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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Understand and apply key concepts of animal behavior in veterinary practice Animal behavior is a critical aspect of veterinary medicine, often underappreciated despite its pervasiveness throughout the field. Understanding animal behavior can facilitate communication with patients, refine diagnoses and indications of ill health, and aid in processes of learning and socialization. Introduction to Animal Behavior and Veterinary Behavioral Medicine offers a comprehensive overview of the key concepts underlying the behavior of multiple animal species before demonstrating how to apply these concepts clinically. The result is an indispensable resource for veterinary students and practitioners who want to deepen their understanding of patient needs. Introduction to Animal Behavior and Veterinary Behavioral Medicine readers will also find: * Comprehensive coverage of companion animal behavior and additional coverage of livestock and wild animal behavior * Detailed discussion of topics including social development, animal learning, and applied behavior analysis * In depth review of diagnosis and treatment strategies for common behavior disorders in companion animals, extending to various additional species * Companion website with videos, handouts for downloading, and links to pertinent scientific articles and informative websites Introduction to Animal Behavior and Veterinary Behavioral Medicine is ideal preparation for veterinary medical students as part of "day one readiness" in their professional careers, as well as veterinary practitioners looking for a solid foundation in animal behavior and the treatment of key issues.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Part I: Introduction to Animal Behavior and Handling Concepts
1 Introduction
Why We Study Behavior
How We Study Behavior
What Comes Next
2 The Process of Domestication
Introduction
Animal Domestication
Dogs
Cats
Farm Animals
Horses
Entrained Beasts
Domestication in Fast‐Forward: The Farm‐Fox Experiment
References
3 Social Behavior
Introduction
Evolutionary and Environmental Constraints on Social Behavior
The Costs and Benefits of Group Living
Types of Social Groupings
Conflict in Social Groups
Social Structures and Dominance Hierarchies
Affiliative Behaviors
Parent–Offspring Relationships
Conclusion
References
4 Sensory and Perception
Introduction
Vision
Audition
Olfaction
Gustation (Taste)
Conclusion
References
5 Animal Learning
Introduction
Factors Affecting Learning
Types of Learning
Choosing the Right Training Method
Techniques for Changing Behavior
Reinforcement Schedules
Conclusion
References
6 The Development of Behavior and the Shaping of the Human–Animal Bond
Introduction
Developmental Stages in Dogs
Veterinary Care
Behavior Support for Clients
Managing Typical Puppy Behaviors
Conclusion
References
7 The Development of Behavior and the Shaping of the Human–Animal Bond
Introduction
Developmental Periods
Setting Up for Success
Veterinary Experiences
Conclusion
References
8 The Development of Behavior and the Shaping of the Human–Animal Bond
Introduction
The Neonatal Period
Mare–Foal Communication
Early Training
Play
Sick Foals
Foal Rejection
The Orphan Foal
Weaning
Predicting Adult Behavior
Additional Problem Prevention Tips
References
9 Bovine Communication, Handling, and Restraint
Introduction
How Cattle Perceive Their World
How Cattle Communicate Their Emotions
Impact of Human Handlers on Cattle Affective States
Cattle Handling and Restraint
Cattle Handling in the Real World
Conclusion
References
10 Equine Communication, Handling, and Restraint
Introduction
Body Language and Emotional States
Tools, Handling Skills, and Procedures
Medications to Aide in Handling
References
11 Canine and Feline Communication, Restraint, and Handling
Introduction
Step 1: Assess the Environment
Step 2: Assess the Patient’s Comfort Level and Indicators of Intent
Step 3: Assess Yourself
Step 4: Make a Handling Plan
Conclusion
References
Part II: Clinical Concepts in Animal Behavior
12 Addressing Canine and Feline Behavior Problems in Clinical Practice
Introduction
The Importance of Communication
The Five Steps of Behavior Triage
Setting Up the Behavior‐focused Visit
Behavior Professional Certifications
Other Important Certifying Organizations
References
13 Feline Elimination Disorders
Introduction
Normal Elimination Behavior
History Taking for Elimination Disorders
Ruling Out Medical Disorders
Behavior Diagnoses for Undesirable Elimination
Approach to Treatment
Conclusion
References
14 Feline Aggression
Introduction
Neurophysiology of Aggression
Aggression As a Normal Social Behavior of Cats
When Cat Aggression Becomes a Behavior Problem
Physical Disease and Aggression
Classification of Cat Aggression
General Guidelines for the Treatment of Aggression
Using Psychoactive Medication to Treat Affective Aggression
Cat Aggression Directed to People
Aggression Between Cats
References
15 Canine Aggression
Introduction
The Body Language of Aggression
Factors that Influence Aggression
Making an Aggression Diagnosis
General Principles of Treating Aggression Cases in Dogs
Prognosis
Considerations for Rehoming/Relinquishing/Euthanasia
Conclusion
References
16 Separation‐Related Disorders in Dogs
Introduction
Definitions and Variations on Separation‐Related Disorders
Risk Factors
Common Signs
Making a Definitive Diagnosis
Approach to Treatment
Concluding Remarks
References
17 Equine Aggression
Introduction
Categories of Aggression
Diagnosis and Treatment Summary
What to Avoid When Addressing Aggression
Medication
References
Further Reading
18 Repetitive Behaviors in Companion Animals
Introduction
Definitions and Motivating Factors
Specific Repetitive Behaviors
Physiological Differentials
Gathering a History
Treatment
Conclusion
References
19 Repetitive and Other Abnormal Behaviors in Wild Animals Under Human Care
Introduction
Behavior and Other Domains as a Welfare Indicator
Common Abnormal Repetitive Behaviors
Applying What We have Learned in Zoos and Wildlife Sanctuaries
Prevention, Management, and Treatment
Conclusion
References
20 Repetitive and Other Abnormal Behaviors in Livestock and Horses
Introduction
Behavioral Indicators of Sickness
Behavioral Indicators of Pain
Cognitive Approaches to Understanding Emotional States
Importance of Meeting Behavioral Needs
Common Abnormal Behaviors in Horses, Pigs, Cattle, and Poultry
Medical Considerations
Prevention, Management, and Treatment Concepts
References
21 Approach to Psychopharmacology in Companion Animals
Introduction
Daily Medications
Specific Medications
Selecting a Daily Medication
Event Medications
Polytherapy
Administering Medications
Weaning
References
22 Chemical Restraint and Sedation in Small Animals
Introduction
Medications and Routes
Protocols, Combinations, and Decision‐Making
Safely Getting Injections into Your Patients
Achieving and Maintaining Sedation
Record Keeping and Communication
References
23 Behavior Considerations for Aging Dogs and Cats
Introduction
Sensory Changes
Brain Changes
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome
References
Appendix A: Books to Keep in Practice – Clinical Textbook Recommendations
General
Dogs and Cats
Horses
Farm Animals
Exotic Animals
Appendix B: Teaching Your Cat to Like the Carrier
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Origin of eight common domesticated animals inferred by mitochond...
