causality and behavioral analysis to modern concepts of design, testing, reliability, hazard control technology, risk analysis, assessment, and audit, emergency planning, public awareness and involvement programs, and all future developments [1, 2].
The goals of philosophy of safety theory are to consider what is secure, why it is needed, where it is needed, what kinds and applications exist, and so on. The philosophy of safety also consists of protect and service humanity by researching, proposing, and implementing secure behaviors, working circumstances, and environments for everyone’s safety, health, and well-being. This demonstrates the utmost significance of the topic of safety, as it has begun to form the age-old need for it eternally. This is the ultimate importance of safety guideline.
1.4 Safety Terminology
Many phrases and terminology in safety science, like in other areas of science, are now well defined. From a legal standpoint, some terms are specified by laws. The following is a list of some frequently used safety terms. It is critical to comprehend these terms because they clarify many ideas in safety theory, science, and law [3, 4].
1.4.1 Accident
An accident is an unplanned and uncontrollable occurrence in which the action or response of a substance, object, radiation, or person causes or increases the likelihood of physical harm. In the public health field, unintentional injury is the favored word for accidental injury. It is defined as any occurrence that disrupts or conflicts with the orderly progression of the activity and causes or is likely to cause harm, with or without property or environmental damage. An accident is defined as an undesired transfer of energy beyond the threshold boundaries that has the potential to cause human harm, property destruction, or both. A fatal accident, also known as a fatality from accident, is defined as an accident that results in one or more fatalities within 1 year of the date of the accident.
Accidents happen either due to any unsafe working condition or to any unsafe act by any person (Figure 1.1). Unsafe conditions include any faults related to mechanical, physical, chemical, etc., whereas unsafe acts include error, ignorance, or overconfidence on the part of a person. Accidents cost an organization directly or indirectly (Figure 1.2). Direct costs include property damage, medical compensation to the affected person, and legal expenses, whereas indirect costs include time loss, production loss, and loss of image for the organization.
Figure 1.1 Different reasons of accident causation.
Figure 1.2 Different types of cost due to accident.
1.4.1.1 Accident-Consequence Analysis
Accident consequence analysis is an examination of the anticipated consequences of a mishap, regardless of its frequency or likelihood. Typically, this is done after the risk assessment to forecast the outcomes, i.e., the severity of the effects, due to the worst or most plausible accident situations. The risk study of the impacted people, property, and surroundings can be done using accident consequence analysis. Computer software is helpful for performing consequence and risk analyses. In this form of analysis, the determination of the following factors is important:
The type of material being discharged, for example, gas, liquid with vapor, and liquid.
The type of discharge, such as instantaneous, sporadic, or constant.
In the instance of a liquid reservoir, the leak rate, evaporation rate, and discharge amount.
Calculation of the discharged mass’ dispersion: Atmospheric factors are taken into account.
Damage distances, i.e., the destructive concentration or impact of fire or detonation at various distances in the direction of the breeze or other depicting these distances and effects.
The severity of the impact, i.e., vulnerability in terms of potential deaths, injuries, structure destruction, or environmental harm. Application of the probit equation.
Plotting risk markers on a map of the discharge site and surrounding region: Counters should show regions of low, medium, and high risk.
1.4.1.2 Accident Prevention
Accident avoidance is both a science and an art. Above all, it symbolizes control, i.e., control over human performance, machine or apparatus performance, and the real surroundings. The term “control” implies both avoidance and rectification of dangerous situations and actions. The first move toward management is prevention. Knowledge of psychology, logic, and management is required to regulate unsafe human actions. Controlling hazardous circumstances necessitates understanding of engineering, health effects, workplace hygiene, ergonomics, and so on. Accident avoidance entails five steps: organization, fact-finding analysis if the facts are discovered, remedy selection, remedy implementation, and review. The sixth monitoring measure should be examined. It includes outcome measurement, appraisal (comparison with legal criteria or standards), feedback, and, if required, further development.
