Laser Diodes and Their Applications to Communications and Information Processing E-Book

Takahiro Numai

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

In order to develop excellent photonic devices, we have to fully understand the physics behind operations of photonic devices. This book thoroughly teaches the fundamental physics currently applied to the development of photonics devices such as energy bands of semiconductors, optical transitions, optical waveguides, and semiconductor junctions. The book also reviews the characteristics of laser diodes, optical filters, and optical functional devices, which have been developed based on the above physics. These photonic devices have been demonstrated in system applications, and several experimental results are described.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Half Title Page

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

PREFACE

PART I: PHYSICS REQUIRED TO DESIGN LASER DIODES

CHAPTER 1: ENERGY BANDS IN BULK AND QUANTUM STRUCTURES

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 BULK STRUCTURE

1.3 QUANTUM STRUCTURES

1.4 SUPERLATTICES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2: OPTICAL TRANSITIONS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT TRANSITIONS

2.3 LIGHT-EMITTING PROCESSES

2.4 SPONTANEOUS EMISSION, STIMULATED EMISSION, AND ABSORPTION

2.5 OPTICAL GAINS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3: OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES

3.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4: OPTICAL RESONATORS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 FABRY–PEROT CAVITY

4.3 WAVEGUIDE GRATING

4.4 VERTICAL CAVITY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5: PN- AND PNPN-JUNCTIONS

5.1 INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

5.2 EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

5.3 PN-JUNCTION

5.4 PNPN-JUNCTION

REFERENCES

PART II: CONVENTIONAL LASER DIODES

CHAPTER 6: FABRY–PEROT LASER DIODES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 RATE EQUATIONS

6.3 CURRENT VERSUS VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

6.4 CURRENT VERSUS LIGHT OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

6.5 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT

6.6 TRANSVERSE MODES

6.7 LONGITUDINAL MODES

6.8 MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS

6.9 NOISES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7: QUANTUM WELL LASER DIODES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 FEATURES OF QUANTUM WELL LDs

7.3 STRAINED QUANTUM WELL LDs

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8: SINGLE-MODE LASER DIODES

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 DFB-LDs

8.3 DBR LDs

8.4 VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LDs

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9: SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 SIGNAL GAIN

9.3 POLARIZATION

9.4 NOISES

REFERENCES

PART III: ADVANCED LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES

CHAPTER 10: PHASE-CONTROLLED DFB LASER DIODES

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

10.3 DEVICE STRUCTURE

10.4 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISCUSSION

10.5 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11: PHASE-SHIFT-CONTROLLED DFB LASER DIODES

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

11.3 DEVICE STRUCTURE

11.4 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISCUSSION

11.5 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12: PHASE-CONTROLLED DFB LASER FILTER

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 DEVICE STRUCTURE

12.3 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISCUSSION

12.4 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 13: PHASE-SHIFT-CONTROLLED DFB FILTER

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

13.3 DEVICE STRUCTURE

13.4 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISCUSSION

13.5 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 14: PASSIVE PHASE-SHIFTED DFB FILTER

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

14.3 DEVICE STRUCTURE

14.4 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISCUSSION

14.5 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 15: TWO-SECTION FABRY–PEROT FILTER

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

15.3 DEVICE STRUCTURE

15.4 DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISCUSSION

15.5 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 16: OPTICAL FUNCTIONAL DEVICES WITH PNPN-JUNCTIONS

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 EDGE-EMITTING OPTICAL FUNCTIONAL DEVICE

16.3 SURFACE-EMITTING OPTICAL FUNCTIONAL DEVICE

REFERENCES

PART IV: SYSTEM DEMONSTRATIONS USING ADVANCED LASER DIODES AND RELATED DEVICES

CHAPTER 17: PHOTONIC SWITCHING SYSTEMS

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 WAVELENGTH-DIVISION SWITCHING

17.3 WAVELENGTH- AND TIME-DIVISION HYBRID SWITCHING

17.4 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 18: OPTICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 SERIAL-TO-PARALLEL DATA CONVERSION

18.3 OPTICAL SELF-ROUTING SWITCH

18.4 OPTICAL ATM SWITCH

18.5 OPTICAL INTERCONNECTION

18.6 OPTICAL MEMORY

18.7 OPTICAL BUS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A: DENSITY OF STATES

APPENDIX B: DENSITY-OF-STATES EFFECTIVE MASS

APPENDIX C: CONDUCTIVITY EFFECTIVE MASS

INDEX

LASER DIODES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING

Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Numai, Takahiro

Laser diodes and their applications to communications and information processing Takahiro Numai.