Table 2.2 Domestication Syndrome includes a suite of modified characteristi...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Four consequences in operant conditioning.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Developmental periods in dogs by age – note that age ranges are a...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Developmental period in cats by age.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Three “zones” indicating different affective states, including val...
Table 9.2 Positive cattle handling techniques to stay in the “Green” zone....
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Commonly used terms that affect patient handling.
Table 11.2 The efficacy of low‐stress handling can be objectively measured ...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Physical disease associated with aggression.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 POVBR – The approach to behavior problems.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Common behavioral differential diagnoses for repetitive behavior...
Table 18.2 Physiological differentials for repetitive behaviors.
Table 18.3 Breed predispositions toward repetitive behaviors.
Table 18.4 Overview of treatment for repetitive behaviors in pets.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 The five freedoms, established in 1965 as part of the Brambell r...
Table 19.2 Example of abnormal repetitive behaviors in zoo and wildlife san...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Stereotypic behaviors observed in cattle.
Table 20.2 Stereotypic behaviors observed in horses.
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Daily medication doses.
Table 21.2 Event medication doses.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Sample pre‐surgical dose chart for trazodone in dogs, based on b...
Table 22.2 Example combination PVPs for dogs.
Table 22.3 Example combination PVPs for cats.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 A map of the world showing the six centers where the domesticatio...
Figure 2.2 The physical appearance of today's domestic housecat,
Felis sylve
...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 An example of the dilution effect – Cattle huddle together to cre...
Figure 3.2 (a) In this example of a food (worms) resource, the resource is s...
Figure 3.3 A strange cow (left) submissively approaches another herd and is ...
Figure 3.4 The two center wolves are moving forward with a direct stare, fro...
Figure 3.5 A small dog clearly has a lower resource holding potential in com...
Figure 3.6 Triangular (a) and complex (b) hierarchies: The first figure (a) ...
Figure 3.7 Two cats rub against each other to exchange scents and show affil...
Figure 3.8 The play bow. Dogs will engage in this position when soliciting p...
Figure 3.9 Ducklings imprint on their mother, as she is the first moving obj...
Figure 3.10 A newborn fawn sets tucked away in tall grass for safe hiding fr...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The electromagnetic spectrum of visible light for humans and most...
Figure 4.2 Humans have trichromatic vision, with three types of color cones ...
Figure 4.3 Monocular versus binocular visual fields. Note how the laterally ...
Figure 4.4 The view seen by the left eye of a horse and a human facing the s...
Figure 4.5 Some fence designs may challenge not only the athletic prowess of...
Figure 4.6 The position and extent of the binocular overlap in the region of...
Figure 4.7 The tapetum lucidum is a reflective area of the retina present in...
Figure 4.8 This lead‐up chute has high, solid sides and follows a curved pat...
Figure 4.9 The hearing range of common laboratory animals compared to those ...
Figure 4.10 Animals with more distance between pinnae will have better sound...
Figure 4.11 Diagram of a sagittal section through the head of a dog, showing...
Figure 4.12 Flehmen response in a horse.
Figure 4.13 Locoweed contains toxins that, when consumed, lead to neurologic...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Simplified illustration of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HP...
Figure 5.2 Offering an unconditioned stimulus, in this case a piece of meat,...
Figure 5.3 Offering an unconditioned stimulus, in this case a shock, trigger...
Figure 5.4 Operant conditioning can be broken down into four quadrants: Posi...
Figure 5.5 A trainer uses the luring method to teach a dog to sit. She allow...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 A neonatal puppy (a) is blind and deaf with limited locomotor abi...
Figure 6.2 A two‐week‐old puppy opens his eyes for the first time as he move...
Figure 6.3 An eight‐week‐old puppy gains social experience with children thr...
Figure 6.4 Puppies in the socialization period will leave the nest more and ...
Figure 6.5 An appropriately designed puppy socialization class provides soci...
Figure 6.6 Food‐stuffed puzzle toys and chew outlets can provide long‐lastin...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Neonatal kittens (a) are born blind and deaf with limited locomot...
Figure 7.2 A four‐week‐old kitten can see and hear, allowing socialization w...
Figure 7.3 A seven‐week‐old kitten can maintain body temperature without hud...
Figure 7.4 An eight‐week‐old kitten is developing eye–paw coordination throu...
Figure 7.5 A four‐week‐old kitten observes his mother eat and drink, establi...
Figure 7.6 An adult cat gapes when smelling a new cat. This allows her to mo...
Figure 7.7 Kittens gain positive experiences with handling, new people, and ...
Figure 7.8 A cat drinks from a running water fountain. She can drink without...
Figure 7.9 An interactive feeding toy (Indoor Hunting Feeder [Doc & Phoebe’s...
Figure 7.10 This homemade tower is comprised of cardboard tubing. Toys and t...
Figure 7.11 Exercise wheels, such as this homemade carpeted one, allow high‐...
