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- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Modern Machine-Shop Practice Volumes I and II by Joshua Rose is a comprehensive and authoritative reference work that delves into the principles, methods, and tools of the late 19th-century machine shop. Spanning two volumes and richly illustrated with over 1,000 detailed engravings, the book offers an in-depth exploration of the mechanical arts as practiced during the height of the industrial revolution. Rose meticulously covers a wide array of topics, including the construction and operation of lathes, planing machines, drilling machines, and milling machines, as well as the intricacies of fitting, turning, and finishing metalwork. The text provides clear explanations of mechanical drawing, pattern making, gear cutting, screw cutting, and the use of various measuring instruments, making it an invaluable resource for both apprentices and experienced machinists. The volumes also address the theoretical foundations of machine construction, such as the properties of metals, the principles of leverage and motion, and the application of mathematics to mechanical problems. Rose’s practical approach is evident in his step-by-step instructions, troubleshooting tips, and emphasis on accuracy and efficiency in workshop practices. The book not only serves as a technical manual but also as a historical document, capturing the state-of-the-art techniques and innovations of its era. Whether used as a guide for hands-on work or as a reference for understanding the evolution of machine-shop technology, Modern Machine-Shop Practice remains a landmark publication in the field of mechanical engineering and industrial craftsmanship.
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Please see Transcriber’s Notes at the end of this document.
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VOL. I.
MODERN MACHINE‑SHOP PRACTICE.
FRONTISPIECE
Copyright, 1887 by Charles Scribner’s Sons.
MODERN AMERICAN FREIGHT LOCOMOTIVE.
Modern Machine-Shop Practice
BY
JOSHUA ROSE, M.E.
ILLUSTRATED WITH MORE THAN 3000 ENGRAVINGS
VOLUME I.
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 1887
Copyright, 1887, by CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York.
PREFACE.
Modern Machine-Shop Practice is presented to American mechanics as a complete guide to the operations of the best equipped and best managed workshops, and to the care and management of engines and boilers.
The materials have been gathered in part from the author’s experience of thirty-one years as a practical mechanic; and in part from the many skilled workmen and eminent mechanics and engineers who have generously aided in its preparation. Grateful acknowledgment is here made to all who have contributed information about improved machines and details of new methods.
The object of the work is practical instruction, and it has been written throughout from the point of view, not of theory, but of approved practice. The language is that of the workshop. The mathematical problems and tables are in simple arithmetical terms, and involve no algebra or higher mathematics. The method of treatment is strictly progressive, following the successive steps necessary to becoming an intelligent and skilled mechanic.
The work is designed to form a complete manual of reference for all who handle tools or operate machinery of any kind, and treats exhaustively of the following general topics: I. The construction and use of machinery for making machines and tools; II. The construction and use of work-holding appliances and tools used in machines for working metal or wood; III. The construction and use of hand tools for working metal or wood; IV. The construction and management of steam engines and boilers. The reader is referred to the Table of Contents for a view of the multitude of special topics considered.
The work will also be found to give numerous details of practice never before in print, and known hitherto only to their originators, and aims to be useful as well to master-workmen as to apprentices, and to owners and managers of manufacturing establishments equally with their employees, whether machinists, draughtsmen, wood-workers, engineers, or operators of special machines.
The illustrations, over three thousand in number, are taken from modern practice; they represent the machines, tools, appliances and methods now used in the leading manufactories of the world, and the typical steam engines and boilers of American manufacture.
The new Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary at the end of the work, aims to include all the technical words and phrases of the machine shop, both those of recent origin and many old terms that have never before appeared in a vocabulary of this kind.
The wide range of subjects treated, their convenient arrangement and thorough illustration, with the exhaustive Table of Contents of each volume and the full Analytical Index to both, will, the author hopes, make the work serve as a fairly complete ready reference library and manual of self-instruction for all practical mechanics, and will lighten, while making more profitable, the labor of his fellow-workmen.
CONTENTS.
Table of contents for Volume II.
Volume I.
CHAPTER I.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS.
PAGE
Gear-Wheels.
Spur-wheels, bevel-wheels, mitre-wheels, crown-wheels, annular or internal wheels
1
Trundle-wheels, rack and pinion-wheel and tangent screw, or worm and worm-wheel
1
The diameter of the pitch circle of
1
Gear-Wheel Teeth.
The face, the flank, the depth or height
1
The space, the pitch line, the point, the arc pitch, the chord pitch, the line of centres
2
Rules for finding the chord pitch from the arc pitch; table of natural sines; diametral pitch; finding the arc from the diametral pitch; table of arc and diametral pitches
3
Gear-Wheels.
The driver and follower, a train of gears
3
Intermediate gears
3
The velocity of compounded wheels
4
Finding the diameters of the pitch circles of
4
Considered as revolving levers
5
Calculating the revolutions of, and power transmitted by
5
The angular velocity of
6
Gear-Wheels.
Hunting tooth in, stop motion of
7
Gear-Wheel Teeth.
The requirements and nature of the teeth curves
7
Cycloidal curves for the faces of; epicycloidal and involute curves; the hypocycloidal curve; method of forming or generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves for the faces and flanks of gear teeth
8
Applications of the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves in the formation of gear teeth
9
The diameter of the circle for generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves; graphical demonstration that the flank curves are correctly formed to work with the face curves of the other wheel
10
Graphical demonstration that the curves are correct independent of either the respective sizes of the wheels, or of the curve generating circles
11
Gear-Wheels.
Hand applications of the rolling or generating circle to mark the tooth curves for a pair of wheels
12
Gear-Wheel Teeth.
The variation of curve due to different diameters of wheels or of rolling circles
12
Tracing the path of contact of tooth upon tooth in a pair of gear-wheels; definition of the “arc of approach;” definition of the “arc of recess;” demonstration that the flanks of the teeth on the driver or driving-wheel have contact with the faces of the driven wheel during the arc of approach, and with the flanks of the driven wheel during the arc of recess
13
Confining the action of the teeth to one side only of the line of centres, when motion rather than power is to be conveyed
13
Demonstration that the appearance or symmetry of a tooth has no significance with regard to its action
14
Finding how many teeth will be in constant action, the diameter of the wheels, the pitch of the teeth, and the diameter of the rolling circle being given
15
Example of the variation of tooth form due to variation of wheel diameter
15
Gear Teeth.