1.4.2 Danger
Danger denotes the degree of exposure to a potentially lethal situation, which can lead to death or serious injury if not avoided. The word “DANGER” should only be used in the most extreme situations (Figure 1.3) and not be used for property damage hazards unless there is also a personal injury risk at these levels. The danger can be reduced by taking appropriate precautions.
Dangerous occurrences can take several forms, including the pressure-induced burst of a steam plant: failure or collapse of lifting equipment, overturning of a crane fire, explosions, and the escape of molten metal, hot spirits, gas, and other substances; and explosion of a pressure vessel, collapse, or subsidence of a structure.
1.4.3 Hazard
A hazard is any item, circumstance, or behavior that can cause injury, sickness, environmental harm, or property damage. Some are readily recognized and rectified, whereas others are unescapable aspects of the work that must be minimized and managed via various control measures. The term “hazards” refers to a wide group. Some hazards are severe and offer an instant threat to one’s health and safety. Others, such as many chemicals, vapors, and radioactivity, have effects that take longer to manifest or have accumulated effects.
Figure 1.3 A commonly used “DANGER” sign.
Physical, chemical, mechanical, ergonomic, biological, and psychosocial are some of the categories of hazards found in a workplace. While each hazard will necessitate a unique set of controls to mitigate the risks associated with it, there is a commonly accepted hierarchy of control measures that applies to all hazards. Hazards at work are not always visible to the naked eye; we must sometimes look closely. There are three types of hazards:
Visible hazards are those that can be seen, heard, smelled, felt, or otherwise detected by the inspector (open edges, moving machine parts, and vehicles).
Hidden hazards: Those that cannot be detected without a more thorough investigation (radiation, dust, and ergonomic stressors).
Developing hazards: Those that worsen over time may go undetected unless measured (erosion and corrosion).
1.4.4 Disaster
Disaster is a catastrophic scenario in which daily routines of humans are abruptly interrupted, leaving them helpless and suffering. As a result, they require security, housing, clothing, medical and other needs of life. Disaster can be natural such as earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and forest fires or man-made such as factory fires, river pollution, industrial accidents, aircraft crashes, explosions, and collisions of vehicles carrying flammable liquids.
1.4.5 Emergency
An emergency is defined as a sudden event that compromises the safety of one or more individuals. To guarantee a fast and effective response, health and safety practitioners must identify possible dangers, minimize risks, and have emergency planning in place. Employees should have a defined framework for dealing with crises while minimizing the danger to human life and health.
The first stage in developing emergency plans is to evaluate risks and vulnerabilities. Practical methods for mitigating risks should be implemented to prevent crises, but staff must be prepared to respond if efforts to avoid an emergency fail. The strategy should include strategies for avoiding harm and death. Structures, machinery, and materials should be protected as much as possible, and the ecosystem and society at large should not be jeopardized. An effective emergency plan will also handle the actions that must be done following the disaster in order for operations to resume. Specific emergency protocols are developed, and employees are taught in their use.
1.4.6 Error
Human error, planning, design error, manufacturing, maintenance, and administration errors are all examples of errors. Human error is described as any action taken by a human that varies from or contradicts prescribed or set behaviors or processes. Human mistake occurs as a result of absence (failure to perform a required function) or commission (performance of a non-required function), failure to recognize dangers, poor reaction, poor timing, the incorrect choice, an abrupt disruption, and so on. It can be either expected or unpredictable.
Predictable errors arise in comparable circumstances and can be predicted because they have happened several times.
Random error is unpredictable and one of a kind. For example, a fly or bug may suddenly enter the eye, causing a worker to cast away a tool or lose his equilibrium, resulting in a mistake. However, if flies become a frequent, predictable occurrence, then the error becomes predictable, and corrective steps are needed.
1.4.7 Risk
Risk is the possibility or likelihood that a person will be harmed or suffered an adverse health impact if subjected to a hazard. It is the combination of the likelihood of damage occurring and the degree of harm. The most frequently used meaning of risk in the context of workplace safety and health is that it is the chance or probability of contracting an illness or being injured, while hazard alludes to the agent accountable (i.e., smoking).