Figure 7.12 Cat‐safe plants, such as these homegrown cat grasses, allow cats...
Figure 7.13 Scratching posts should be stable and large enough to allow for ...
Figure 7.14 High resting platforms allow cats a safe vantage point. Placing ...
Figure 7.15 Countertops are prime lounging spots for many cats. To encourage...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 A mare licks a newborn foal to clean off uterine fluids and to st...
Figure 8.2 (a–c) A foal standing for the first time. First one forelimb flex...
Figure 8.3 (a–c) A foal finds the utter. First, the foal approaches the mare...
Figure 8.4 A foal rests in lateral recumbency.
Figure 8.5 The consumption of feces by the foal is a normal behavior.
Figure 8.6 A foal engages in snapping behavior by opening and closing the mo...
Figure 8.7 (a–c) Halter training with a foal. First, the handler offers and ...
Figure 8.8 A young filly enjoys scratching as a reward for desirable behavio...
Figure 8.9 Exploratory mouthing behaviors are a normal way for a foal to exp...
Figure 8.10 (a–b) Gradual weaning can be accomplished by feeding the mare an...
Figure 8.11 Another option for gradual weaning is to keep the mare and foal ...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 A vigilant beef cow with her calf. Notice how the cow’s eyes are ...
Figure 9.2 The blind spot, pressure zone, flight zone, and point of balance ...
Figure 9.3 Dairy cows following each other out of the barn to pasture. Cattl...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 The emotional states (a) correlate with the zones of escalation ...
Figure 10.2 The green zone: A horse in the green zone on halter (a) has rela...
Figure 10.3 Horses in the yellow zone are sensing a threat and preparing to ...
Figure 10.4 Horses in the red zone: These horses are starting to use aggress...
Figure 10.5 Halters are available in many sizes and from many materials, inc...
Figure 10.6 A metal “stud” chain can be threaded through the halter and clip...
Figure 10.7 A hand‐held bucket serves as a treat holder to provide positive ...
Figure 10.8 As the handler approaches a horse to place a halter, they stand ...
Figure 10.9 Holding the rope and halter in the left hand, the handler reache...
Figure 10.10 The driving line on a horse is just at the point of the withers...
Figure 10.11 The handler inspects a front hoof by standing directly to the s...
Figure 10.12 The handler will slowly slide their hand down the limb, which s...
Figure 10.13 Taking the temperature of a horse: the handler stands against t...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 When walking any patient, but especially a reactive dog, you wil...
Figure 11.2 Designating exam rooms (a) and waiting areas (b) for cats preven...
Figure 11.3 A ThunderEase, powered by ADAPTIL (Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, K...
Figure 11.4 The Ezee‐Visit Pet Vet Mat
®
provides a non‐slip surface tha...
Figure 11.5 Areas of a dog’s body that are more sensitive to handling and ma...
Figure 11.6 The provision of cat bedding that traps warmth in hospital housi...
Figure 11.8 Utilizing a lateral, rather than forward approach to encourage a...
Figure 11.9 Example of utilizing a non‐threatening approach with a toy at th...
Figure 11.10 The “ring hold” provides head control by keeping the index fing...
Figure 11.11 An assistant provides minimal restraint with a collar hold on a...
Figure 11.12 An example of venipuncture from a lateral saphenous vein with a...
Figure 11.13 A towel wrap allows a cat to feel secure and concealed during m...
Figure 11.14 When greater restraint is needed, provide firm, balanced restra...
Figure 11.15 A leather sleeve‐style muzzle keeps a dog’s mouth closed, limit...
Figure 11.16 A basket‐style muzzle allows more room for a dog to pant and be...
Figure 11.17 The basket‐style muzzle serves as a vehicle for food delivery, ...
Figure 11.18 A basket muzzle filled with food is quickly scooped onto the do...
Figure 11.19 The ThunderCap reduces visual input that might increase FAS. It...
Figure 11.20 A Thundershirt can be calming for many dogs from the firm, bala...
Figure 11.21 Towel restraint of a small dog.
Figure 11.22 Head control with the use of a neck towel in a small dog.
Figure 11.23 Use of an opaque, white Elizabethan collar for head restraint a...
Figure 11.24 A cat is examined at the bottom of the carrier. This allows the...
Figure 11.25 A cat that historically has a level 4–5 FAS during veterinary h...
Figure 11.26 A cat is protected from visual stimuli and forward movement wit...
Figure 11.27 The handler demonstrates the “half‐burrito” toweling method. Fi...
Figure 11.28 A fear‐aggressive, feral kitten (a) was brought into an emergen...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Canine behavioral wellness assessment.
Figure 12.2 Feline behavioral wellness assessment.
Figure 12.3 Collecting a behavior triage history.
Figure 12.4 A pictorial representation of the ABCs and how they inform the t...
Figure 12.5 The DAMNIT‐B scheme for differential diagnoses of presenting beh...
Figure 12.6 Behavioral and medical diagnoses are not mutually exclusive and ...
Figure 12.7 The behavior triage pyramid gives an overview of how to handle a...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Cat’s sniff the litter box substrate before digging and eliminat...
Figure 13.2 Normal toileting posture for a cat eliminating in a litter box....
Figure 13.3 A cat stands with tail held high and rigid with her hind end poi...
Figure 13.4 A cat toilets outside of the litter box. This is differentiated ...
Figure 13.5 An older cat with osteoarthritis tends to defecate right next to...
Figure 13.6 Cats that perch on the edge of the litter box to eliminate may b...
Figure 13.7 A cat urinates on a soft blanket next to his litter box. The cat...
Figure 13.8 Plastic storage bins, appropriately modified for easy access, ma...
Figure 13.9 Chronic house soiling can lead to saturation of carpet padding (...
Figure 13.10 A balcony or patio can be enclosed with netting or fencing to c...