Variation of shape from using different diameters of rolling circles
16
Thrust on the wheel shafts caused by different shapes of teeth
16
Gear-Wheels.
Willis’ system of one size of rolling circle for trains of interchangeable gearing
16
Conditions necessary to obtain a uniform velocity of
16
Gear Teeth.
The amount of rolling and of sliding motion of
16
The path of the point of contact of
16
The arcs of approaching and of receding contact
16
Lengths of the arcs of approach and of recess
16
The influence of the sizes of the wheels upon the arcs of contact
17
Influence of the size of the rolling circle upon the amount of flank contact
18
Demonstration that incorrectly formed teeth cannot correct themselves by wear
18
The smaller the diameter of the rolling circle, the less the sliding motion
18
Influence of the size of the rolling upon the number of teeth in contact in a given pair of wheels
19
Demonstration that the degrees of angle the teeth move through exceed those of the path of contact, unless the tooth faces meet in a point
19
Influence of the height of the teeth upon the number of teeth in contact
20
Increasing the arc of recess without increasing the arc of approach
20
Wheels for transmitting motion rather than power
21
Clock wheels
21
Forms of teeth having generating or rolling circles, as large or nearly as large as the diameters of the wheels
21
Gear-Wheels.
Bevel
21
The principles governing the formation of the teeth of bevel- wheels
22
Demonstration that the faces of the wheels must be in line with the point of intersection of the axis of the two shafts
22
Gear Teeth.
Method of finding the curves of, for bevel gear
22
Gear-Wheels.
Internal or annular
23
to
27
Demonstration that the teeth of annular wheels correspond to the spaces of spur-wheels
23
Gear-Wheels Internal.
Increase in the length of the path of contact on spur-wheels of the same diameter, and having the same diameter of generating or rolling circle
23
Demonstration that the teeth of internal wheels may interfere when spur-wheels would not do so
23
Methods of avoiding the above interference
23
Comparison of, with spur-wheels
23
The teeth of: demonstration that it is practicable to so form the teeth faces that they will have contact together as well as with the flanks of the other wheel
24
Intermediate rolling circle for accomplishing the above result
24
The application of two rolling circles for accomplishing the above result
24
Demonstration that the result reached by the employment of two rolling circles of proper diameter is theoretically and practically perfect
24
Limits of the diameters of the two rolling circles
25
Increase in the arc of contact obtained by using two rolling circles
25
Demonstration that the above increase is on the arc of recess or receding contact, and therefore gives a smooth action
25
Demonstration that by using two rolling circles each tooth has for a certain period two points of contact
25
The laws governing the diameters of the two rolling circles
25
Practical application of two rolling circles
26
Demonstration that by using two rolling circles the pinion may contain but one tooth less than the wheel
26
The sliding and rolling motion of the teeth of
27
CHAPTER II.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).
Worm and Worm-Wheel
, or wheel and tangent screw
28
to
31
General description of
28
Qualifications of
28
The wear of
28
Worm-Wheel Teeth
, the sliding motion of
28
When straight have contact on the centres only of the tooth sides
28
That envelop a part of the worm circumference
28
The location of the pitch line of the worm
28
The proper number of teeth in the worm-wheel
29
Locating the pitch line of the worm so as to insure durability
29
Rule for finding the best location for the pitch line of the worm
29
Increasing the face of the worm to obtain a smoother action
29
Worms
, to work with a square thread
29
Worm-Wheels
, applications of
30
Gear-Wheels
with involute teeth
31
to
34
Gear Teeth.
Generating the involute curve
31
Templates for marking the involute curve
32
Involute Teeth
, the advantages of
34
Gear Teeth
, Pratt and Whitney’s machine for cutting templates for
35
CHAPTER III.
THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).
Gear Teeth
, revolving cutters for
37
Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for
38
Numbers of cutters used for a train of wheels
39
Gear-Wheel Teeth.
Table of equidistant value of cutters
41
Depth of, in the Brown and Sharpe system
42
Cutting the teeth of worm-wheels
42
Finding the angle of the cutter for cutting worm-wheels
43
The construction of templates for rolling the tooth curves
43
Rolling the curves for gear teeth
43
Forms of templates for gear teeth
44
Pivoted arms for tooth templates
44
Marking the curves by hand
45
Former or Template of the Corliss bevel gear-wheel engine or cutting machine
45
The use of extra circles in marking the curves with compasses
46
Finding the face curves by geometrical constructions
47
The Willis odontograph for finding the radius for striking the curves by hand
47
The method of using the Willis odontograph
48
Professor Robinson’s odontograph
49
Method of using Professor Robinson’s odontograph
49
Application of Professor Robinson’s odontograph for trains of gearing
51
Tabular values and setting numbers for Professor Robinson’s odontograph
51
Walker’s patent wheel scale for marking the curves of cast teeth
51
The amount of side clearance in cast teeth
53
Filleting the roots of epicycloidal teeth with radial flanks
53
Scale of tooth proportions given by Professor Willis
54
The construction of a pattern for a spur-wheel that is to be cast with the teeth on
54
Template for planing the tooth to shape
54
Method of marking the curves on teeth that are to be glued on
55
Method of getting out the teeth of
56
Spacing the teeth on the wheel rim
56
Methods of accurately spacing the pattern when it has an even number of teeth
58
Method of spacing the wheel rim when it has an odd number of teeth
58
Gear-Wheels, Bevel Pinion
, drawings for
59
Getting out the body for a bevel-wheel
59
Template for marking the division lines on the face of the wheel
59
Marking the lines of the division on the wheel
60
Gear-Wheels, Pinion
, with dovetail teeth
60
Testing the angle of bevel-wheels while in the lathe
60
Gear-Wheels, Skew Bevel.