The following factors affect the degree or probability of risk:
The type of exposure or how frequently a person is exposed to a dangerous object or situation
How the person is exposed
The intensity of the impact
The possible harm or detrimental health effect of the danger, the number of times people are exposed, and the number of people exposed are used to classify risk categories. For example, exposure to airborne asbestos fibers can cause potentially deadly lung disease, whereas short-term exposure to a display screen may be deemed minimal due to the potential damage or detrimental health effects.
References
1. Fadier, E. and De la Garza, C., Safety design: Towards a new philosophy.
Saf. Sci.
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2. Hassan, M.H. and Aly Salem, A.M., The Effect of Safety Philosophical Factors on Risk Management.
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3. Wilson, L., McCutcheon, D., Buchanan, M.,
Industrial safety and risk management
, University of Alberta, Canada, 2003.
4. Gupta, A.,
Industrial safety and environment
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2Safety and Behavior at Laboratories, Workshop, and Institution
Abstract
This chapter introduces the roles and responsibilities of all the persons associated with any institution for maintaining safety on their premises. How safe lab practices can be and their standard operating procedures have also been discussed. In addition to lab safety guidelines, workshop safety has also been discussed. Different units or shops associated with the workshop where the risk of hazards is high have also been discussed along with their respective safety guidelines.
Keywords: Lab safety, workshop safety, safety guidelines
2.1 Background
Although every workplace and job assignment contains some safety dangers, every institute is vulnerable to hazards that pose a greater risk of extensive property damage, serious injury, or catastrophic environmental harm. Because of the highly specialized nature of the work, many tasks are performed by educated and experienced individuals or under the guidance of specialists. It is important to teach and know about safety, its importance, and how to maintain it at the lower level, i.e., at any institute level.
2.2 Introduction
Institutional safety refers to the practices of safety management that apply to any institute, i.e., school, colleges, research laboratories, and university. Those processes aim to protect students, instructors, researchers, laboratories, machinery, facilities, structures, and the environment from any unwanted hazard or mishaps. All divisions of the institute share responsibility for safety. Various organizations with experience in this area offer training, technological knowledge, advising help, tools, and services to ensure that all regulatory requirements are met.
2.3 Roles and Responsibilities
A strong culture of safety—a culture in which all people responsibly accept safety as a core value for long-term health and safety—is supported by a shared collaboration between university administration, professors, researchers, laboratory employees, students, and other organizations. The Institutional Safety Responsibility details the precise duties that various institutional administrative leadership, colleges/schools, divisions, primary scientists, lab employees, and others have in relation to laboratory safety. A distinct administrative policy statement explains the duties and obligations of all participants and sets institutional standards for oversight of physical and chemical safety in research and academic settings.
2.3.1 Senior Leadership
The President, Vice President, Provost, and General Counsel, as well as the Vice Provost for Research, make up senior school administration. They are responsible for
demonstration of all components of safety, i.e., occupational health and safety, environmental health, fire and life safety, and research safety, through providing adequate resources, by public discussion of the importance of safety, and by enacting effective policies to raise knowledge of and ensure compliance with all federal, state, and municipal laws, as well as institution and funding agency policies;
recognize that hazards occur in a variety of locations, including research labs, campus structures, classroom environments, machine shops, studios, campus grounds, and outdoor study sites;
be open and honest about who is liable for what, and who is accountable, in all areas of safe work practices, including how study is done in a responsible manner;
link choices about academic and staff employment, promotions, tenure, and salaries to efforts to encourage safety in the reward and recognition system; and
take full accountability for safety.
2.3.2 Appointed Institutional Lead
Engage all parties to develop, carry out, and support a strategy to better the institution’s safety culture that is inclusive and collaborative.
Establish and promote productive working relationships with all parties engaged in enhancing the safety culture.
Engage in continual evaluation, reporting, development, and dialogue with the campus community.
