Medical Sciences at a Glance E-Book

Michael D. Randall

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: At a Glance
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 408

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Medical Sciences at a Glance The market-leading at a Glance series is used world-wide by medical students, residents, junior doctors and health professionals for its concise and clear approach and superb illustrations. Each topic is presented in a double-page spread with clear, easy-to-follow diagrams, supported by succinct explanatory text. Covering the whole medical curriculum, the series now includes workbooks and case books, which allow you to put your knowledge to the test. Everything you need to know about Medical Sciences...at a Glance! The definitive companion for medical science study and revision Medical Sciences at a Glance consolidates the scientific knowledge a student needs to provide a solid framework of key facts to build on. Concise, easy to follow, written specifically for medical students, and conveying key concepts through the unique at a Glance style, Medical Sciences at a Glance also demonstrates vital links between different topics and across systems. It is the perfect resource for bridging the gap between A-Level and university, studying a new topic, revising for exams, or refreshing knowledge while on placement. Key features: * Fully cross-referenced to Medicine at a Glance - together they cover the core concepts of an entire medical degree * Highlights key points and their clinical relevance for quick revision and retention of what's most important * Brings together all the scientific content on a medical course in one easy-to-read, highly-illustrated title Medical Sciences at a Glance provides the vital scientific grounding needed to -succeed at medical school. All content reviewed by students for students Wiley-Blackwell Medical Education books are designed exactly for their intended audience. All our books are developed in collaboration with students, which means our books are always published with you, the student, in mind.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Website ad

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Contributors

Abbreviations

How to use your textbook

Features contained within your textbook

About the companion website

Part 1: Cellular structure and function

1: Cells

Tissues

Cell division

Stem cells

2: Organisation of cell membranes

Cell membranes

Phospholipids

The lipid bilayer

Membrane proteins

Transport across membranes

3: Cell organelles

4: Protein biochemistry

Structure

Life cycle

5: Lipid biochemistry

Fatty acids

Triglycerides

Cholesterol

6: Carbohydrate biochemistry

Carbohydrate structure

Glucose

Polysaccharides

Glycogen

Structural carbohydrates

7: Basic mechanisms of drug action

Pharmacological targets

Drug–receptor interactions

Description of drug actions

Part 2: Cellular metabolism

8: General principles of cellular metabolism

Energy requirements

High-energy phosphates

Enzymes and regulation

9: Enzymes

Enzyme kinetics

Key enzymic activities

10: Central metabolic pathways

The Link Reaction – pyruvate dehydrogenase

The TCA cycle

The electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation

11: Fat metabolism

Lipolysis

Metabolism of fatty acids

Ketone bodies

12: Glucose metabolism

Glucose uptake

Glucose metabolism

13: Amino acid metabolism

Amino acid synthesis

The amino acid pool and protein turnover

Aminoacidopathies

Part 3: Molecular and medical genetics

14: Principles of molecular genetics

Gene cloning

Libraries

Isolation of a specific DNA sequence

DNA sequencing

Practical applications

15: DNA and RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

16: Gene expression

Transcription

Translation

The genetic code

17: Medical genetics

Chromosome structure

Sources of genetic variation

Treatment of genetic disease

Part 4: Nerve and muscle

18: Cell excitability

Resting membrane potential (Vm)

The sodium pump (3Na+/2K+ ATPase)

Hypokalaemia

Hyperkalaemia

19: Nervous conduction

20: Synaptic transmission

General principles

Cholinergic transmission

Noradrenergic transmission

Ionotropic neurotransmission

Metabotropic neurotransmission

Inhibitory neurotransmission

Spinal reflexes

21: Autonomic nervous system

Parasympathetic control

Sympathetic control

Autonomic regulation

Co-transmission

22: Neuromuscular transmission

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Neuromuscular blockers

Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Pathophysiology

Part 5: Respiratory system

23: Structure of the respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

24: Respiratory physiology

Breathing

Lung compliance and elastance

Diffusion and gas exchange

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

25: Gas transport

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

26: Control of breathing

Neural generation of ventilatory pattern

Acclimatisation to altitude and hypocapnia

Hypoxic drive dependence with hypercapnia

27: Acid-base physiology

pH

Acidosis, alkalosis and compensation

28: Respiratory pathophysiology

Obstructive respiratory deficits

Restrictive respiratory deficits

Part 6: Cardiovascular system

29: Structure of the cardiovascular system

30: Cardiac physiology

Initiation of the heartbeat

The electrocardiogram (ECG)