Figure 13.11 This cat routinely rests under the FELIWAY® Optimum diffuser in...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 These two cats have been friends for life and engage in the clos...
Figure 14.2 This cat is displaying fear aggression with an arched back, pilo...
Figure 14.3 A cat shows confident, silent, offensive body posture toward ano...
Figure 14.4 Part of safety and management often includes keeping a physical ...
Figure 14.5 Cats sharing a home should have multiple core areas or safe‐have...
Figure 14.6 Cats can be taught to touch an outstretched finger or object on ...
Figure 14.7 Two cats enjoy each other’s close company and engage in allogroo...
Figure 14.8 A rice paper patterned window film clings to the bottom portion ...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Different pathways for control of predatory behavior and emotion...
Figure 15.2 Behavior associated with escalation of fear‐based aggression. As...
Figure 15.3 A defensively aggressive dog has his ears back, tail down, weigh...
Figure 15.4 An offensively aggressive dog has his head and tail erect, a dir...
Figure 15.5 Effects of anxiety (a) and pain/discomfort (b) on the threshold ...
Figure 15.6 Selective breeding theoretical model shows how breeds can vary i...
Figure 15.7 An aggression screen helps identify targets (dogs, people, house...
Figure 15.8 A dog with fear aggression and leash reactivity wears a message ...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Dogs experiencing distress when home alone often cope by chewing...
Figure 16.2 This door was destroyed when a dog was separated from the rest o...
Figure 16.3 Whether a dog has a fear of confinement that is unrelated to SRD...
Figure 16.4 Two dogs enjoy time in a safe gated space in the kitchen where t...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 A horse offers a bite threat by retracting the lips to show teet...
Figure 17.2 Illustration of the equine pain face in one horse (Gleerup et al...
Figure 17.3 A fearful horse has his head held high with ears erect, eyes wid...
Figure 17.4 Intermale aggression. Stallions will posture with necks held hig...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 A Doberman Pinscher engages in self‐directed flank sucking behav...
Figure 18.2 A cat with inflammatory bowel disease licks walls excessively wh...
Figure 18.3 Acral lick granulomas form as a result of chronic, excessive lic...
Figure 18.4 Psychogenic alopecia is a result of excessive self‐directed lick...
Figure 18.5 Food‐dispensing puzzle toys, such as this Kong
®
(KONG Compa...
Figure 18.6 A child in the family works with her dog on positive reinforceme...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Diademed sifaka (
Propithecus diadema
), Madagascar. Allostatic lo...
Figure 19.2 Grevy’s zebra (
Equus grevyi
). Grazing animals in the wild spend ...
Figure 19.3 Tiger (
Panthera tigris
) with superficial trauma secondary to ove...
Figure 19.4 A baby eastern‐grey kangaroo (
Macropus giganteus
) who received a...
Figure 19.5 A flatback turtle (
Natator depressus
) found in waters at the cus...
Figure 19.6 Free‐ranging adult female American alligator at the start of bre...
Figure 19.7 Bonobo (
Pan paniscus)
. Enrichment activities such as puzzle feed...
Figure 19.8 Conditioned behaviors allow medical procedures to be completed w...
Figure 19.9 Diagram of how to proceed with a management and treatment plan f...
Figure 19.10 Diagram of how to proceed with a management and treatment plan ...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 (a) Photos of a cow relaxing, not in pain (i), and three cows in...
Figure 20.2 Horse Grimace Pain Scale (HGS): The Horse Grimace Pain Scale wit...
Figure 20.3 A bull rolls his tongue from one side to the other, repeatedly r...
Figure 20.4 Image of a weaned heifer engaging in pen‐directed sucking.
Figure 20.5 A calf engages in non‐nutritive sucking of the ear of another ca...
Figure 20.6 A hen has been the recipient of severe feather picking from anot...
Figure 20.7 A horse engages in cribbing behavior by grasping stationary item...
Figure 20.8 A calf engages in non‐nutritive self‐sucking behavior. This is a...
Figure 20.9 Image of a calf suckling milk from an artificial teat.
Figure 20.10 Traditional cage systems (a) for laying hens limit movement and...
Figure 20.11 Image of a calf using a DeLaval swinging cow brush (DeLaval; Tu...
Figure 20.12 Image of a horse feeding from a slow feed, web hay bag to exten...
Figure 20.13 Provision of enrichment in the form of foraging material for so...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Effects of long‐term SSRI use on the synapse of serotonin‐releas...
Figure 21.2 Pills can be disguised and more readily consumed when coated wit...
Figure 21.3 Medication “parfait.” Liquid medications can be sandwiched in a ...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Many oral pre‐visit pharmaceuticals are available in or can be c...
Figure 22.2 (a) CRS plan for a young, healthy, but aggressove dog. An alpha‐...
Figure 22.3 (a) CRS plan for a young, healthy, but aggressive cat. The combi...
Figure 22.4 A CRS combination of dexmedetomidine and butorphanol has been mi...
Figure 22.5 Oral transmucosal (OTM) CRS plan for dogs. A higher dose is requ...
Figure 22.6 For patients who cannot be safely muzzled, injectable chemical r...
Figure 22.7 Example of a red flag alert system in an electronic medical reco...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Sake, aged 16, has osteoarthritis. This carpeted ramp (CozyUp Be...
Figure 23.2 Balto, aged 12, enjoys time outdoors as part of his sensory enri...
Figure 23.3 Dylan, aged 12, enjoys his daily walks with a little help from t...
Figure 23.4 A graduate of Senior Dog Class displays his cap and gown proudly...