Create and gather safety measures that are both intuitive and quantitative.
Inform top leadership of the culture’s obstacles, advancement, and maturation.
Annual success updates should be made public to the academic community.
Bring issues up with the top officials.
Implement recurring evaluations of incidents, procedures, and the safety mindset.
2.3.3 Deans and Unit Heads
Deans, Directors, Chairs, and Assistant/Associate Vice Presidents, who serve in both academic and nonacademic capacities, must
effectively convey to all employees in academic departments or administrative groups the value of a strong safety culture and the shared responsibility for carrying out work in a safe, healthy, and ecologically friendly way;
collaborate with academics, employees, and researchers to promote a culture of safety as a shared objective;
set an excellent example by acting safely yourself; and
raise issues with top executives.
2.3.4 Faculty/Principal Investigators and Managers
Principal Investigators, professors, and other managers who have direct control over activities are considered managers, both academic and non-academic managers who must
supervise the safety in research laboratories, campus buildings, teaching environments, machine shops, studios, and field research sites;
lead by setting a good example of good safety behavior;
analyze the hazard of any teaching activity, experimental procedure, or work activity that involves any dangerous tool;
ensure every people receives proper safety training for performing a job safely;
ensure that all accidents and events involving safety are correctly notified to higher officials; and
ensure all scrutiny deficiencies are improved.
2.3.5 Students, Visitors, Staff, and Guests
Every employee, postdoctoral researcher, graduate and undergraduate student, and visitor is considered a student, visitor, staff member, or friend who shall
be aware of possible threats to your and your neighbors safety;
learn about possible risks connected to your job and your workspace; be aware of where information on these risks is stored for their evaluation and use; and, if the work includes hazardous chemicals, use Safety Data Sheets (SDS) as a guide;
stop all work, including possibly dangerous laboratory studies, and alert your manager in case of any accident;
make sure that all incidents or accidents are reported to the higher authority and recorded in the institute’s accident and incident reporting database (if available);
following of all the safety rules, which includes the correct use of personal protective equipment, regulations, engineering controls, and standard operating procedures (SOPs) and safety-related posters, signs, and warning signals;
participate in emergency drills, and be acquainted with the emergency plan and the emergency assembly location;
before engaging in any scientific process, or instructional activity, perform a hazard analysis;
include a hazard analysis as a best practice in your thesis, dissertation, and financing requests for projects pertaining to laboratories;
any dangerous circumstances should be reported to your supervisor;
inform colleagues about unsafe conditions and defective tools; take part in the necessary assessment and surveillance programs;
raise issues with top executives; and
with your supervisor, fellow researchers, and colleagues, go over the lessons you learned from incidents, mishaps, and near misses.
2.3.6 Department Dealing with Environmental Health and Safety (If Available in the Institute)
Provide guidance and oversight for raising awareness of safety regulations for protecting the health and safety of all the personnel, including the environment and researchers.
Collaborate with employees, teachers, and students.
Assist the institution community in assessing risks and creating policies and other tools.
Develop best practices and paperwork to communicate institutional standards in collaboration with the institution committees, community, and leadership; offer the institution community access to a central repository of safety resources.
Observe changes to regulations and advisories and inform the public.
Raise issues with top executives.
Collect and submit safety data to leadership, committees, the research community, and the non-research community.
Provide the study group and the affected employees with training and education.
2.3.7 Laboratory Safety Specialists (If Available)
For all the research participants, serving as a resource to provide guidance for raising awareness, train, and to ensure observance to al safety regulations.
Collaborate with the study team and other individuals of the institute.
Raise issues with top executives.
Aid the institution community in the assessment of risks, the creation of processes, and the development of other tools.