Cardiac cycle

Cardiac haemodynamics

Autonomic control of the heart

31: Cardiovascular physiology

Regulation of vascular tone

Capillary exchange

Venous return

32: Blood pressure

Nervous control of blood pressure and baroreceptor control

Volume control of blood pressure

Hypertension

33: Blood: 1

Control of blood production

Blood counts

Blood groups

Anaemias

34: Blood: 2

Coagulation and thrombosis

Leukaemias and lymphomas

35: Cardiovascular pathophysiology

Hypertension

Ischaemic heart disease

Chronic heart failure

Cerebrovascular disease

Part 7: Renal system

36: Structure of the renal system

Kidneys and ureters

Bladder and urethra

37: Renal physiology: filtration and tubular function

Filtration

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Late DCT and cortical collecting duct

38: Renal physiology: loop of Henle

Countercurrent multiplication

Distal nephron and actions of antidiuretic hormone, ADH

39: Regulation of body fluids

Antidiuretic hormone

Other hormones in renal excretion of salt and water

Disorders

Diuretics

40: Bladder function and dysfunction

Autonomic control

Somatic control

Micturition

Disorders of bladder function

Part 8: Digestive system

41: Structure of the gastrointestinal system

Digestive tract

Vasculature of the digestive tract

Innervation of the digestive tract

Accessory organs of digestion

42: Upper gastrointestinal physiology

Salivation

Gastric physiology

Dyspepsia

43: Lower gastrointestinal physiology

Duodenum

Jejunum and ileum

Large intestines

Motility

Pathophysiology

44: The liver

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Liver disease

Part 9: Endocrine system

45: Hypothalamus and pituitary

Regulation of endocrine secretion

Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Endocrine disorders

46: Endocrine pancreas

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

47: Thyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid disorders

48: Adrenal glands and steroid hormones

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

Hormones of the adrenal cortex

Part 10: Reproductive function

49: The genital system

External genitalia

Internal genitalia

50: Reproductive physiology

Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle

Conception

Pregnancy

51: Human embryology

Fertilisation

Gastrulation

Organogenesis

Fetal period

Part 11: Central nervous system

52: Structure of the central nervous system

Brain

Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Spinal cord

53: The sensory system

Sensory receptors

Somatosensory system

Special sensation

54: The motor system

55: Hypothalamus and thalamus

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

56: Central nervous system function

Physiological roles of the CNS

Higher functions

Neurotransmitters and function

57: CNS disorders and treatments

Epilepsy

Parkinson's disease

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Stroke

Pain

Dementia

Depression

Anxiety

Schizophrenia

Part 12: Infections and immunity

58: Pathogens

Bacteria

Viruses

Fungi

Parasites

Prions

59: Recognition of pathogens

Innate recognition

Adaptive recognition

60: Defence against pathogens

Extracellular microbes (e.g. bacteria)

Intracellular microbes (e.g. viruses)

Extracellular parasites (e.g. helminths)

Mucosal microbes

61: Integration of the immune response

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

62: Immunopathology

Type I hypersensitivity – atopic allergy

Type II hypersensitivity – cell or membrane reactive

Type III hypersensitivity – immune complex disease

Type IV hypersensitivity – cell-mediated hypersensitivity

63: Immunodeficiency disorders

The nature of immunodeficiency disorders

Phagocyte defects

Complement deficiencies

B lymphocyte and antibody deficiencies

T cell defects and severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)

Part 13: Cancer

64: Cancer

65: Chemotherapy

Appendix 1: Cross references to Medicine at aGlance (Davey)

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Medical sciences at a glance / edited by Michael D. Randall.

p. ; cm. – (At a glance series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-36092-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-36093-4 – ISBN 978-1-118-36094-1 – ISBN 978-1-118-36095-8 (emobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-36096-5 (epub) – ISBN 978-1-118-36097-2 (epdf)

I. Randall, Michael D., editor of compilation. II. Series: At a glance series (Oxford, England)

[DNLM: 1. Medicine. WB 100]

R706

610–dc23

2013026509

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: iStock © BlackJack3D

Cover design by Meaden Creative

Preface

The At a Glance series provides brief summaries of the medical curriculum for medical, pharmacy and nursing students. Recent changes in curricula at medical schools have reduced the emphasis on students learning large amounts of factual detail and now focus more on core knowledge. Courses have also moved away from the traditional discipline-based approach of studying anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology and pharmacology as distinct preclinical subjects, and many courses are now integrated. This provides a seamless study of the key physiological systems. The purpose of Medical Sciences at a Glance is to reflect the modernisation of medical courses and, as such, provides a single text to support students.