Figure 23.5 A snuffle mat serves as a food puzzle. Treats and dry kibble can...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Begin Reading
Appendix A: Books to Keep in Practice – Clinical Textbook Recommendations
Appendix B: Teaching Your Cat to Like the Carrier
Glossary
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Introduction to Animal Behavior and Veterinary Behavioral Medicine
Edited by
Meghan E. Herron
Gigi’s (Shelter for Dogs), OhioUS
Copyright © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Herron, Meghan E., editor.Title: Introduction to animal behavior and veterinary behavioral medicine / edited by Meghan E. Herron.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley‐Blackwell, [2024] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024000377 (print) | LCCN 2024000378 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119824480 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119824503 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119824497 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Behavior, Animal–physiology | Veterinary Medicine–methods | Human‐Animal Interaction. | Dogs | Cats | HorsesClassification: LCC SF756.7 (print) | LCC SF756.7 (ebook) | NLM SF 756.7 | DDC 636.089–dc23/eng/20240206LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024000377LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024000378
Cover Design: WileyCover Images: Calf ‐ © Emily Miller‐Cushon, University of Florida, Horse ‐ © Jill E. Sackman, Dog ‐ © Ryan Hughes, Cat ‐ © Aditi Czarnomski
Dedication
I dedicate this book to the late Linda Lord. I had the pleasure of knowing Linda for over three decades. My formative years were spent in awe and mild annoyance, listening to my mother go on and on about Linda’s pure perfection. She was the smart, natural beauty who excelled in sports while still getting straight A's – every mother’s dream. As such, I idolized Linda like an eager grasshopper for years. Given my interest in science and animal behavior, she was the first person to suggest that I consider veterinary school. She told it to me straight and helped me set practical and realistic expectations.
Something I admired most about Linda was her never‐ending desire to better the community around her. If there was an issue with students, she enacted a plan to fix it and prevent it from recurring. When a friend was in need, she dropped everything, hopped on a plane, and was there and present. When elderly and disabled pet owners needed a way to get care for themselves and their pets, she created a program and funding to provide it. She did not complain about the woes of the world as most of us do; she made plans, acted to create change, and, more importantly, motivated others to do the same.
Linda chose veterinary medicine as a second career. This late start did not stop her from quickly ascending into leadership roles and becoming a strong public advocate for the profession. While Linda earned numerous awards throughout her career, what she found most important was not just helping animals but also helping and guiding people. She understood and valued the importance that pets brought to people's lives. Her advocacy and dedication for proper care and protection of animals have been valuable and appreciated. Her publications on pet identification and the importance of microchipping set a course for drastic improvement in owner‐pet reunification, and her findings set today’s standard for pet identification and recovery. Much of her early work focused on the human–animal bond, animal welfare, and shelter medicine, thus improving the lives of pets and their people around the world.
Linda had a professional and personal maturity beyond her years, and her unique combination of values and skills led to her eventually becoming the Associate Dean for Professional Programs at the College, President of the Ohio Veterinary Medical Association, and the Ohio delegate to the American Veterinary Medical Association. I could not possibly list the many programs and initiatives she either started or enhanced, but all of them were to help others. Linda blazed a trail in every role she served. She positively impacted the people around her and beyond through her vision, commitment, and actions to promote diversity and inclusion, health and wellbeing, shelter medicine, outreach and engagement, professional development, leadership, and much more.
She was a gifted teacher, role model, advisor, and administrator. The contributions she made to our profession have been remarkable, and her legacy will live on through programs and people who have grown through her initiatives. Although we can no longer ask Linda for her advice and counsel, what we can do, and what I have already done, is ask ourselves in certain situations, “What would Linda do”? And this will serve us all well.
List of Contributors
Melissa BainSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University ofCalifornia, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Susan BarrettVCA Morris Animal Hospital, Small AnimalClinical Private Practice, Lancaster, OH, USA
Jeannine BergerSacramento Veterinary Behavior Services,Vacaville, CA, USA
Gabrielle CarterRoyal Society for the Prevention of Crueltyto Animals Victoria, Burwood EastVIC, Australia
Candace CroneyDepartment of Comparative Pathobiology,Department of Animal Sciences, PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Carlos A. DriscollInnerCat, Frederick, MD, USA
Mark FlintOne Welfare and Sustainability Center,College of Veterinary Medicine,The Ohio State University,Columbus, OH, USA
Shana Gilbert‐GregoryBehavioral Medicine Service, Mount LaurelAnimal Hospital, Mount Laurel, NJ, USA
Meghan E. HerronGigi’s, (Shelter for Dogs) CanalWinchester, OH, USA
Kathryn HolcombSchool of Veterinary Medicine, University ofCalifornia, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Marie HopfenspergerCollege of Veterinary Medicine, MichiganState University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Katherine A. HouptCollege of Veterinary Medicine, CornellUniversity, Ithaca, NY, USA
Jacquelyn JacobsDepartment of Animal Science, College ofAgriculture and Natural Resources, MichiganState University, East Lansing, MI, USA
Randall E. JungeColumbus Zoo and Aquarium,Powell, OH, USA
R. Julia KilgourDepartment of Integrative Biology,University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
M. Leanne LillyVeterinary Medical Center, The Ohio StateUniversity, Columbus, OH, USA
Sharon MadereInternational Association of AnimalBehavior Consultants (IAABC),Cranberry Township, PA, USA
Emily Miller‐CushonDepartment of Animal Sciences, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Margaret O’BrianSoutheast Animal Behavior and Training,Charlotte, NC, USA
Niwako OgataDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences,College of Veterinary Medicine, PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Amy L. PikeAnimal Behavior Wellness Center,Fairfax, VA, USA
Kathryn L. ProudfootSir James Dunn Animal Welfare Centre,Atlantic Veterinary College, University ofPrince Edward Island, Charlottetown,PEI, Canada
Lisa RadostaFlorida Veterinary Behavior Service,West Palm Beach, FL, USA
Kersti SekselAdjunct Professor in Veterinary Behaviour,University of Queensland, Australia
Traci ShreyerThe Croney Research Group, PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Allison ShullASPCA Cruelty and Recovery Center,Columbus, OH, USA
Carlo SiracusaDepartment of Clinical Sciences andAdvanced Medicine, School of VeterinaryMedicine, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia, PA, USA
Carissa WickensDepartment of Animal Sciences,University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Acknowledgments
This book is the realization of a long‐held dream, and I have many to thank for its remarkable content and organization. I first want to thank each one of the authors for their incredible contributions. With unwavering dedication, they poured countless hours into crafting their manuscripts, ensuring that content was not only well‐researched but also presented in a clear, captivating manner. I am ever appreciative for their patience and understanding as they unbegrudgingly navigated my repeated edits and numerous requests for photos, figures, and permissions. I found myself continually learning and gaining new insights from each chapter, and I am beyond thrilled at last to share this knowledge with our readers.
