Medicine and Surgery of Camelids E-Book

Murray E. Fowler

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1486

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Medicine and Surgery of Camelids is the classic comprehensive reference on llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos, and camels. With information on topics ranging from nutrition and management to infectious diseases and emergency care, this book provides information on the health and maintenance of these species. Updates to the Third Edition include new information on camels; full color throughout; significant revisions to the parentage verification, infectious diseases, anesthesia, restraint, and nutrition sections; and additional information on the alpaca genome. This is an essential resource for practicing veterinarians, zoo veterinarians, and veterinary students.

Leseprobe

Murray E. Fowler is Professor Emeritus of Zoological Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis.

First edition first published 1989

Second edition first published 1998

Third edition first published 2010

© 2010 Blackwell Publishing

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fowler, Murray E. Medicine and surgery of camelids / Murray E. Fowler ; in collaboration with P. Walter Bravo. – 3rd ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Medicine and surgery of South American camelids / Murray E. Fowler. 2nd ed. 1998.Includes bibliographical references and index.

Summary: “Medicine and Surgery of Camelids is the classic comprehensive reference on llamas, alpacas, vicunas, guanacos, and camels. With information on topics ranging from nutrition and management to infectious diseases and emergency care, this book provides information on the health and maintenance of these species. Updates to the Third Edition include new information on camels; full color throughout; significant revisions to the parentage verification, infectious diseases, anesthesia, restraint, and nutrition sections; and additional information on the alpaca genome. This is an essential resource for practicing veterinarians, zoo veterinarians, and veterinary students.”–Provided by publisher.

ISBN 978-0-8138-0616-7 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Camelidae–Diseases. 2. Camelidae–Surgery. I. Bravo, P. Walter. II. Fowler, Murray E. Medicine and surgery of South American camelids. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Camelids, New World–surgery. 2. Camels–surgery. 3. Animal Diseases–surgery. 4. Veterinary Medicine–methods. SF 997.5.C3 F787m 2010]

SF997.5.L35F68 2010

636.2′96–dc22

2009049315

A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.

Set in 10 on 12 pt Palatino by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited Printed in Singapore

Disclaimer

The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting a specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by practitioners for any particular patient. The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization or website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

1 2010

Contents

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

1 General Biology and Evolution

TAXONOMY

GENERAL BIOLOGY

SOUTH AMERICAN CAMELIDS

OLD WORLD CAMELIDS

EVOLUTION

DOMESTICATION

USES OF CAMELIDS

REFERENCES

SELECTED GENERAL MEDICINE REFERENCES ON CAMELS

2 Feeding and Nutrition

FEEDING BEHAVIOR8,9,21,35,48,55,85,93,95,104,127

NUTRITION ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

STOMACH MICROBIOLOGY26,105

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF CAMELIDS6,72,76

VITAMINS

FEEDING CAMELS73,79,131,133

NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS125

SPECIAL FEEDING SITUATIONS

REFERENCES

3 Restraint and Handling

CAMELID BEHAVIOR4,15,17,19,20

PHYSICAL RESTRAINT

PROCEDURES COMMON TO ALL CAMELIDS

REFERENCES

4 Clinical Diagnosis: Examination and Procedures

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

REFERENCES

5 Anesthesia

LOCAL ANESTHESIA

GENERAL ANESTHESIA

NEONATE ANESTHESIA

SUPPORTIVE THERAPY DURING ANESTHESIA

REFERENCES

6 Surgery

HEAD

DENTAL DISEASE

CELIOTOMY (LAPAROTOMY)16

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM58

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

REFERENCES

7 Infectious Diseases

VIRAL DISEASES OF CAMELIDS

TOGAVIRUS INFECTIONS

MISCELLANEOUS VIRAL DISEASES142

FUNGAL INFECTIONS146

BACTERIAL DISEASES68

ABSCESSES

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE FOR CAMELIDS165,166

GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

VALIDITY OF LABORATORY TESTING FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES

REFERENCES

8 Parasites

EXTERNAL PARASITES70,71

INTERNAL PARASITES

REFERENCES

9 Multisystem Disorders

NEOPLASIA

CONGENITAL DISORDERS

STRESS

THERMAL STRESS

DEHYDRATION

FLUID THERAPY IN LLAMAS AND ALPACAS

GERIATRIC MEDICINE IN LLAMAS AND ALPACAS14,24,26,32

ELECTROCUTION

FAILURE OF PREDICTED GROWTH AND WEIGHT LOSS

RECUMBENCY7,8

REFERENCES

10 Integumentary System

SKIN

HAIR (FIBER COAT, WOOL)1,7,11,15,17,25,27,31,41,47

Hair Loss33

MAMMARY GLAND18,26,42,43,46,49

OTHER SKIN GLANDS

FOOT13

DIAGNOSIS OF DERMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS

DISEASES OF THE INTEGUMENT14,16,34

REFERENCES

11 Musculoskeletal System

ANATOMY

RADIOGRAPHY1,23

MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

REFERENCES

12 Respiratory System

ANATOMY

PHYSIOLOGY

SAC ADAPTATIONS TO ALTITUDE

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES17

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PARASITIC DISEASES

CONGENITAL DISORDERS

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES10,15,30

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

REFERENCES

13 Digestive System

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY84

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT106,107

DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM4,20,50,85

REFERENCES

14 Endocrine System

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

DISEASES

REFERENCES

15 Hemic and Lymphatic Systems

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

HEMATOLOGY

SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY3,36,67

LYMPHATICS

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

DISEASES

REFERENCES

16 Cardiovascular System

ANATOMY

PHYSIOLOGY

SPECIAL DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

DISEASES

CARDIAC MASSAGE

REFERENCES

17 Reproduction

Murray E. Fowler and P. Walter Bravo

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

NORMAL REPRODUCTION62,65,109

INFERTILITY82

SELECTION OF BREEDING CAMELIDS

REFERENCES

18 Urinary System

ANATOMY

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMELID URINE1,9,28,29

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

URINATION BEHAVIOR

DISEASES

REFERENCES

19 Organs of Special Sense

EYE

EAR

REFERENCES

20 Nervous System

ANATOMY

DIAGNOSIS

DISEASES

MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

REFERENCES

21 Neonatology

Murray E. Fowler and P. Walter Bravo

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAMELID NEONATE1,2,4,14,32

IMMEDIATE CARE OF THE NEWBORN11,28,29,31

PREMATURITY6

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

FAILURE OF PASSIVE TRANSFER (FPT) OF IMUNOGLOBULINS1

CARING FOR THE ORPHANED CAMELID14,15

WEANING25

NEONATAL DISEASES26

IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

REFERENCES

22 Congenital/Hereditary Conditions

TERMINOLOGY

CAMELID GENETICS19,39,62,89

TERATOGENESIS

HEREDITARY TRAITS21,25,65,67,100,123

BREEDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS63

CONGENITAL CONDITIONS49

NEW CONGENITAL DEFECTS OF SACS

THE CAMELID IMMUNE SYSTEM

BLOOD-TYPING AND PARENTAGE VERIFICATION

CAMELID HYBRIDS

REFERENCES

23 Toxicology

ADAPTATION TO TOXICANTS

DIAGNOSIS OF POISONING6,25

TREATMENT OF POISONING

PREVENTION OF POISONING

CLASSES OF POISONS3,45

REFERENCES

24 Conformation and Gaits

CONFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS

REFERENCES

25 Disaster and Emergency Management

DISASTER AND EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

PLANNING AND PREPARATION

REFERENCES

Appendix 1 Abbreviations Used in this Book

Appendix 2 Conversion Tables

Appendix 3 Sources for Drugs Mentioned in the Text

Appendix 4 Generic Names, Common or Trade Names and Sources of Drugs Mentioned in the Text

Index

Dedication

The third edition is once again lovingly dedicated to my wife Audrey, who has been an intimate participant in all of the editions. She has not only tolerated the hours spent away from the family but has read, corrected, and reread the manuscripts more times than either of us would like to remember. This revision could not have been brought to fruition without her help.

Preface to the Third Edition

The purpose of a preface is to provide an overview of the book. The second edition was published in 1998. The medical challenges that have arisen since then have kept pace with the advances made in veterinary medicine in general. West Nile virus encephalitis entered the United States and has become endemic in all the mainland states. Ionophore coccidiostat toxicity is new to camelids as is red maple, Acer rubrum, poisoning which heretofore has only been reported in horses.

The scope of this edition has broadened materially, as refl ected in the new title. Information on Old World camelids has been added. While much of the anatomy and medical information is applicable to all camelids, where specifi c differences occur they will be discussed more fully.

The world literature has been scanned to provide an international approach to camelid medicine. Hundreds of new citations from the world literature provide details for the interested reader. References from sources that are less readily available to most readers have been deleted.

South American camelids are popular in the private sector in many countries in the world. They may become exposed to new infectious and parasitic diseases, such as West Nile virus disease, eastern equine encephalomyelitis, and encephalomyocarditis. In Europe, camelids have contracted Borna disease.

Camels suffer from a unique form of pox, which is the scourge of camels in their native countries. South American camelids may be experimentally infected, but are not known to be clinically infected naturally. Camels are also subject to surra (trypanosomiasis), which is caused by a protozoan parasite in countries where native camels exist.