To understand and practise medicine the student needs to have a grasp of underlying biomedical sciences, and this book is intended for the early years' students. It should also help as a refresher of the medical sciences as students enter clinical phases of their courses, as a thorough knowledge of the medical sciences inevitably underpins clinical practice. For example, to understand the ECG in clinical practice one needs to understand the relevant anatomy, the underlying electrical events and the cardiac cycle.

By providing the background in biomedical sciences this edition feeds directly into Medicine at a Glance (Edited by Patrick Davey). The aim of this book is to set out core material on which students can build a framework of learning and understanding. By using this book students should be able to define what they need to know and use the material as key summary points. It is all too easy for students to attempt to learn all lecture material superficially, but the key to medical studies is to understand the core material. We also feel that Medical Sciences at a Glance would be of use to students on the newer problem-based learning courses by setting a background against which students can define their own learning needs.

We hope that this text will help support early years' students getting to grips with physiological systems. We have deliberately limited the clinical content as this is the domain of the sister publication Medicine at a Glance, but have inevitably used some examples of diseases and treatment to place biomedical sciences in context.

The authors of Medical Sciences at a Glance are all from the University of Nottingham and all currently teach the relevant medical sciences to medical, science and pharmacy students.

Michael D Randall

Contributors

Dr Jane Arnold

University Teacher

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Stuart Brown

Director of Biomedical Sciences Teaching

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Steven Burr

Formerly University Teacher

School of Biomedical Sciences

University of Nottingham Medical School

Now Associate Professor in Physiology

Medical School

University of Plymouth

Dr Sue Chan

Lecturer in Cell Signalling

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Chien-Yi Chang

Research Fellow

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Fergus Doherty

Lecturer in Biochemistry

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Lucy Fairclough

Lecturer in Immunology

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr James Lazenby

Research Fellow

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Siobhan Loughna

Lecturer in Anatomy

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Deborah Merrick

Lecturer in Anatomy

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Ian Todd

Associate Professor and Reader in Cellular Immunology

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Prof Michael D Randall

Professor of Pharmacology

School of Life Sciences

University of Nottingham

Dr Sebastiaan Winkler

Associate Professor in Gene Expression

School of Pharmacy

University of Nottingham

Abbreviations

5-HT5-hydroxytryptamineAIangiotensin IAIIangiotensin IIACadenylyl cyclaseAcCoAacetyl coenzyme AACEangiotensin-converting enzymeAChacetylcholineAChEacetylcholinesteraseACTHadrenocorticotropic hormoneADCCantibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicityADHantidiuretic hormoneADPadenosine diphosphateAIDSacquired immune deficiency syndromeALTalanine aminotransferaseAMPadenosine monophosphate (AMP)ANPatrial natriuretic peptideAPaction potentialAPCsantigen-presenting cellsAST:aspartate aminotransferaseAT1angiotensin II receptor type 1AVatrioventricularAVParginine vasopressinBNPb-type natriuretic peptideBPHbenign prostatic hypertrophyBSEbovine spongiform encephalopathyCABGcoronary artery bypass graftCAHcongenital adrenal hyperplasiacAMPcyclic adenosine monophosphateCCKcholecystokininCCRscentral chemoreceptorscGMPcyclic guanosine monophosphateCHFchronic heart failureCJDCreutzfeldt–Jakob diseaseCMLchronic myeloid leukaemiaCNScentral nervous systemCOcardiac outputCOMTcatechol-O-methyltransferaseCOPDchronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCoxcyclooxygenaseCRHCorticotropin-releasing hormoneCSFcolony-stimulating factors (e.g. G-CSF, granulocyte CSF)CSFcerebrospinal fluidCTLRC-type lectin receptorsCYP450cytochrome P450Ddopamine receptorDCTdistal convoluted tubuleDHAEdehydroepiandrosteroneDHAPdihydroxyacetone phosphateDHFRdihydrofolate reductaseDMdiabetes mellitusDPP-IVdipeptidyl peptidase IVDVTdeep vein thrombosisdUMPdeoxy uridine monophosphateECF-likeenterochromaffin-like cellsECGelectrocardiogramEDHFendothelium-derived hyperpolarising factorEDVend diastolic volumeEGFepidermal growth