Nanocolloids for Petroleum Engineering E-Book

Baghir A. Suleimanov

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 389

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Nanocolloids for Petroleum Engineering Enables readers to understand nanocolloids in upstream operations in the oil industry from an applied and theoretical point of view Nanocolloids for Petroleum Engineering brings together the background, latest advances, and practical and theoretical information about nanocolloids for petroleum engineering in one comprehensive volume. The text is structured in such a way to allow readers to easily distinguish key points and quickly gain the expertise they need to become more effective in their respective disciplines. For practical purposes and to aid in seamless reader comprehension, experiences of service companies, general guidance, and problem solving exercises are included throughout the text. The highly qualified authors specifically present the subject as petroleum experts and use a niche industry point of view, which means petroleum, reservoir, and drilling engineers will be able to quickly understand and digest the information contained within. Sample topics covered in the work include: * A brief introduction to and classification of colloid systems, describing the main properties of nanocolloids crucial for practical application in petroleum engineering * Nanocolloids application in reservoir engineering and development, illustrating reservoir conditions necessary for nanocolloids formation * Nanocolloid applications in production operations, including the mechanism of nanoscale dispersion phase impact on physical properties of conventional substances utilized in upstream processes * Nanocolloid application in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and the impact of nanoparticles on conventional displacement agents Nanocolloids for Petroleum Engineering serves as a comprehensive reference work and standalone guide for petroleum engineers who are interested in gaining knowledge surrounding nanocolloids and harnessing that knowledge to aid in solving a wide variety of conventional challenges in the field.

Leseprobe

Nanocolloids for Petroleum Engineering

Fundamentals and Practices

Baghir A. Suleimanov

Oil and Gas Scientific Research Project InstituteState Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR)Baku, Azerbaijan

Elchin F. Veliyev

Oil and Gas Scientific Research Project InstituteState Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR)Baku, Azerbaijan

Vladimir Vishnyakov

University of HuddersfieldHuddersfield, UK

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The right of Baghir A. Suleimanov, Elchin F. Veliyev and Vladimir Vishnyakov to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to recognize the contribution in experimental studies of the following people: Dr. Elhan M. Abbasov, Dr. Hakim F. Abbasov, Dr. Oleg A. Dyshin, and Dr. Rayyet H. Ismayilov.

The authors also thank their families for the support, patience, and understanding they have shown during the preparation of this book.

Introduction

In contempt of growing investments in renewable energy, the oil industry still stays the main source of energy in the world. It is well known that the greatest part of oil resources is still marked as unrecoverable due to the limitation of conventional oil recovery methods. The number of explored oil fields already overtake the fields to be explored. In this regard, the increment in oil production of mature oil fields is very crucial. The oil industry today is standing in the frontier of new pioneering achievements. With a high probability it can be argued that these achievements will be made and have already been committed to laboratories. An oil price decrease has already reduced economic benefits of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods due to CAPEX increments. The same challenges are lying ahead of all upstream technologies, such as completion, workover, sand control, etc. The application of new nano‐based materials could open new opportunities and find new decisions for conventional problems.

This book aims to cover a theoretical and practical background related to nanocolloid application experience gained over the last decades. Nanocolloids are admitted by the majority of researchers as a new perspective and a promising investigation topic. The high surface area of dispersion phase causes a more reactive behavior compared to conventional counterparts and significantly changes the properties of colloid systems. For instance, the propagation ability of nanogels considerably increases an opening of new opportunities for in‐depth fluid diversion techniques as well as gel durability in reservoir conditions. The book consists of five parts divided into chapters to make the experience of reading the book more reader‐friendly. The paragraphs that follow briefly describe each part and highlight the main discussed topics.

Part A. Nanocolloids – An Overview consists of two chapters devoted to a brief introduction and classification of colloid systems. It was presented and explained the term “nanocolloid.” The chapters describe the main properties of nanocolloids crucial for practical applications in petroleum engineering: for example, stability, rheological behavior, surface tension, and wettability.

Part B. Reservoir Development consists of three chapters devoted to nanocolloid applications in reservoir engineering. The chapters describe reservoir conditions necessary for nanocolloid formation. Nanogas emulsion hydrodynamics at reservoir conditions have been described in detail. Field validation results of the proposed kinetic mechanisms accompanied by technical recommendations for successful implementation were also presented.