ISBN 978-0-470-53668-1 (cloth)

To my grandparents in the United StatesKenichiro and Asano Kanzaki

WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING

KAI CHANG, Editor

Texas A&M University

FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Third Edition • Cavind P. AgrawalASYMMETRIC PASSIVE COMPONENTS IN MICROWAVE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS •Hee-Ran Ahn

COHERENT OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS • Silvello Betti, Ciancarlo De Marchis, and Eugenio lannone

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS: FLOQUET ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, BFNs, AND ACTIVE ARRAY SYSTEMS • Awn K. Bhattacharyya

HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNIQUES: RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS • Asoke K. Bhattacharyya

RADIO PROPAGATION AND ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINKS: TERRESTRIAL, ATMOSPHERIC, AND IONOSPHERIC • Nathan Blaunstein and Christos G. Christodoulou

COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR ELECTROMAGNETICS AND MICROWAVES •Richard C. Booton, Jr.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING • Salvatore Celozzi, Rodolfo Araneo, and Giampiero Lovat

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND ANTENNAS • Kai Chang

MICROWAVE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS AND APPLICATIONS • Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS • Kai Chang

RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT AND COMPONENT DESIGN FOR WIRELESS SYSTEMS •Kai Chang, Inder Bahl, and Vijay Nair

MICROWAVE RING CIRCUITS AND RELATED STRUCTURES, Second Edition • Kai Chang and Lung-Hwa Hsieh

MULTIRESOLUTION TIME DOMAIN SCHEME FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING • Yinchao Chen, Qunsheng Cao, and Raj Mittra

DIODE LASERS AND PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS • Larry Coldren and Scott Corzine

EM DETECTION OF CONCEALED TARGETS • David J. Daniels

RADIO FREQUENCY CIRCUIT DESIGN • W. Alan Davis and Krishna Agarwal

MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION-LINE STRUCTURES: MODAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES •J. A. Brandão Faria

PHASED ARRAY-BASED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS • Nick Fourikis

SOLAR CELLS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS, Second Edition • Lewis M. Fraas and Larry D. Partain

FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES • Jon C. Freeman

OPTICAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES • Mitsuo Fukuda

MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS • Fred Gardiol

HIGH-SPEED VLSI INTERCONNECTIONS, Second Edition • Ashok K. Goel

FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVELETS: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS •laideva C. Goswami and Andrew K. Chan

HIGH-FREQUENCY ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN • Ravender Goyal (ed.)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ANTENNA MODULES •K. C. Gupta and Peter S. Hall

PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS, Second Edition • R. C. Hansen

STRIPLINE CIRCULATORS • Joseph Helszajn

THE STRIPLINE CIRCULATOR: THEORY AND PRACTICE • Joseph Helszajn

LOCALIZED WAVES • Hugo E. Hernández-Figueroa, Michel Zamboni-Rached, and Erasmo Recami (eds.)

MICROSTRIP FILTERS FOR RF/MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS • Jia-Sheng Hong and M. J. Lancaster

MICROWAVE APPROACH TO HIGHLY IRREGULAR FIBER OPTICS • Huang Hung-Chia

NONLINEAR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS • Eugenio lannone, Francesco Matera, Antonio Mecozzi, and Marina Settembre

FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING • Tatsuo Itoh, Giuseppe Pelosi, and Peter P. Silvester (eds.)