Finding the line of contact
61
Marking the inclination of the teeth
61
Gear-Wheels, Bevel
, drawing for built up
61
Gear-Wheels, Worm
, or endless screw
62
Constructing a pattern from which the worm is to be cast
62
Tools for cutting the worm in a lathe
62
Cutting the teeth by hand
62
Gear-Wheels, Mortise
or cogged
63
Methods of fastening cogs
63
Methods of getting out cogs for
63
Gear-Wheel Teeth
, calculating the strength of epicycloidal
64
Factors of safety for
64
Tredgold’s rule for calculating the strength of
65
Cut, calculating the strength of
65
Gear-Wheel Teeth.
The strength of cogs
66
The thickness of cogs
66
The durability of cogs
66
Table for calculating the strength of different kinds of
67
The contact of cast teeth
67
Table for determining the relation between pitch diameter, pitch, and number of teeth in gear-wheels
68
Examples of the use of the above table
68
With stepped teeth
69
Angular or helical teeth
69
End thrust of angular teeth
69
Herring-bone angular teeth
69
For transmitting motion at a right angle by means of angular or helical teeth
69
Cutting helical teeth in the lathe
69
For wheels whose shaft axes are neither parallel nor meeting
70
Elliptical
70
Elliptical, marking the pitch lines of
70
Elliptical, drawing the teeth curves of
73
For variable motion
74
Form of worm to give a period of rest
74
Various applications of
74
Gear-Wheels
, arrangement of, for periodically reversing the direction of motion
75
Watt’s sun and planet motion
75
Arrangements for the rapid multiplication of motion
75
Arrangement of, for the steering gear of steam fire-engines
75
Various forms of mangle gearing
79
Gear-Wheel and Rack
, for reciprocating motion
77
Friction Wheels.
77
The material for
77
Paper
78
For the feed motion of machines
78
The unequal wear upon grooved
79
Form of, for relieving the journals of strain
79
Cams
, for irregular motion
80
Finding the pitch line of
80
Finding the working face of
80
The effect the diameter roller has upon the motion produced by a cam
80
Demonstration of the different motion produced by different diameters of rollers upon the same cam
80
Diagram of motion produced from the same cam with different diameters of rollers
81
Return or backing
82
Methods of finding the shape of return or backing
82
Cam Motion
, for an engine slide valve without steam lap
83
For a slide valve with steam lap
83
Groove Cams
, proper construction of
84
The wear of
84
Brady’s improved groove cam with rolling motion and adjustment for wear
84
CHAPTER IV.
SCREW-THREADS.
Screw Threads
, the various forms of
85
The pitch of
85
Self-locking
85
The Whitworth
86
The United States standard
86
The Common V
86
The requirements of
86
Tools for cutting
87
Variation of pitch from hardening
87
The wear of thread-cutting tools
88
Methods of producing
88
Alteration of shape of, from the wear of the tools they are cut by
89
Screw Thread Cutting Tools.
The wear of the tap and the die
89
Improved form of chaser to equalize the wear
90
Form of, to eliminate the effects of the wear in altering the fit
90
Originating standard angles for
91
Standard micrometer gauge for the United States standard screw thread
91
Standard plug and collar gauges for
91
Producing gauges for
92
Table of United States standard for bolts and nuts
93
Table of standard for the V-thread
93
United States standard for gas and steam pipes
93
Taper for standard pipe threads
95
Tables of the pitches and diameters at root of thread, of the Whitworth thread
95
Table of Whitworth’s screw threads for gas, water, and hydraulic piping
96
Whitworth’s standard gauges for watch and instrument makers
96
Screw-cutting hand tools
96
Thread-Cutting Tools.
American and English forms of stocks and dies
97
Adjustable or jamb dies
98
The friction of jamb dies
98
The sizes of hobs that should be used on jamb dies
99
Cutting right or left-hand thread with either single, double, or treble threads with the same dies
99
Hobs for hobbing or threading dies
100
Various forms of stocks with dies adjustable to take up the wear
101
Dies for gas and steam pipes
101
Thread-Cutting Tool Taps.
The general forms of taps
102
Reducing the friction of
102
Giving clearance to
102
The friction of taper
103
Improved forms of
103
Professor J. E. Sweet’s form of tap
104
Adjustable standard
104
The various shapes of flutes employed on taps
105
The number of flutes a tap should have
105
Demonstration that a tap should have four cutting edges rather than three
106
The position of the square or driving end, with relation to the cutting edges
106
Taper taps for blacksmiths
106
Collapsing taps for use in tapping machines
107
Collapsing tap for use in a screw machine
107
The alteration of pitch that occurs in hardening
108
Gauging the pitch after the hardening
108
Correcting the errors of pitch caused by the hardening
109
For lead
109
Elliptical in cross section
109
For very straight holes
109
Tap wrenches solid and adjustable
110
Thread-Cutting.
Tapping
110
Appliances for tapping standard work
111
CHAPTER V.
FASTENING DEVICES.
Bolts
, classification of, from the shapes of their heads
112
Classification of, from the shapes of their bodies
112
Countersunk
112
Holes for, classification of
112
For foundations, various forms of
113
Hook bolts
113
The United States standard for finished bolts and nuts
113
The United States standard for rough bolts and nuts, or black bolts
114
The Whitworth standard for bolts and nuts
114
Screws
114
Studs
115
Set Screws
115
Bolts
for quick removal
116
That do not pass through the work
117
That self-lock in grooves and are readily removable
117
Heads and their bedding
117
Nuts
, the forms of, when they are to be steam tight
118
Various forms of
118
Jamb nuts and lock nuts
119
Differential Threads
for locking purposes
119
For fine adjustments
119
Nuts
, taking up the wear of
120
Securing devices
120
Securing by taper pins
121
Securing by cotters
121
Securing by notched plates
121
Pins.