2.3.8 Selected Laboratory Safety Associates
Laboratory employees and students who have been given this authority by their Principal Investigator are known as Designated Laboratory Safety Contacts. They must
act as a point of contact between the primary scientist, lab staff, students and other individuals;
ensure understanding of and adherence to the SOPs, Chemical Hygiene Plan standards, and other laboratory safety and compliance issues by working with the Principal Investigator/Laboratory Director and lab staff;
with your supervisor, fellow scholars, and colleagues, go over the lessons you learned from mishaps, incidents, and near misses;
help the principal investigator/lab director with the yearly research safety inspection; assist in organizing and recording laboratory-specific training; and
elevate your worries to top authorities.
2.4 Safe Lab Practices
Safe laboratory procedures are essential to performing study. Researchers working in scientific labs are exposed to a possibly hazardous atmosphere that has a variety of physical, chemical, biological, and even radioactive dangers. The following are some concerning results from the research that portray a dreadful image of the general mindset toward lab safety [1]:
According to a study, 30% of scientists say they have seen a lab accident that was serious enough to require medical care.
Fifteen to 30% of academics claim to have been hurt in a lab mishap or to have experienced a lab-related injury.
Twenty-five to 38% of lab workers have been hurt or engaged in incidents that were never disclosed to the principal investigator or supervisor.
When working in the lab, only 40% of poll respondents said they wore personal safety equipment.
Twenty-five percent of survey respondents reported not having received any training on the particular dangers they face at work.
Before beginning laboratory work, 27% of academics never conducted any kind of risk evaluation.
2.4.1 Standard Operating Procedures
When performing laboratory work that includes the use of hazardous chemicals, notably extremely hazardous substances, SOPs incorporating safety and health concerns must be created and followed. SOPs are written instructions that specify the actions to be taken during a specific experimental process. They also contain details about possible risks and how they will be avoided. The laboratory staff members who are most informed and engaged in the experimental process should write the SOPs [2].
When creating a SOP, take into account the following information:
the kind, amount, and makeup of the substance used; keep in mind that the SDS contains crucial details about possible risks that must be taken into account, such as flammability, toxicity, warning characteristics, reactivity, and exposure symptoms;
the use location, which may include a fume shelter or other confinement equipment; include a space set aside for the purpose of working with especially dangerous chemicals;
process information;
the availability of safety tools, such as personal protection gear;
requirements for waste gathering, storage, and removal; and
decontamination techniques.
An SDS might not be accessible if the investigation involves the production of a novel chemical. Every attempt should be made to assess possible risks using analogies to related substances or anticipated chemical structure. When the substance’s possible toxicity is unknowable, it must be presumed that it is especially dangerous. Laboratory-specific SOPs must cover situations that call for previous permission from the Principal Investigator/Laboratory Supervisor. These conditions are determined by the risks that come with the substance being used, the risks involved in the experimentation process, the worker’s degree of experience, and the size of the experiment.
2.4.2 Lab Safety Guidelines
Risky behaviors and a careless attitude toward safety in academics are so normalized that those on the inside are not alarmed or even aware of the poor standards in the field. In order to alter this mindset, the following list of fundamental guidelines for researchers to follow in order to maintain a secure working atmosphere in the lab is provided.
a) Comply with the GuidelinesBefore beginning any job, whether it is following a procedure in a book, listening to your instructor or lab supervisor, or following a procedure in class, it is critical to attend, pay attention, and be familiar with all of the steps, from start to finish. Before you begin, clarify any points that are unclear to you or address any concerns you may have, even if they pertain to a later part of the protocol. Before you begin, familiarize yourself with all of the science instruments. If you do not follow it,
put other lab users and yourself in risk;
your project is readily ruined;
place the facility in danger of an accident that might harm staff members as well as machinery; and
get dismissed or punished.
b) Recognize Where Safety Equipment is LocatedRecognizing where the safety equipment is present and how to use it is during critical event is very important. The safety apparatus should be checked in proper interval to ensure its functioning; for example, spraying of water from safety shower and eye wash and working of fire extinguisher (Figure 2.1). Before beginning an investigation, review the lab safety signals and keep an eye out for them.
c) Dress for the LabWearing protective apparel is critical for job safety (Figure 2.2). Gloves, auditory protection, and other items are required, as well as safety glasses and a lab gown. Put on a lab uniform with full arms, closed-toe shoes, and safety glasses before entering the lab. When working in a lab, long hair should be pushed back and out of the way. Remove any jewelry or other metal objects if the task needs extra safety equipment. Wearing protective apparel reduces the risk of contamination while also reducing the risk of skin and eye damage.