The photo content in this book was no small feat. I am indebted to my colleagues at Gigi’s for tolerating my following them around, butting into exam rooms, and asking them to repeat what they just did so I could get it on camera, as they enriched the lives of shelter dogs daily and practiced animal handling in the most graceful and patient of ways. Thank you also to my clients, friends, and coworkers – both from Gigi’s and The Ohio State University Behavioral Medicine Service for sharing their photos – revealing all sorts of cuteness and quirks to the world. My biggest thanks go to my partner‐in‐crime, Aditi Czarnomski, for her prolific contributions to the photos in this book and for dropping everything just to capture a photo of her cat, Steve, pooping outside of the litterbox.
Thank you to my early mentors in animal behavior, Traci Shreyer and Candace Croney, for illuniating the path that led to my career and that of many other students you inspired.
Thank you to my residency mentor, Dr. Ilana Reisner, the goddess of editing, for teaching me the difference between “lay” and “lie” and giving me a true appreciation for the written word in veterinary medicine. I owe all my writing successes to you, just as much as my clinical skills in veterinary behavior.
A book has no future without a publisher that believes in it. Wiley has supported this idea since my early days at The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Without their patience and persistence with my years of delay, Introduction to Animal Behavior and Veterinary Behavioral Medicine may not have ever seen a bookshelf.
Thank you, Josh Black, for your unrelenting support and patience as I read, re‐read, edited, and re‐edited page after page, month after month. I am so grateful to share this life’s journey with you and our smart, strong, and beautiful girls, Rowan and Amelia. Girls, mommy can finally read books at bedtime again. And with that, a special thanks goes to the furry friends in my life who have helped give this book its personal perspective (and several photos): Junebug, Willett, Ranger, and Junior.
Meghan E. Herron
About the Companion Website
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Part IIntroduction to Animal Behavior and Handling Concepts
1Introduction
Meghan E. Herron
Gigi’s, Canal Winchester, OH, USA
Why We Study Behavior
You have either picked up this book as a requirement for an introductory course, or you have chosen to seek knowledge on behavior because there is an absence in your veterinary school’s curriculum. Perhaps you are a freshly minted veterinarian eager to acquire information that wasn’t covered during your studies, or you are a seasoned practitioner seeking a refresher now that behavior seems more pertinent in practice. Whatever brought you to this page, you are welcome here, and I hope you find this journey to be insightful, interesting, and, most of all, fun.
Some of you may be wondering why behavior is even part of your veterinary curriculum. How does it tie into the crucial task of saving lives and the thrilling career that lies ahead of you? While behavior may not have been at the forefront of your mind when you decided to pursue veterinary medicine, I am here to tell you it will inevitably become a fundamental aspect of your daily lives, regardless of what field or specialty lands in your path.
To begin, let’s talk about how behavioral medicine IS medicine. The brain is an organ, and it oversees the entirety of the body’s functions and actions. It is the grand central station for emotions, movements, and actions, all of which shape behavior, whether voluntary or reflexive. While the brain may have anatomical or biochemical abnormalities directly affecting the behavior of an animal, as veterinarians, we must also recognize that behavior problems are not solely the result of brain‐related abnormalities. Metabolic diseases, hormonal imbalances, pain, and discomfort can also exert significant influence on behavior, even if the physical abnormality is not overtly severe. The question we should ask ourselves is not “Is this a behavior problem or a medical problem,” but rather “What medical problem might be causing or influencing this behavior” before ever reaching for a behavior modification plan. In many cases, behavior is merely a symptom of what is going on beneath the surface.
Understanding animal behavior and how to apply it will help you practice better medicine in many ways. Behavior recognition plays a central role in livestock rearing and handling. Many of these animals are bigger and/or stronger than we humans and have the potential to be dangerous if they feel threatened. The ability to recognize and respond to animals’ emotional states, and when they might be feeling threatened, will keep you, your staff, and your clients safer. Furthermore, reproductive medicine is heavily dependent on behavioral signs of estrus, and a successful breeding program requires a solid understanding of animal behavior. Each species of livestock has unique social behavior, which will dictate how and where animals should be housed, fed, and handled. Poor understanding of social behavior leads to injury, fighting, poor welfare, and loss of product. In dairy cows, posture, movement, and time spent in recumbency are all primary indicators of foot pain. A veterinarian must rely on these behaviors to accurately assess individual and herd health.
In wild animal sanctuaries and zoos, knowledge of natural behavior is crucial for survival in captivity. Attempts to breed endangered species in captivity have only been successful thanks to insight from their behavior in the wild and the ability to adapt habitats that allow them to engage in as many normal behaviors as possible. Since frequent physical examination of wild animals has its challenges, careful monitoring of behavior allows for early detection of underlying medical problems. Understanding learning theory, and how emotions are conditioned, allows for animal caretakers and healthcare providers to perform physical assessments without sedation. Animals that would otherwise be extremely dangerous to handle are readily complying with venipuncture and medication administration as a result of training and the establishment of trust.
How companion animals behave and interact with their caretakers forms the core of the human–animal bond. With that, problematic behaviors are a top reason this bond may weaken or break. Veterinarians have the advantage of meeting many pets at a young age, presenting an opportunity for problem prevention and early intervention when problems do arise. We have not always been viewed as a person of expertise in this subject matter, but as veterinary curriculums and continuing education programs expand to include behavioral medicine, our collective confidence is changing for the better.