Securing for exact adjustments
121
And double eyes fitting
121
Fixed
122
Working
122
Bolts
, removing corroded
122
Nuts
, removing corroded
122
Washers
, standard sizes of
122
Wrench
, the proper angles of
123
Box
124
Monkey
125
Adjustable, various forms of
125
Sockets
125
Novel for carriage bolts
125
Pin
126
Improved form of
126
Keys
, the various kinds of
126
The bearing surfaces of
126
Set Screws
, application of, to hubs or bosses
127
Keys
, with set-screws
127
The draught of
127
Feathers
, and their applications
127
Keys
, for parallel rods
128
Taper Pins
, proper position of, for locking purposes
128
Improved method of fitting
128
CHAPTER VI.
THE LATHE.
Lathe
, the importance and advantages of
129
Classification of lathes
129
Foot
130
Methods of designating the sizes of
130
Bench
130
Power
130
Hand
130
Slide Rest for
131
American form of, their advantages and disadvantages
132
English forms of
132
For spherical work
132
Methods of taking up lost motion of
133
Engine Lathe
, general construction of
133
The construction of the shears of
134
Construction of the headstock
134
Construction of the bearings
134
Construction of the back gear
135
Means of giving motion to the feed spindle
135
Construction of the tailstock
135
Method of rapidly securing and releasing the tailstock
136
Lathe Tailstock
, setting over for turning tapers
136
Engine Lathe
, construction of carriage
137
Feed motion for carriage or saddle
137
Lathe Apron
, Construction of the feed traverse
138
Construction of the cross-feed motion
138
Engine Lathe
, lead screw and change wheels of
139
Feed spindle and lead screw bearings
139
Swing frame for lead screw
139
Lead screw nuts
140
With compound slide rest
140
Construction of compound slide rest
141
Advantages of compound slide rest
141
For taper turning
142
Taper-turning attachments
142
With compound duplex slide rest
143
Detachable slide rest
143
Three-tool slide rest for turning shafting
143
With flat saddle for chucking work on
143
The Sellers Lathe
143
Construction of the headstock and treble gear
144
Construction of the tailstock and method of keeping it in line
145
Construction of the carriage and slide rest
145
Methods of engaging and disengaging the feed motions
146
Car Axle Lathe
, with central driving motion and two slide rests
147
The feed motions of
148
Self-Acting Lathe
, English form of
148
Pattern Maker’s Lathe
148
Brake for cone pulley
149
With wooden bed
149
Slide rest for
149
Chucking Lathe
, English
149
Feed motions of
150
Pulley Lathe
150
Gap or Break Lathe
151
Extension Lathe
151
Wheel Lathe
151
Chucking Lathe
for boring purposes
152
Lathe
for turning crank axles
152
Construction of the headstock
153
Construction of the feed motions
154
For turning crank, Arrangements of the slide rests
154
Application of the slide rest to a crank
155
CHAPTER VII.
DETAILS IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION.
Live Spindle
of a lathe, the fit of
157
With coned journals
157
Methods of taking up the end motion of
158
Arranging the swing frame for the change gears
158
Taking up the wear of the back bearing
158
The wear of the front bearing of
158
The Taper
for the live centre
159
Methods
of removing the lathe centres
159
Tapers
for the live centres
159
Methods
of removing the dead centre
159
Driving Cone
, arranging the steps of
159
Requirements of proportioning the steps of
159
Rules for proportioning the diameters of the steps of, when the two pulleys are exactly alike and are connected by an open belt
159
to
161
When the two pulleys are unlike
161
to
164
Back Gear
, methods of throwing in and out
165
Conveying
motion to the lead screw
165
Attaching
the swing frame
166
Feed Gear.
Arrangement for cutting worm threads or tangent screws
167
Feed Motion
for reversing the direction of tool traverse in screw cutting
168
For lathe aprons
168
Slide Rest
, weighted elevated
168
Double tool holder for
169
Gibbed elevating
169
Examples
of feed motions
170
Feed Regulators
for screw cutting
171
The star feed
172
Ratchet Feeds
173
Tool Holding
devices, the various kinds of
173
Tool Rest
swiveling
174
Tool Holder
for compound slide rests
174
For octagon boring tools
175
Lathe Lead and Feed Screws
175
Lead screws, supporting, long
176
Position of the feed nut
177
Form of threads of lead screws
177
The effect the form of thread has in causing the nut to lock properly or improperly
177
Example of a lead screw with a pitch of three threads per inch
177
Example of a lead screw with five threads per inch
178
Example with a lead screw of five threads per inch
179
Device for correcting the errors of pitch of
179
Table
for finding the change wheels for screw cutting when the teeth in the change wheels advance by four
180
For finding the change wheels when the teeth in the wheels advance by six
180
Constructing a table to cut fractional threads on any lathe
181
Finding the change wheels necessary to enable the lathe to cut threads of any given pitches
181
Finding the change wheels necessary to cut fractional pitches
181
Determining
the pitches of the teeth for change wheels
182
Lathe Shears
or beds
182
Advantages and disadvantages of, with raised V-guide-ways
182
Examples of various forms of
183
Lathe Shears
with one V and one flat side
183
Methods of ribbing
184
The arrangement of the legs of
184
Lathe Tailblock
185
With rapid spindle motion
185
With rapid fastenings and releasing devices
185
The wear of the spindles of
185
Spindles, the various methods of locking
186
Testing, various methods of
187
CHAPTER VIII.
SPECIAL FORMS OF THE LATHE.