Figure 2.1 Safety shower with eye wash and fire extinguisher.
Figure 2.2 Different lab safety attires.
d) Avoid Eating or Drinking in the LabConsume no food or beverages in the lab; leave that to the workplace (Figure 2.3). Because the risk of dietary contamination is too high, keep your food and beverages distinct from any studies, medications, or cultures stored in the refrigerator. Handle it with caution if you have been subjected to pathogens or toxins. Drinking in the lab puts your investigation at danger as well. You might get a drink on your lab or study notepad. Distractions like eating and imbibing are allowed in laboratories. You cannot focus on your job if you are consuming.
Figure 2.3 No eating and drinking symbol.
It is feasible to pick and ingest the incorrect liquid if you are used to drinking liquids in the lab. This is particularly true if your glassware is not labeled or if you use scientific glassware as dishes. This is particularly true if you used lab glassware for plates or did not identify your glassware.
e) Avoid Smelling or Tasting ChemicalsYou should also avoid sampling or inhaling any of the existing chemicals or biological colonies in the lab. Some substances are toxic or offensive to the senses. Before applying the chemical, name the glassware because this is the easiest way to know what is inside a receptacle.
f) Avoid Behaving Like a Crazy ScientistBeing responsible in the lab is an important safety precaution; avoid acting like a crazy scientist by randomly combining substances to see what happens. As a result, an explosion, fire, or the release of toxic chemicals is possible. Similarly, having joy at work is inappropriate. You may cause harm, annoy people, and even imperil yourself.
g) Proper Disposal of Lab WasteBefore starting an investigation, researchers should have a plan for what they will do after completing the research. When discarding of toxic things or waste, they should use proper disposal receptacles or vessels rather than dumping them down the sink, never return leftover reagents to the container, and dispose of plant detritus in disposal containers. They should also reference laboratory instructions and their teachers or fellow students to determine how sharp items should be disposed of at work.
h) Good Hygiene
Hands should always be washed after touching any potentially harmful substances, before and after eating, and before exiting the lab.
Personal belongings should be kept away from lab work, and cosmetics should not be used inside the facility.
Proper storage containers can help avoid exposure from hazardous substance.
Chemicals should be kept in non-reactive receptacles, and large quantities of flammable chemicals need to be kept in fire-rated cupboards. Ideal storage for acids and caustics should be in distinct, plastic-lined containers to avoid any vapors from interacting with the metal housing, and waste should be stored in non-reactive receptacles or containers.
Workspace should be cleaned after conducting experiments.
i) Act Responsibly in the LabWhile experiments are intended for the lab, they should be prepared and studied beforehand. Do not perform arbitrary tests for amusement like the students who drew on the lab table with alcohol and set it on fire to see the lovely blue flame trace the drawing did. When you arrive at the lab, you should be focused and have the correct mindset. A minor diversion can frequently result in permanent harm and, in dire circumstances, even fatalities. When handling possibly dangerous substances or combining compounds, warn other lab participants so they can keep a safe distance. Double-check everything before using it, and make sure to clear up afterward.
j) Carefully Handle Laboratory ApparatusIn addition to chemicals, improper handling of scientific tools can lead to accidents. Be careful when using sharp razor blades, handling heated dishes, and Bunsen stoves. Avoid touching frayed or damaged electrical wires, and handle any shattered crockery with a broom and dustpan. After use, return all tools to their original location.
k) Leave Experiments at the LabDo not bring any experimental creatures or chemicals home. You endanger both yourself and them. It is crucial to leave your experiment at the lab for the sake of both your safety and the safety of others. Do not bring it with you home. You might drop something, misplace a sample, or experience a mishap. This might contaminate both the trial and the surrounding area. You might harm someone, start a fire, or forfeit your lab rights in real life. It is recommended to launder the lab-used clothing before using it again.
l) Do Not Experiment on YourselfExperimenting on yourself can be life threatening to you and your group member. This practice should be avoided.
m) Do Not Work AloneIn a laboratory environment, one should not work alone. In some circumstances, additional senses may spot dangers that you initially do not. Additionally, having nearby experts will speed up assistance in a disaster. This strategy must be changed to accommodate circumstances where it becomes essential to lower the number of scholars in a location.