The Bayer veterinary care usage study revealed that a large percentage of feline patients do not receive annual wellness care. Clients reported that the stress their pet experiences both at and on the way to the veterinary clinic was a bigger barrier to obtaining care for their cat than was the cost of that care. We must make this experience better for both clients and cats if we want to make a dent in this alarming statistic. Knowledge of behavioral stress signals and how to mitigate them is the first step. This book will give you those tools, which will serve as a foundation for additional learning through programs aimed at improving the veterinary experience for small animals, such as Fear Free®, Low Stress Handling®, and Cat Friendly Practice® certifications.
How We Study Behavior
There are three main approaches to the study of behavior – ethological, experiential, and physiological. The ethological approach examines an animal’s natural behavior in the wild and specifically considers how their behavior has an adaptive, evolutionary value. For domesticated species, humans have artificially selected behavior traits that work well for companionship and/or group housing. Wild animals, on the other hand, have been naturally selected based on traits that have allowed them to survive and evolve without human influence. The early chapters of this book will walk you through the process of domestication and how behavior has influenced it, social behavior and its influence on the husbandry of animals, and how the evolution of various sensory and perception systems has shaped animal behavior.
The experiential approach attempts to understand an animal’s behavior based on what they learned during early life experiences. Each species has early developmental stages where experiences gained have dramatic effects on adult behavior. How, when, and to what extent that occurs differs between species, with domesticated species having the most prolonged periods of susceptibility to human influence. We will delve into early influences on the behavioral development of companion animals as we move toward the central portion of this book.
Lastly, the physiological approach delves into how the biology and physiology of animals intricately shape their individual behaviors. Take, for instance, the endocrine system, which governs the onset and cessation of numerous behaviors, ranging from reproductive activities to food and water intake, parental care, and sleep patterns. Any deviations from these behavioral norms may indicate an underlying physiological issue. As veterinarians, we hold both a moral and professional responsibility to comprehend and grasp these behavioral changes, understanding the diverse physiological processes that can influence them.
In the latter part of this book, we introduce concepts of clinical behavioral medicine, taking a physiological approach to understand various abnormal behaviors observed across multiple species. Through this journey, we seek to deepen our insights and begin to gain the expertise needed to address behavioral issues in a comprehensive manner, rooted in the interplay between biology, physiology, and behavior. This knowledge equips us to provide the best care possible for our animal patients and fulfill our commitment to their health and well‐being.
After reading this book, you should be able to:
Understand how different factors (e.g. genetics, physiology, learning, the environment) impact normal and abnormal animal behavioral development and expression.
Reliably read and interpret the body language and behaviors of various domesticated species.
Apply knowledge about animal behavior to safely handle animals and promote positive welfare.
Anticipate situations in which animal behavior and/or well‐being may be problematic and develop an appropriate plan of action.
Examine fundamental principles related to the development of behavior in domesticated animals.
Demonstrate how knowledge of animal behavior is relevant to clinical practice and how it can be applied to facilitate safe and humane animal handling, care and management, behavioral wellness, and positive human–animal interactions.
Feel prepared for advanced coursework in applied animal behavior such as clinical treatment of problem behaviors.
What Comes Next
Those of you seeking to expand your knowledge and abilities are encouraged to seek out clinical experiences with veterinary behaviorists. This may include signing up for a clinical rotation while in school or spending time shadowing a behavior practice as a veterinarian. Several formal externships exist if your institution does not offer clinical behavioral medicine opportunities. Additionally, most of the major veterinary conferences, including the Midwest Veterinary Conference, Western Veterinary Conference, VMX, and the AVMA Annual Convention routinely offer continuing education on behavior topics.
Whether you are triaging a behavior case as elaborated in Chapter 11, conducting a full appointment within your practice, or preparing patients for referral to a behavior specialist, you can confidently approach these situations. This book can serve as an invaluable future reference, providing you with essential insights and strategies. Moreover, it would be beneficial to have clinically focused textbooks readily available, especially those specific to the species you commonly encounter in your practice. Appendix A contains a comprehensive list of books that can be of great interest to you as a veterinarian. By building a library with these resources, you enhance your ability to address behavior‐related challenges and further elevate the level of care you provide to your patients.
If you discover a passion for behavioral medicine and want to learn more about specializing in this amazing field, visit www.DACVB.org for information on residency programs and how to find a veterinary behaviorist in your area. After veterinary school, Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists (DACVBs) have completed at least one year of clinical veterinary practice or a rotating internship, a three‐year (on average) residency program, published a clinical case report and a scientific paper, and passed an exam to achieve board certification. If you think this may be your intended career path, I encourage you to reach out to DACVBs for shadowing opportunities and network with them at annual Veterinary Behavior Symposiums.
Regardless of where your path takes you, remember, with the right knowledge and resources at hand, you have the potential to make a significant difference in the lives of the animals you serve. So embrace these opportunities, stay curious, and keep learning for the well‐being of your patients and the fulfillment of your practice.
2The Process of Domestication
Carlos A. Driscoll
InnerCat, Frederick, MD, USA
Introduction
Domestication is the most important thing humans have ever done. The clever use of raw materials to make tools and the mastery of fire separated our hominid forefathers from most of the natural world, but domesticating animals and plants brought surpluses of materials, energy, and food, which drove a human population explosion still continuing to this day (Harris 1996a). Today, at the dawn of the latest geological era, the Anthropocene, 96% of all land mammals are livestock or humans, and only 4% of animals are wild; of birds, only 30% are wild, and the remaining 70% are poultry (Bar‐On et al. 2018). 12% of the world's land surface is used for agriculture; 70% of fresh water consumed is used to water it; and the food produced has allowed the human population to grow from an estimated 5 million in the Neolithic to 7.9 billion, and growing, today (Groube 1996; World Resources Institute 2000). Naturally evolved “wild” species are going extinct at a rate 100–1,000 times faster than the “background” rate, primarily as a result of habitat loss, itself overwhelmingly driven by conversion of natural habitats to raising domestic animals and plants. Yet no domesticated animal has ever gone extinct (Zeder 2008).