Watchmaker’s Lathes
188
Construction of the headstock
188
Construction of chucks for
188
Expanding chucks for
188
Contracting chucks for
188
Construction of the tailblock
189
Open spindle tailstocks for
189
Filing fixture for
189
Fixture for wheel and pinion cutting
189
Jewelers’ rest for
189
Watch Manufacturers’ Lathe
190
Special chucks for
190
Pump centre rest
190
Lathe
, hand
191
Screw slotting
192
With variable speed for facing purposes
192
Cutting-off machine
193
Grinding Lathes
193
With elevating rest
194
Universal
195
Special chucks for
196
The Morton Poole calender roll grinding lathe
196
The construction of the bed and carriages
197
Principles of action of the carriages
197
,
198
Construction of the emery-wheel arbors and the driving motion
198
,
199
The advantages of
199
The method of driving the roll
200
Construction of the headstock
200
The transverse motion
200
The Brown and Sharpe Screw Machine
, or screw-making lathe
200
Threading tools for
203
Examples of the use of
203
The Secor Screw Machine
, construction of the headstock
204
The chuck
205
The feed gear
205
The turret
205
The cross slide
205
The stop motions
206
Pratt and Whitney’s Screw Machine
206
Parkhurst’s wire feed, construction of the headstock, chuck and feed motion
207
Box tools for
208
Applications of box tools
208
Threading tool for
208
Cutting-off tool for
208
Special Lathe
for wood working
208
The construction of the carriage and reducing knife
209
Construction of the various feed motions
209
Construction of the tailstock
209
Lathes for irregular forms
210
Axe-handle
210
Back knife gauge
210
Special, for pulley turning
211
Boring and Turning
mill or lathe
211
Construction of the feed motions
213
Construction of the framing and means of grinding the lathe
214
Construction of the vertical feed motions
215
The Morton Poole
roll turning lathe
215
Construction of the slide rest
216
The tools for
216
Special Lathes
for brass work
216
,
217
Boring Lathe
with traversing spindle
218
For engine cylinders
219
Cylinder, with facing slide rests
219
With double heads and facing rests
220
Lathe for turning Wheel
hubs
221
CHAPTER IX.
DRIVING WORK IN THE LATHE.
Drivers
, carriers, dogs, or clamps, and their defects
222
Lathe clamps
222
Equalizing drivers
223
The Clements driver
223
Driver and face plate for screw cutting
223
Forms of, for bolt heads
224
Adjustable, for bolt heads
224
For threaded work
225
For steady rest work
225
For cored work
225
For wood
225
Centres
for hollow work
226
For taper work
226
Lathe Mandrels
, or arbors
227
Drivers for
227
For tubular work
227
Expanding mandrels
227
With expanding cones
228
With expanding pieces
228
Expanding, for large work
228
For threaded work
228
For nuts, various forms of
229
For eccentric work
229
Centring devices
for crank axles
230
The Steady Rest
or back rest
231
Steady rest, improved form of
232
Cone chuck
232
Steady rest for square and taper work
233
The cat head
233
Clamps for
233
Follower rests
234
Chucks and Chucking
234
Simple forms of chucks
234
Adjustable chucks for true work
235
Two-jawed chucks
236
Box body chucks
237
Reversible jawed chucks
237
Three and four-jawed chucks
237
Combination chucks
237
The wear of scroll chuck threads
237
Universal chucks
238
The wear of chucks
240
Special forms of chucks
241
Expanding chucks for ring-work
241
Cement chuck
241
Chucks for wood-working lathes
242
Lathe Face Plates
243
Face plates, errors in, and their effects
243
Work-holding straps
244
Face plate, clamping work on
245
Forms of clamps for
245
Examples of chucking work on
246
,
247
For wood work
247
Special Lathe Chuck
for cranks
248
Face Plate Work
, examples of
249
Errors in chucking
250
Movable dogs for
250
The angle plate
251
Applications of
251
Angle plate chucking, examples of
251
Cross-head chucking
251
-
253
CHAPTER X.
CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHES.
Principles
governing the shapes of lathe tools
254
Diamond-pointed
, or front tool
254
Principles
governing use of tools
254
Front rake and clearance of front tools
254
Influence of the height of a tool upon its clearance and keenness
255
Tools with side rake in various directions
256
The effect of side rake
256
The angle of clearance in lathe tools
257
Variation of clearance from different rates of feed and diameters of work
257
Round-nosed
tools
258
Utmost Duty
of cutting tools
258
Judging the quantity of the tool from the shape of its cutting
259
Square-nosed
tools
260
The height of lathe tools
260
Side tools for lathe work
261
Cutting-off or grooving tools
262
Facing tools or knife tools
262
Spring tools
263
Brass Work
, front tools for
264
Side tools for
264
Threading
tools
264
Internal threading tools
264
The length of threading tools
265
The level of threading tools
265
Gauges for threading tools
266
Setting threading tools
266
Circular threading tools
267
Threading tool holders
267
Chasers
268
Chaser holders
268
Setting chasers
268
Square Threads
, clearance of tools for
269
Diameter at the roots of threads
269
Cutting coarse pitch square threads
269
Dies for finishing square threads
269
Tool Holders
for outside work
270
For circular cutters
272
Swiveled
273
Combined tool holders and cutting-off tools
273
Power Required
to drive cutting tools
273
CHAPTER XI.
DRILLING AND BORING IN THE LATHE.
The Twist Drill
274
Twist drill holders
274
The diametral clearance of twist drills
274
The front rake of twist drills
275
The variable clearance on twist drills as usually ground
275
Demonstration of the common error in grinding twist drills
276
The effects of improper grinding upon twist drills
276
Table of speeds and feeds for twist drills
277
Grinding twist drills by hand
279
Twist drills for wood work
279
Tailstock Chucks
for drilled work
279
Flat Drills
for lathe work
280
Holders for lathe work
281
Half-round
bit or pod auger
281
With front rake for wrought iron or steel
281
With adjustable cutter
281
For very true work
281
Chucking Reamer
281
The number of teeth for reamers
282
Spacing the teeth of reamers
282
Spiral teeth for reamers
282
Grinding the teeth of reamers
282
Various positions of emery-wheel in grinding reamers
282
Chucking reamers for true work
283
Shell reamers
283
Arbor for shell reamers
283
Rose-bit or rose reamers
283
Shell rose reamers
284
Adjustable reamers
284
Stepped reamers for taper work
285
Half-round reamers
285
Reamers for rifle barrels
285
Boring Tools
for lathe work
285
Countersinks
285
Shapes of lathe boring tools
285
Boring tools for brass work
286
The spring of boring tools
286
Boring tools for small work
287
Boring tool holders
287
Boring Devices for Lathes
288
Boring Heads
288
Boring Bars
289
Boring bar cutters
289
Three
versus
four cutters for boring bars
290
Boring bars with fixed heads
290
With sliding heads
290
Bar cutters, the shapes of
291
Boring head with nut feed
291
Boring bars for taper work, various forms of
292
Boring double-coned work
293
Boring bar, centres for
293
Cutting Speeds
and feeds for wrought iron
294
Examples of speeds taken from practice
295
CHAPTER XII.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK.