Prior to accessing the facility and after leaving, alert your supervisor. Make sure everyone is aware of when someone will be nearby by communicating with the nearby laboratories. Try to collaborate in the study with another person. Additionally, two individuals always respond more quickly in case of a mishap. Having someone nearby to get the first aid box or assist with cleaning the glass is helpful, even for a small injury like a laceration from shattered glass.
n) Be Prepared for Lab AccidentsMost labs have a strategy in place for what to do in the case of an accident. Informing a supervisor if and when a mishap happens is a crucial safety guideline. Do not attempt to hide it or fib about it. Accidents do occur, even when measures are taken. In the event of a mishap, remain calm. Anxiety can make things worse. Remain calm and avoid running because you could fall over cables or tip chemical bottles over. Knowing where safety tools like the fire extinguisher, first aid box, emergency phone, and eyewash stations are located is crucial. Wash them off right away if any toxins or particulates end up in your eyes or on your skin. Take lab safety exercises carefully; frequently participating in them will better prepare you for emergencies.
o) Take Part in Safety DrillsIndividual researchers are responsible for maintaining a culture of safety and caution at the laboratory, which requires a strong commitment to working attentively, carefully, and safely. They should be aware of the safety tools, the location of the closest fire draw station, extinguisher, spill box, and first aid package, and how to exit and go after a rescue. They should also participate in a yearly safety exercise.
2.4.3 Computer Lab Safety
Every institute has a computer lab, and when using this lab, there are a few guidelines that must be observed. These laboratories house numerous machines and other pieces of equipment, so it is imperative to make sure that nobody does anything that might endanger the machinery there. To ensure that everyone is aware of all the rules that must be followed, the majority of laboratories have their safety warnings posted on a big, noticeable board on the wall. These rules and regulations must be followed, and you can discover some of the most prevalent ones here. With a few small exceptions, these rules and the safety regulations for chemistry labs are comparable in character.
It goes without saying that the lab apparatus in a computer lab is very expensive, and it is your duty to make sure that it is kept secure. The expense of fixing or replacing this equipment will be extremely expensive if it is damaged in any way. Therefore, it is crucial that secondary school students adhere to these lab safety regulations. Knowing this knowledge will enable you to act appropriately in any computer class. Everyone can enjoy themselves in the facility with the proper safeguards in place, and the technology will be protected from harm.
2.4.4 Safe Lab Procedures
The protection in the lab is covered in this part. Safety precautions help shield people from mishaps and harm. They also aid in shielding devices from harm. Some of these rules are intended to safeguard the ecosystem from contamination brought on by inappropriate waste disposal. The following is a sample summary of fundamental safety measures to follow:
Secure any loose garments and take off your watch and jewelry.
After using the apparatus, turn off the power and disconnect it.
Do not touch any hot or high voltage printer areas.
Understand where to locate and how to use a fire extinguisher.
Do not bring food or drinks into the office.
Maintain a clean and clutter-free work environment.
Electric wires should be kept tangle free and inside a duct.
2.4.5 Electrical Safety
To avoid electrical fires, accidents, and deaths in the house and workplace, follow safety procedures. High voltage is present in CRT displays and power sources. If you are working on power sources or CRT displays, then avoid wearing the antistatic wrist strap. During use, some printer components get heated, and other components could have significant voltage. Do not touch any hot or high voltage printer areas. After using the apparatus, turn off the power and disconnect it. Electric wires should be kept tangle free and inside a duct.