The opportunities for continuing education in camelid medicine are numerous. Annual four - day workshops are now rotated between Ohio State University in Columbus and Oregon State University in Corvallis. Another conference is held at Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas. Sporadic seminars and conferences are held in conjunction with local camelid association meetings and at large regional veterinary conferences. Similar meetings are held in Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and European countries.

The quantity and quality of research on camelid medical challenges have expanded exponentially. A signifi cant milestone in camelid research is the completion of the alpaca genome project, which has great potential for genetic studies. Research studies on camelid medicine are reported in many professional journals. The Journal of Camel Practice and Research is devoted entirely to camelids.

Color has been added to the third edition, with more than 500 color images and 250 black and white photos and diagrams. The author’s aim is to provide medical information on all camelids for clinical veterinarians, research scientists, students, and others interested in the health and well - being of these special animals that share this Earth with us.

Preface to the Second Edition

It has been ten years since the first edition of Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids was written. Much has transpired during that time period. The population of llamas in North America has grown to over 120,000. Fewer than 200 llamas are exhibited in zoos, the rest being in private ownership. The astronomical prices paid for llamas a decade ago have dropped to a more reasonable level. Alpacas have become more popular, and over 2,000 animals have been imported from South America, bringing the North American alpaca population to greater than 10,000. Countries on other continents are experiencing a growth in South American camelids (SACs) as an alternate livestock enterprise; they include Australia, New Zealand, England, Scotland, France, and Germany.

Numerous regional and national organizations offer membership conferences, shows, sales, and other activities to maintain and stimulate interest in these unique animals. Llamas are now being used to guard fl ocks of sheep and to pack supplies and equipment for the U.S. Forest Service. Cottage industries making use of both llama and alpaca fiber abound. Camelid industries in North America are strong, and there is continued interest in learning about health care, hence the need for a second edition of this book.

Approximately 1,000 references from the world literature were cited in the first edition. In the intervening ten years the author has found another 1,300 references to add to that list. Considerable clinical experience has been gained by practitioners all over the world. A number of institutions are conducting basic investigations to solve problems. The camelid industries have contributed generously to fund research, but much more support is required to bring camelid veterinary medicine into the twenty-first century on a par with other livestock industries.

Articles appear regularly in professional veterinary journals. Books have been published dealing with medicine, reproduction, feeding, neonatology, and infectious and parasitic diseases. Veterinarians are no longer able to say that nothing is known about these animals. Likewise, owners should not say that veterinarians don’t know how to treat the disorders of camelids. Not only are there books and professional journal papers but also numerous state, regional, and national veterinary meetings that offer half to two days of information on camelid medicine to attendees.

A two-day annual workshop on “the cutting edge of llama and alpaca medicine” has alternated between the veterinary schools at Fort Collins, Colorado, and Davis, California, with forty to seventy veterinarians attending. Other veterinary schools have offered special programs for veterinarians and, in some cases, for owners/breeders. Similar programs for veterinarians have been held in Australia, England, Scotland, Italy, France, and Germany. Veterinary schools in California, Colorado, Oregon, and perhaps other states have offered special elective llama and alpaca medicine and surgery courses to undergraduate veterinary students.

The format of the second edition is similar to that of the first, with two new chapters added on conformation and disaster management. Some chapters did not warrant much change, but others were revised signifi-cantly and brought up to date. Considerable basic research has been conducted on reproductive physiology during the past ten years. The author invited Dr. P. Walter Bravo to contribute to the chapter on reproduction. Topics that were omitted or glossed over superficially in the first edition have been expanded in keeping with newer knowledge that has been acquired.

As with the first edition, numerous individuals provided input in the form of inspiration, encouragement, shared clinical experiences, and basic research. A second edition would not have been considered without the support of the reading public. Again, my special thanks to Dr. La Rue Johnson, a true friend, who has been willing to discuss philosophies, ideas, failures, and successes within a framework of mutual respect and admiration. I feel blessed to have shared so many good years with owners and managers of llamas and alpacas. I have learned from them and their animals. I hope this book will help to return the favor of friendship and support.

The basic stimulus for preparing this book has not been the owners/breeders or colleagues but the author’s desire to contribute to the longer, healthier life of the versatile camelids of this world.

Murray E. Fowler

2

Feeding and Nutrition

Camelid owners and managers develop strong views on what constitutes appropriate feeding, and newcomers to the industry are bombarded with, “This is the way you have to feed.” There are no absolutes in feeding practices for camelids. Veterinarians may be unable to clarify the issues without basic information. It is not what you feed but how you feed it!