INFRARED TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO ELECTROOPTICS, PHOTONIC DEVICES, AND SENSORS • A. R. Jha

SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS TO MICROWAVE, ELECTRO-OPTICS, ELECTRICAL MACHINES, AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS • A. R. Jha

OPTICAL COMPUTING: AN INTRODUCTION • M. A. Karim and A. S. S. Awwal

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING •Paul R. Karmel, Gabriel D. Colef, and Raymond L. Camisa

MILLIMETER WAVE OPTICAL DIELECTRIC INTEGRATED GUIDES AND CIRCUITS •Shiban K. Koul

ADVANCED INTEGRATED COMMUNICATION MICROSYSTEMS • Joy Laskar, Sudipto Chakraborty, Manos Tentzeris, Franklin Bien, and Anh-Vu Pham

MICROWAVE DEVICES, CIRCUITS AND THEIR INTERACTION • Charles A. Lee and G. Conrad Dalman

ADVANCES IN MICROSTRIP AND PRINTED ANTENNAS • Kai-Fong Lee and Wei Chen (eds.)

SPHEROIDAL WAVE FUNCTIONS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY • Le-Wei Li, Xiao-Kang Kang, and Mook-Seng Leong

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC IN COMPUTER SYSTEMS • Mi Lu

OPTICAL FILTER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: A SIGNAL PROCESSING APPROACH •Christi K. Madsen and Jian H. Zhao

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF INFRARED TECHNOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING • Xavier P. V. Maldague

METAMATERIALS WITH NEGATIVE PARAMETERS: THEORY, DESIGN, AND MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS • Ricardo Marqués, Ferran Martín, and Mario Sorolla

OPTOELECTRONIC PACKAGING • A. R. Mickelson, N. R. Basavanhally, and Y. C. Lee (eds.)

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION • Shunji Mori, Hirobumi Nishida, and Hiromitsu Yamada

ANTENNAS FOR RADAR AND COMMUNICATIONS: A POLARIMETRIC APPROACH •Harold Mott

INTEGRATED ACTIVE ANTENNAS AND SPATIAL POWER COMBINING • Julio A. Navarro and Kai Chang

ANALYSIS METHODS FOR RF, MICROWAVE, AND MILLIMETER-WAVE PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES • Cam Nguyen

LASER DIODES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION PROCESSING • Takahiro Numai

FREQUENCY CONTROL OF SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS • Motoichi Ohtsu (ed.)

WAVELETS IN ELECTROMAGNETICS AND DEVICE MODELING • George W. Pan

OPTICAL SWITCHING • Georgios Papadimitriou, Chrisoula Papazoglou, and Andreas S. Pomportsis

MICROWAVE IMAGING • Matteo Pastorino

ANALYSIS OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINES • Clayton R. Paul

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, Second Edition • Clayton R. Paul

ADAPTIVE OPTICS FOR VISION SCIENCE: PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES, DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS • Jason Porter, Hope Queener, Julianna Lin, Karen Thorn, and Abdul Awwal (eds.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC OPTIMIZATION BY GENETIC ALGORITHMS • Yahya Rahmat-Samii and Eric Michielssen (eds.)

INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS •Leonard M. Riaziat

NEW FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL DEVICE TECHNOLOGY • Arye Rosen and Harel Rosen (eds.)

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN MULTI-MODE RANDOM MEDIA •Harrison E. Rowe

ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION IN ONE-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM MEDIA •Harrison E. Rowe

HISTORY OF WIRELESS Tapan • K. Sarkar, Robert. Mailloux, Arthur A. Oliner, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta

PHYSICS OF MULTIANTENNA SYSTEMS AND BROADBAND PROCESSING • Tapan K. Sarkar, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Eric L. Mokole

SMART ANTENNAS • Tapan K. Sarkar, Michael C. Wicks, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Robert J. Bonneau

NONLINEAR OPTICS • E. C. Sauter

APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY •Dipak L. Sengupta and Valdis V. Liepa

COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE CIRCUITS, COMPONENTS, AND SYSTEMS •Rainee N. Simons

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN UNCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES •Onkar N. Singh and Akhlesh Lakhtakia (eds.)

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF AUTONOMOUS MICROWAVE CIRCUITS • Almudena Suárez

ELECTRON BEAMS AND MICROWAVE VACUUM ELECTRONICS • Shulim E. Tsimring

FUNDAMENTALS OF GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM RECEIVERS: A SOFTWARE APPROACH, Second Edition • James Bao-yen Tsui

RF/MICROWAVE INTERACTION WITH BIOLOGICAL TISSUES • André Vander Vorst, Arye Rosen, and Youji Kotsuka

InP-BASED MATERIALS AND DEVICES: PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY • Osamu Wada and Hideki Hasegawa (eds.)