What does this have to do with animal behavior and veterinary medicine? Behavioral disorders are increasingly common in companion and farm animals and constitute a large and growing fraction of veterinary expenses. Behavior is the driving factor in the domestication process, and so the study of domestication is really the study of heritably modified behavior. Although domesticates have been structurally refashioned by processes of selection (Natural and Artificial), domestic animals today are nevertheless reflections of the wild ancestors from which they descend. Behaviors observed today are not elementally different from the behaviors expressed by those ancestors, but the environmental context is unimaginably different than that which shaped life in the wild (Tinbergen 1951). We, as humans, have pulled these animals out of their naturally evolved contexts and exposed them to challenges for which they were not originally adapted to cope. Studying how domesticates came to be and what they came from will enlighten practitioners regarding the genetic etiology of behavioral disorders, thereby improving the health and welfare of their patients (Boissey and Erhard 2014; Grandin and Deesing 2014).
This approach to understanding is not in itself new but has recently been re‐addressed as Evolutionary Medicine (Perry 2021). This is a way of thinking about medicine – human and animal – that seeks to inform practitioners about medically significant genetic variation, mismatches to modernity, reproductive medicine, degenerative disease, pathogen evolution, and comparative medicine by explicitly incorporating an evolutionary perspective (Benton et al. 2021; Stearns 2012).
One avenue to understanding behavioral disorders (in both animals and humans) is to discover the genetic underpinnings of behavior. This is challenging because it is difficult to define a behavior in question accurately and precisely, and it is difficult to discover and parse contributions of individual genes to behavior. Moreover, there is high ecophenotypic variability in behavior, that is, the expression of gene products is greatly influenced by the environment. Students of behavioral genetics seek to understand the combined role of genetics and the environment in forming individual behavioral variation. And perhaps the most profitable approach to an understanding of behavior is the study of domestication in animals.
Animal Domestication
In the Beginning
Six centers of independent animal domestication are shown in Figure 2.1 along with some of the more important locally derived domesticates. Their ancestral origins and relationships are listed in Table 2.1. Looking at this list, there are several obvious questions: why were some species domesticated and not others? Why, out of some 2 million wild animals, are there only about 30 domestic animal species worldwide? Why are there only these few homelands of domestication?
These few places had certain characteristics that encouraged domestication to develop (Bellwood 2007; Harris 1969; Sauer 1952). From an early age, these locations hosted human societies that were stable, sedentary, had social complexity, and were relatively long‐lasting. Not incidentally, these areas each also had wild animals that were ecologically suitable for human use. These locales are recognized as centers of domestication today because they were the first to develop in their region. This is significant because the process of domestication can take several thousands of years, and once an animal has come to be domesticated, it is easier for that animal to spread to new cultural centers than for each civilization to develop its own variant (Zeder 2008). We can extend that reasoning to believe that if today's familiar domesticates had not spread and preempted autochthonous development elsewhere, there would have been other different centers of domestication, with other different domestic animals, if other places had developed stable, sedentary, complex human societies earlier than those recognized today.
Figure 2.1 A map of the world showing the six centers where the domestication of animals occurred independently.
Source: Background photo credit: WikiMediaCommons/Daniel R. Strebe.
Table 2.1 Origin of eight common domesticated animals inferred by mitochondrial DNA.
Source: Adapted from Wang et al. 2014, with permission from Annual Reviews.
Clade
Domesticated species
Wild ancestor
Location
References
Name
Latin
Name
Latin
Mammals
Dog
Canis lupus familiaris
Gray wolf
Canis lupus
Beringia
Ni Leathlobhair et al.
2018
Perri et al.
2021
Bergstrom et al.
2020
Loog et al.
2020
Cat
Felis sylvestris catus
African wildcat
Felis silvestris lybica
Near East
Driscoll et al.
2007
Donkey
Equus asinus
African wild ass
Equus africanus
Northeast Africa
Beja‐Pereira et al.
2004
Orlando
2015
Pig
Sus scrofa domesticus
Wild boar
Sus scrofa
East Asia
Larson et al.
2005
Wu et al.
2007
South Asia
Southeast Asia
West Asia
Europe
Cattle
Bos taurus
Aurochs
Bos primigenius
West Asia
Troy et al.
2001
Achilli et al.
2008
Achilli et al.
2009
Bonfiglio et al.
2010
Bonfiglio et al.
2012
North Africa
Europe?
Horse
Equus caballus
Wild horse
Equus ferus
Lower Volga‐Don
Librado et al.
2021
Sheep
Ovis aries
Asian mouflon
Ovis orientalis
West Asia
Hiendleder et al.
2002
Meadows et al.
2007
Pedrosa et al.
2005
Tapio et al.
2006
Goat
Capra aegagrus hircus
Bezoar
Capra aegagrus
West Asia; East Asia
Naderi et al.
2008
Chen et al.
2005
Luikart et al.
2001
Birds
Chicken
Gallus gallus domesticus
Red junglefowl
Gallus gallus
Southern East Asia
Liu et al.
2006
Miao et al.
2013
South Asia
Although domestication and agriculture originated independently in several spots around the world, accumulated archaeological, cultural, and genetic evidence suggests it happened first in a region of the Near East called the Fertile Crescent beginning between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago (Bellwood 2007; Breasted 1916; Harris 1996b; Uerpmann 1989), and it makes a good example for the sequence of events that happened worldwide. It is in the Fertile Crescent during the Protoneolithic that nomadic hunter‐gatherers, supported with ample wild game and wild cereals, first began to live in settled communities; first developed agriculture, both agronomy and animal husbandry; and first developed the more advanced sociopolitical organizations that we continue to this day (Bar‐Yosef 1998; Breasted 1916; Uerpmann 1996).