Technical Terms
used in the work
296
Lathe Centres
296
Devices for truing
297
Tools for testing the truth of, for fine work
298
Shapes of, for light and heavy work
299
Centre Drilling
, attachment for lathes
300
The error induced by straightening work after
300
Machine
300
Combined centre-drill and countersink
300
Countersink with adjustable drill
300
Centring square
300
Centre-punch
300
Centre-punch guide
301
Centring work with the scribing block
301
Finding the centre of very rough work
301
Centre-drill chuck
302
The proper form of countersink for lathe work
302
Countersinks for lathe work
302
Various forms of square centres
303
The advantage of the square centre for countersinking
303
Novel form of countersink for hardened work
303
Chucks for centre-drilling and countersinking
303
Recentring turned work
304
Straightening Work.
Straightening machine for bar iron
304
Hand device for straightening lathe work
305
Chuck for straightening wire
305
Cutting Rods
into small pieces of exact length, tools for
305
Roughing cuts
, the change of shape of work that occurs from removing the surface by
306
Feeds for
306
Rates of feed for
307
Finishing Work
, the position of the tool for
307
Finishing cast-iron with water
307
Specks in finished cast-iron work
307
Scrapers for finishing cast-iron work
307
Method of polishing lathe work
308
Filing lathe work
308
The use of emery paper on lathe work
308
The direction of tool feed in finishing long work
309
Forms of laps for finishing gauges or other cylindrical lathe work
310
Forms of laps for finishing internal work
311
Grinding and polishing clamps for lathe work
311
Burnishing lathe work
311
Taper Work
, turning
312
The wear of the centres of
312
Setting over the tailstock to turn
312
Gauge for setting over
313
Fitting
313
Grinding
313
The order of procedure in turning
313
The influence of the height of the tool in producing true
314
Special Forms.
Curved work
314
,
315
Standard gauges for taper work
316
Methods of turning an eccentric
317
Turning a cylinder cover
318
Turning pulleys
318
Chucking device for pulleys
318
Cutting Screws
in the lathe
319
The arrangement of the change gears
319
The intermediate wheels
319
The compounded gears
320
Finding the change wheels to cut a given thread
320
Finding the change wheels for a lathe whose gears are compounded
321
Finding the change gears for cutting fractional pitches
321
To find what pitch of thread the wheels already on the lathe will cut
322
Cutting left-hand threads
322
Cutting double threads
322
Cutting screws whose pitches are given in the terms of the metric system
322
Cutting threads on taper work
323
Errors in cutting threads on taper work
324
CHAPTER XIII.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK (Continued).
Ball Turning
with tubular saw
325
With a single tooth on the end of a revolving tube
325
With a removable tool on an arbor
325
Tool holder with worm feed
325
By hand
325
Cams
, cutting in the lathe
326
Improved method of originating cams in the lathe
326
Motions for turning cams in the lathe
326
,
327
Application of cam motions to special work
327
Cam chuck for irregular work
328
Milling
or knurling tool
328
Improved forms of
328
Winding Spiral Springs
in the lathe
329
Hand Turning
330
The heel tool
330
The graver and its applications
330
,
331
Hand side tools
331
Hand round-nosed tools for iron
331
Hand finishing tool
331
Hand Tools
, for roughing out brass work
332
Various forms and applications of scrapers
332
,
333
Clockmakers’ hand tool for special or standard work
334
Screw cutting with hand tools
334
Outside and inside chasers
334
Hobs and their uses
335
The application of chasers, and errors that may arise from the position in which they are presented to the work
336
Errors commonly made in cutting up inside chasers
337
V-tool for starting outside threads
337
Starting outside threads
338
Cutting taper threads
338
Wood turning hand tools
338
The gauge and how to use it
338
The chisel and its use
339
The skew chisel and how to use it
339
Wood turners’ boring tools for lathe work
340
CHAPTER XIV.
MEASURING MACHINES, TOOLS AND DEVICES.
Standards of Measurements
, in various countries
341
Use of, by sight and by the sense of feeling
341
Variations in standard gauges
341
The necessity for accurate standards
341
The Rogers Bond standard measuring machine
342
Details of construction of
343
,
344
The principle of construction of
344
The methods of using
345
The Whitworth measuring machine
345
The Betts Machine Company’s measuring machine
346
Professor Sweet’s measuring machine
347
Measuring machine for sheet metal
348
Circle
, division of the
348
Troughton’s method of dividing the circle
348
,
349
Ramsden’s dividing engine
349
The construction of
350
,
351
Pratt and Whitney’s dividing device
352
Practical application of
353
Index wheel, method of originating, by R. Hoe & Co.
353
Application of the index wheel (Hoe & Co.’s system)
353
Classification
of the measuring tools used by workmen
354
Micrometer Caliper
and its principle of construction
354
,
355
Gauges.
Standard plug and collar gauges
356
Methods of comparing standard plug and collar gauges
356
The effects of variations of temperature upon standard gauges
356
Plug and collar gauges for taper work
357
The Baldwin standards for taper bolts
359
Workmen’s gauges for lathe work
359
Calipers
, outside, the various forms of
360
Inside calipers
360
Calipers with locking devices
360
Spring calipers
360
The methods of holding and using
361
,
362
Keyway calipers
363
The advantages of calipers
363
Fitting.