COMPACT AND BROADBAND MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS • Kin-Lu Wong

DESIGN OF NONPLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES •Kin-Lu Wong

PLANAR ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS • Kin-Lu Wong

FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE AND GRID ARRAY • T. K. Wu (ed.)

ACTIVE AND QUASI-OPTICAL ARRAYS FOR SOLID-STATE POWER COMBINING •Robert A. York and Zoya B. Popovi (eds.)

OPTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTING AND NEURAL NETWORKS • Francis T. S. Yu and Suganda Jutamulia

ELECTROMAGNETIC SIMULATION TECHNIQUES BASED ON THE FDTD METHOD •Wenhua Yu, Xiaoling Yang, Yongjun Liu, and Raj Mittra

SiGe, GaAs, AND InP HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS • Jiann Yuan

PARALLEL SOLUTION OF INTEGRAL EQUATION-BASED EM PROBLEMS • Yu Zhang and Tapan K. Sarkar

ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS AND MICROWAVE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY • Shu-Ang Zhou

PREFACE

With the rapid increase in Internet users, photonics will be more important in the future, because photonics contributes to building an infrastructure for the Internet. Laser diodes, which are used commercially as light sources for optical fiber communications and the read/write ability of compact disks (CDs) and digital video disks (DVDs), have the potential to expand photonics technology if their operating principles are applied to photonic devices such as optical filters and optical functional devices.

In this book, the potentials of laser diodes and their applications to optical functional devices and photonic systems are explained. To develop excellent photonic devices we have to fully understand the physics behind the operation of photonic devices. Therefore, the physics behind energy bands of semiconductors, optical transitions, optical waveguides, and semiconductor junctions is explained in detail. In addition, the physical characteristics of laser diodes, optical filters, and optical functional devices are reviewed. Using these photonic devices, photonic systems are demonstrated and some experimental results are described.

The book consists of four parts: Part I, Physics Required to Design Laser Diodes; Part II, Conventional Laser Diodes; Part III, Advanced Laser Diodes and Related Devices; and Part IV, System Demonstrations Using Advanced Laser Diodes and Related Devices. First, the physics behind the operating principles of laser diodes is explained in detail. Second, concepts in the design of laser diodes, optical filters, and optical photonic devices are presented, and their characteristics and experimental results in system applications are reviewed.

Features highlighted in the book are as follows:

1. We remove a large gap between journal articles and textbooks for universities and graduate schools; the reader will find that journal articles are readable after he or she has finished the book. However, only knowledge of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics obtained in an undergraduate course is required to read the book.

2. We give the reader analytical tools for Fabry–Perot laser diodes (LDs), distributed feedback (DFB) LDs, and vertical cavity surface-emitting LDs (VCSELs). If the reader follows the equations in this book, he or she will be enabled to analyze the characteristics of Fabry–Perot LDs, DFB LDs, and VCSELs.

3. We describe the types of potentials in laser diodes used for photonic devices, such as optical filters and optical functional devices. In addition, differences in the specifications required for light sources and those required for optical filters and optical functional devices are discussed.

4. We describe experimental results for system applications of laser diodes, optical filters, and optical functional devices. The reader is introduced to subjects that must be dealt with in the future, with the goal of stimulating research and development in photonics technology.

Finally, I would like to thank Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo, Koichi Shimoda (former professor of Keio University); Professor Emeritus of Keio University, Kiyoji Uehara; Professor Tomoo Fujioka of Tokai University (former professor of Keio University); and Professor Minoru Obara of Keio University for their warm encouragement and helpful advice when I was a student. I am also indebted to NEC Corporation, where I began research on laser diodes after graduation from the Graduate School of Keio University. Thanks are extended to Mr. George Telecki of Wiley for his kind help and to Professor Kai Chang of Texas A&M University, Editor of Wiley's Microwave and Optical Engineering Series, for giving me the opportunity to write the book.

I am especially grateful to Springer Science$+$Business Media for allowing me to adapt material used in Chapters 1 and 8, published originally in my book Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers (Springer-Verlag Series in Optical Sciences, Vol. 93, 2004).

TAKAHIRO NUMAI

PART I

PHYSICS REQUIRED TO DESIGN LASER DIODES