factorEPOerythropoietinEPPsexcitatory postsynaptic potentialsERendoplasmic reticulumERVexpiratory reserve volumeESVend systolic volumeETCelectron transport chainFFaraday's constantFCRFc receptorsFDCfollicular dendritic cellsFEV1forced expiratory volume in the first secondFSHfollicle-stimulating hormoneFVCforced vital capacityG-CSFgranulocyte colony-stimulating factorGFRglomerular filtration rateGLP-1glucagon-like peptide 1GLUTsglucose transportersGLUT2glucose transporter 2GLUT5glucose transporter 5GnRHgonadotrophin-releasing hormoneGPCRG-protein-coupled receptorsGTNglyceryl trinitrateHAARThighly active antiretroviral therapyHbhaemoglobinhCGhuman chorionic gonadotrophinHDLhigh-density lipoproteinHER2human growth factor receptor-2HIVhuman immunodeficiency virusHLAhuman leucocyte antigensHMG-CoA reductasehydroxyl-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductasehnRNAheterogeneous nuclear RNAICimmune complexIFintrinsic factorIf‘funny’ currentIFNinterferonIHDischaemic heart diseaseIMMinner mitochondrial membraneINRinternational normalised ratioIPSPinhibitory postsynaptic potentialIRVinspiratory reserve volumeJVPjugular venous pressureKddissociation constantKIRskiller cell immunoglobulin-like receptorKLRskiller cell lectin-like receptorKMMichaelis-Menten constantLDLlow-density lipoproteinLHluteinising hormoneLPSlipopolysaccharideLTAlipoteichoic acidLTDlong-term depressionLTlong-term potentiationM-receptorsmuscarinic receptorsMAOmonoamine oxidaseMAPmean arterial pressureMCVmean corpuscular volumeMDR1multidrug resistance 1mEPPminiature end plate potentialMGmyasthenia gravisMHCmajor histocompatibility complexMImyocardial infarctionmRNAmessenger RNAMTmelatonin receptorNAnoradrenalinenAChRnicotinic acetylcholine receptorNADPnicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateNCRnatural cytotoxicity receptorNLRNOD-like receptorNKnatural killerNMDAN-methyl-D-aspartateNMJneuromuscular junctionNOnitric oxideNSAIDsnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugsNTSnucleus tractus solitarius (nucleus of the solitary tract)PAMPpathogen-associated molecular patternPAO2arterial oxygenPCphosphatidyl-cholinePACO2arterial carbon dioxidePCVpacked cell volumePCRsperipheral chemoreceptorsPCTproximal convoluted tubulePDEphosphodiesterasePDHpyruvate dehydrogenasePEphosphatidyl-ethanolaminePEFpeak expiratory flowPEFRpeak expiratory flow ratePFK-1phosphofructokinase-1PGI2prostacyclinPIphosphatidyl-inositolPIFpeak inspiratory flowPLphospholipasePPAR-γperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gammaPPIproton pump inhibitorPRRpathogen recognition receptorPSphosphatidyl-serinePTHparathyroid hormoneRgas constantRAASrenin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemRBCred blood cellRERrough endoplasmic reticulumRhDrhesus antigenRLRsRIG-like helicase receptorsrRNAribosomal RNASANsinoatrial nodeSCIDsevere combined immunodeficienciesSCNsuprachiasmatic nucleusSIADHsyndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion    sIgsurface immunoglobulinSGLT1the sodium-glucose transporter protein 1SSRIserotonin-selective reuptake inhibitorTAGtriacylglycerolTcT cytotoxicTCAtricyclic antidepressantTCA cycletricarboxylic acid or Krebs cycleTCRT cell receptorTIAtransient ischaemic attackThT helperTLCtotal lung capacityTLRtoll-like receptorsTNF-αtumour necrosis factor-alphaTPRtotal peripheral resistancetRNAtransfer RNATSGtumour suppressor geneVrate of reactionVCvital capacityVEGFvascular endothelial growth factorVIPvasoactive intestinal polypeptideVLDLvery low-density lipoproteinVmresting membrane potentialVmaxmaximum rate of reactionVOCsvoltage-operated channelsV/Qventilation-perfusionvWFVon Willebrand's factorUCP1uncoupling protein 1UTIurinary tract infection

How to use your textbook

Features contained within your textbook

Each topic is presented in a double-page spread with clear, easy-to-follow diagrams supported by succinct explanatory text.

Your textbook is full of photographs, illustrations and tables.

Section not available in this digital edition

About the companion website

Don't forget to visit the companion website for this book:

www.ataglanceseries.com/medicalsciences

There you will find valuable material designed to enhance your learning, including:

Interactive multiple-choice questionsKey summary points for each chapter

1

Cells

Sebastiaan Winkler

A cell is the smallest functional and structural unit capable of replicating itself. As such, a cell is considered the basic unit of life. The boundary of a cell is the (see ), while the provides structural support (). Cells of the human body have a characteristic nuclear compartment, which contains the genetic material, and are thus classified as cells as opposed to bacterial cells, which do not contain a nucleus. Cellular structures with specific functions, , are discussed in .