2.4.6 Fire Safety
To safeguard people, buildings, and machinery, adhere to fire safety regulations. Before starting a fix, switch the computer off and unplug it to prevent an electrical shock and computer harm. Fire can cost a lot of money and spread quickly. A minor fire can be kept from spreading out of control by using a fire extinguisher correctly. Be mindful of the potential of an unintentional fire when dealing with computer components and be prepared to respond accordingly. Watch out for smells coming from electronics and laptops. Electronic parts release a burning smell when they overload or brief out. Follow these safety precautions in the event of a fire:
Never attempt to put out an uncontrolled or uncontained fire.
Before starting any project, have a prepared fire escape path ready.
Quickly leave the premises.
For assistance, call the emergency agencies.
Before you need to use a fire extinguisher, locate it and study the directions on it. Know the kinds of fire extinguishers that are used in your nation or area. various kinds of flames require various chemicals, which are found in each variety of fire extinguishers.
2.5 Workshop Safety
Every engineering institute or research lab contains a workshop. Also, there are different departments inside those institutes that contain dedicated workshops for them. Departmental workshops are crucial to both study and instruction. However, using workshop tools improperly can result in severe injuries. The work of students and employees (other than properly trained workshop staff) who are allowed to work in such workshops must adhere to the following protocols in order to reduce the probability of accidents. Outside of an authorized workshop, operating hazardous workshop machinery would not typically be allowed and everyone should be equipped with safety attire (Figure 2.4) [3–5].
Figure 2.4 Different workshop safety attire.
The chair or leader of the division must designate a workshop supervisor in divisions that run workshops in order to ensure the workshop is run safely. Only a workshop superintendent may oversee potentially hazardous work that is done in staff workshops. Only duties assigned to staff and pupils in such workshops that have been approved by their supervisor may be completed. The responsibilities of workshop supervisor are as follows:
Keeping an eye on all work being done in the workshop and making sure that nobody who is not qualified is using hazardous machinery or performing any risky procedures there.
Maintaining all workshop equipment in a safe working condition and providing workshop safety training to all people.
Ensuring that proper firefighting, first aid, and other essential emergency equipment is accessible and kept in good working order.
Ensuring the use of the required personal protective equipment by all the people inside the workshop.
Regular inspection of the workshop is necessary for identifying the hazards and reporting them to the higher authorities.
Punctually reporting every accident or incident to the head of the division and the higher authorities of the institution.
2.5.1 General Workshop Safety Rules
No one else is allowed to labor in this store unless a Workshop Supervisor has given them permission. Power tool operation and other possibly hazardous workplace tasks may only be carried out with a workshop supervisor’s approval.
When using equipment, safety eyewear must be worn at all times. Additional safety gear must be donned as instructed by a workshop supervisor. Wearing neck ties, loose-fitting apparel, dangling jewelry, baggy sleeves, or gloves are not advised. You cannot operate a power instrument until a workshop supervisor has instructed you in safe operation procedures.
Before making changes to power tools, disconnect the electricity. Avoid maintaining charged devices.
Take the necessary precautions to stop the discharge of toxic vapors or dust.
When your job produces heat or sparks or includes exposed fires or flammable substances, take the proper fire protection measures.
Avoid taking off machine shields.
Maintain a neat and orderly store. Store materials, tools, and equipment correctly when not in use. After you have finished your task, clean up.
2.5.2 Workshop Policies
Use the store in groups only.
Use during workplace supervision hours, or request specific authorization outside of those hours from the shop supervisor.
Do not do anything that makes you uneasy.
For instruction, speak with the workplace supervisor.
Taking note of the particular safety precautions for each power instrument personal safety equipment is on the trolley or rack by the entrance.
Shoes with closed toes are necessary.
When construction is being done in the factory, eye safety is needed.
All slack attire and lengthy hair should be secured.
To avoid coming into contact with moving equipment, loose hair must be tied back or concealed.