The four kinds of fit in machine work
363
The influence of the diameter of the work in limiting the application of standard gauges
363
The wear of tools and its influence upon the application of the standard gauge system
364
The influence of the smoothness of the surface upon the allowance to be made for drilling or hydraulic fits
365
Examples of allowance for hydraulic fits
365
Parallel holes and taper plugs for hydraulic fits
365
Fitting.
Practicable methods of testing the fit of axle brasses forced in by hydraulic pressure
366
Shrinkage or contraction fits
366
Allowances for
366
Gauge for
367
The shrinkage system at the Royal Gun Factory at Woolwich
367
Experiments by Thomas Wrightson upon the shrinkage of iron under repeated heatings and coolings
368
to
374
Shrinking work, to refit it
374
,
375
CHAPTER XV.
MEASURING TOOLS.
End Measurements
of large lathe work
376
Template gauges for
376
Trammels or Trains
377
Adjustable gauges for
377
Compasses
—Dividers
377
Compass calipers
378
Key Seating
rule
378
Surface Gauge
378
Pattern makers’ pipe gauge
379
Squares.
The try square
379
The T square
379
Various methods of testing squares
379
,
380
Bevel squares
380
Bevel Protractors
380
Hexagon Gauge
381
Straight Edge
and its applications
381
,
382
Winding strips and their application
382
Surface Plate
or planimeter
383
Templates
for curves
384
Wire Gauges
, notch
384
Standard gauges for wire, &c.
384
,
386
Gauge for music wire
386
Brown and Sharpe wire gauge
387
Birmingham wire gauge for rolled shell silver and gold
387
Sheet iron gauge, Russian
387
Galvanized iron
387
Belgian sheet zinc
387
American sheet zinc
387
Rifle Bore
gauge
387
Strength of Wire
, Kirkaldy’s experiments
387
,
388
CHAPTER XVI.
SHAPING AND PLANING MACHINES.
General description
of a shaping machine
389
Construction
of swivel head
389
Slide
390
Vice chuck
390
Feed motion
390
Hand
shaping machine
392
Quick Return Motion
, Whitworth’s
392
Vice Chucks
, the principles of construction of plain, for planing machine
392
The proper methods of chucking work in
393
Holding taper work in
394
Various forms of
394
Swiveling
395
Rapid motion
396
For vice work
396
Centres
for shaping machines
397
Traveling Head
in shaping machine
397
Planer Shapers
or shaping machines, having a tappet motion for reversing the direction of motion
398
,
399
Quick Return Motion
shaping machines, link
399
The Whitworth
400
Comparisons of the link motion and Whitworth
401
Simple Crank
, investigating the motion of
401
Planing Machines
, or planer
402
The various motions of
402
,
403
The table driving gear
404
Planing machine with double heads
404
Rotary planing machine
405
CHAPTER XVII.
PLANING MACHINERY.
The Sellers
planing machine
406
The belt shifting mechanism
406
,
407
The automatic feed motions
408
Sliding Head
408
Cross Bar
409
Slides of Planers
, the various forms of construction of
410
Wear of the Slides
of planer heads, various methods of taking up the
410
Swivel Heads
411
Tool Aprons
411
Swivel Tool-holding devices
for planers
411
Planer Heads
, graduations of
412
Safety devices for
413
Feed motions for
414
V-guideways for
414
Flat guideways for
415
Oiling devices for
415
Planing Machine Tables
415
Slots and holes in planing machine tables
416
Forms of bolts for planer tables
417
Supplementary tables for planer tables
417
Angle plates for planer tables
418
Chucking devices for planer tables
418
Planer Centres
418
Planer Chucks
419
For spiral grooved work
419
For curved work
420
Chucking machine beds on planer tables
420
For large planing machines
422
Chucking the halves of large pulleys on a planer
423
Gauges
for planing V-guideways in machine beds
421
Planing guideways in machine beds
422
Gauge for planer tools
424
Planer Tools
, the shapes of
424
For coarse finishing feeds
424
The clearance of
424
For slotted work
424
Planer Tool Holder
, with tool post
425
Various applications of
425
Simple and advantageous form of
426
Examples of application of
426
CHAPTER XVIII.
DRILLING MACHINES.
Drilling Machines.
General description of a power drilling machine
428
Lever feed
428
With automatic and quick return feed motions
428
Improved, with simple belt and uniform motion, two series of rates of automatic feed, and guide for boring bar
429
,
430
Radial
430
,
431
For boiler shells
436
Cotter or keyway
438
Drilling Machine, three-spindle
434
Four-spindle
434
Drilling and Boring
machine
431
Feed motion of
432
Combined Drilling Machine
and lathe
433
Boring Machine
, horizontal
433
For car wheels
438
For pulleys
438
Quartering Machine
434
Drilling and Turning Machine
for boiler makers
435
Feed motions of
436
CHAPTER XIX.
DRILLS AND CUTTERS FOR DRILLING MACHINES.
Jigs or Fixtures
for drilling machines
439
Limits of error in
439
Examples of, for simple work, as for links, &c.
440
Considerations in designing
440
For drilling engine cylinders
440
to
441
For cutting out steam ports
441
Drills and Cutters
for drilling machines
442
Table of sizes of twist drills, and their shanks
442
Flat drills for drilling machines
442
Errors in grinding flat drills
443
The tit-drill
443
The lip drill
443
Cotter or keyway drills
446
Drilling holes
true to location with flat drills
444
Drilling hard metal
444
Table of sizes of tapping holes
445
Drill Shanks
and sockets
445
Improved form of drill shank
446
Square shanked drills and their disadvantages
446
Drill Chucks
446
Stocks and Cutters
for drilling machines
447
Tube plate cutters
448
Stocks and Cutters.
Adjustable stock and cutter
448
Facing tool with reamer pin
449
Counterbores for drilling machines
449
Drill and counterbore for wood work
449
Facing and countersink cutters
449
Device for drilling square holes
450
Device for drilling taper holes in a drilling machine
451
CHAPTER XX.
HAND-DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS, AND DEVICES.
The Brad-awl
452
Bits.
The gimlet bit
452
The German bit
452
The nail bit
452
The spoon bit
452
The nose bit
453
The auger bit
453
Cook’s auger bit
453
Principles governing the shapes of the cutting edges of auger bits
453
Auger bit for boring end grain wood
453
The centre bit
454
The expanding bit
454
Drills.
Drill for stone
454
The fiddle drill
455
The fiddle drill with feeding device
455
Drill with cord and spring motion
455
Drill stock with spiral grooves
455
Drill brace
455
Drill brace with ratchet motion
456
Universal joint for drill brace
456
Drill brace with multiplying gear and ratchet motion
456
Breast drill with double gear
456
Drilling levers for blacksmiths
457
Drill cranks
457
Ratchet brace
457
Flexible shaft for driving drills
458
Drilling device for lock work
459
Hand drilling machine
459
Slotting Machine
459
Sectional view of
460
Tool holders
460
,
461
Tools
461
,
462
CHAPTER XXI.
THREAD-CUTTING MACHINERY AND BROACHING PRESS.
Pipe Threading
, die stock for, by hand
463
Die stock for, by power
463
Pipe threading machines, general construction of
463
Bolt Threading
hand machine
464
With revolving head
465
Power threading machine
465
With automatic stop motion
466
Construction of the head
466
Construction of the chasers
466
Bolt threading machine with back gear
467
Single rapid bolt threading machine
467
Double rapid bolt threading machine
467
Construction of the heads of the rapid machines
468
Bolt threading machinery, the Acme
468
Construction of the head of
468
to
470
Capacity of
470
Cutting Edges
for taps, the number of
471
Examples when three and when four cutting edges are used, and the results upon bolts that are not round
471
,
472
Demonstration that four cutting edges are correct for bar iron
472
Positions of Dies
, or chasers in the heads of bolt cutting machine
473
Dies
, methods of hobbing, to avoid undue friction
473
The construction of, for bolt threading machines
473
Method of avoiding friction in thread cutting
474
Hob for threading
474
Cutting speeds for threading
474
Nut Tapping
machine
475
Automatic socket for
475
Rotary
475
Three-spindle
475
Pipe Threading Machine
475
to
477
Tapping Machine
for steam pipe fittings
478
Broaching Press
478
Principles of broaching
478
Examples in the construction of broaches
479
List of plates Vol. II.
FULL-PAGE PLATES.
Volume I.
Facing
Frontispiece.
MODERN LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE.
Title Page
Plate
I.
TEMPLATE-CUTTING MACHINES FOR GEAR TEETH.
34
„
II.
FORMS OF SCREW THREADS.
85
„
III.
MEASURING AND GAUGING SCREW THREADS.
93
„
IV.
END-ADJUSTMENT AND LOCKING DEVICES.
120
„
V.
EXAMPLES IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION.
148
„
VI.
CHUCKING LATHES.
150
„
VII.
TOOL-HOLDING AND ADJUSTING APPLIANCES.
174
„
VIII.
WATCHMAKER’S LATHE.
188
„
IX.
DETAILS OF WATCHMAKER’S LATHE.
188
„
X.
EXAMPLES OF SCREW MACHINES.
200
„
XI.
ROLL-TURNING LATHE.
215
„
XII.
EXAMPLES IN ANGLE-PLATE CHUCKING.
252
„
XIII.
METHODS OF BALL-TURNING.
325
„
XIV.
STANDARD MEASURING MACHINES.
341
„
XV.
DIVIDING ENGINE AND MICROMETER.
354
„
XVI.
SHAPING MACHINES AND TABLE-SWIVELING DEVICES.
398
„
XVII.
EXAMPLES OF PLANING MACHINES.
404
„
XVIII.
EXAMPLES IN PLANING WORK.
422
„
XIX.
LIGHT DRILLING MACHINES.
428
„
XX.
HEAVY DRILLING MACHINES.
430
„
XXI.
EXAMPLES IN BORING MACHINERY.
434
„
XXII.
BOILER-DRILLING MACHINERY.
436
„
XXIII.
NUT-TAPPING MACHINERY.
475
MODERN MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE.
Chapter I.—THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS.
A wheel that is provided with teeth to mesh, engage, or gear with similar teeth upon another wheel, so that the motion of one may be imparted to the other, is called, in general terms, a gear-wheel.
Fig. 1.
When the teeth are arranged to be parallel to the wheel-axis, as in Fig. 1, the wheel is termed a spur-wheel. In the figure, a represents the axial line or axis of the wheel or of its shaft, to which the teeth are parallel while spaced equidistant around the rim, or face, as it is termed, of the wheel.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
When the wheel has its teeth arranged at an angle to the shaft, as in Fig. 2, it is termed a bevel-wheel, or bevel gear; but when this angle is one of 45°, as in Fig. 3, as it must be if the pair of wheels are of the same diameter, so as to make the revolutions of their shafts equal, then the wheel is called a mitre-wheel. When the teeth are arranged upon the radial or side face of the wheel, as in Fig. 4, it is termed a crown-wheel. The smallest wheel of a pair, or of a train or set of gear-wheels, is termed the pinion; and when the teeth are composed of rungs, as in Fig. 5, it is termed a lantern, trundle, or wallower; and each cylindrical piece serving as a tooth is termed a stave, spindle, or round, and by some a leaf.
Fig. 6.
An annular or internal gear-wheel is one in which the faces of the teeth are within and the flanks without, or outside the pitch-circle, as in Fig. 6; hence the pinion p operates within the wheel.
When the teeth of a wheel are inserted in mortises or slots provided in the wheel-rim, it is termed a mortised-wheel, or a cogged-wheel, and the teeth are termed cogs.
Fig. 7.
When the teeth are arranged along a plane surface or straight line, as in Fig. 7, the toothed plane is termed a rack, and the wheel is termed a pinion.
Fig. 8.
A wheel that is driven by a revolving screw, or worm as it is termed, is called a worm-wheel, the arrangement of a worm and worm-wheel being shown in Fig. 8