Part C. Production Operations consists of four chapters devoted to nanocolloid applications in production operations. The chapters describe the mechanism of the nanoscale dispersion phase impact on physical properties of conventional substances utilized in upstream processes. Particularly, the mechanism of Portland cement reinforcement in the presence of nanoparticles was described and verified. Nanogas emulsions were investigated in terms of sand control applications based on fluidization phenomena. The vibrowave stimulation impact on nano-gas emulsion flow was also reported.

Part D. Enhanced Oil Recovery consists of four chapters devoted to nanocolloid applications for EOR. The chapters describe the impact of nanoparticles on conventional displacement agents. For instance, the addition of nanoparticles significantly changes surface and rheological behavior in surfactant aqueous solutions. The mechanism of the observed phenomena has been explained and specified. Deep flow diversion agents demonstrate improved stability and enhanced physical properties in the existence of nanoparticles in the dispersion phase. Enhanced flow behavior of nanogels improves conformance control due to deeper in‐situ propagation and increased thermal stability. Field application results encourage stating nanogas emulsions as effective and profitable displacement agents for oil recovery. Explained mechanisms and reported data referring to observed phenomena could be a good theoretical and practical basis for future investigations.

Part E. Novel Perspective Nanocolloids describes new perspective materials for petroleum engineering. Metal string complexes due to the existence of extra metal ions and paddlewheel geometry have large varieties of metal–metal bonds that lead to significant changes in physical properties. Colloid stability and thermal conductivity have been sustainably improved in the presence of metal string complexes. The overall reported results allow these compounds to be shown as a promising area for future studies and applications in the petroleum industry.

The book is based on materials from many sources, including academic papers, publications from the indexed petroleum journals, academic institutions laboratory report data, as well as the experience of Service and National Oil Companies gained over the last three decades. To make this book a useful and effective guide into the nanocolloids, applied and theoretical basis of the detailed observed results were provided.

Part ANanocolloids – An Overview

1Nanocolloid Classification

1.1 What is a Colloid?

A colloid (colloidal system or mixture) is a heterogeneous matter in which one phase plays a host role (dispersion media) and another phase is present as a stable distinguishable dispersed (dispersion) entity (we can also say particles if the dispersion is from a solid phase). The dispersion phase can have sizes between 1 and 1000 nm [1]. The shape can vary over a very broad range. It is assumed that a colloid should be thermodynamically stable and that the dispersed phase (entities) remains evenly distributed throughout the colloid.

If the dispersed entities are too small, it would not be possible to define them as a phase. At the other extreme, if they are too big then the system would not be stable.

In fact, two common methods exist to determine whether a mixture is a colloid or not:

The Tyndall effect. This is based on light scattering by particles in a colloid or a very fine suspension. The light passes easily through a true solution but in colloids the dispersed phase scatters it in all directions, making it hardly transparent.

Filtration of the colloid through a semipermeable membrane. In fact, the dispersion phase cannot pass through the membrane and is filtered out of a dispersion medium.

There are three main classifications of colloids according to different properties of the dispersed phase and medium [2, 3].

1.1.1 Colloid Classification

Classification based on the physical state of the dispersion medium and of the dispersed phase.

Using these criteria, colloids can be divided as shown in

Table 1.1

.

Classification based on the nature of the interaction between the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase.

Using this criterion, colloids can be classified as either lyophilic or lyophobic.

Lyophilic (

intrinsic colloids

). A high force of attraction exists between a dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. These types of colloids are very stable and do not require special mixing requirements. Examples are starch, rubber, protein, etc.

Table 1.1 The main types of nanocolloid.

Dispersed phase

Dispersed medium

Name of colloidal solution

Common examples

Solid

Gas

Solid aerosol

Smoke, dust

Solid

Liquid

Sol, gel, suspension

Paints, inks, jellies

Solid

Solid

Solid sol

Alloys, opals

Liquid

Gas

Liquid aerosol

Dust, smog, clouds

Liquid

Liquid

Emulsion

Butter, cream, milk

Liquid

Solid

Solid emulsion (gel)

Butter, cheese, curd

Gas

Liquid

Gas emulsion, foam

Whipped cream, suds

Gas

Solid

Solid foam

Cake, marshmallow, lava

Lyophobic (

extrinsic colloids

). A very weak force of attraction exists between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium. These types of colloids are unstable without the application of stabilizing agents and require special mixing procedures. Examples are sols of metals like silver and gold.

Classification based on the types of particles of the dispersed phase colloids.

Using these criteria, colloids can be divided into:

Multimolecular colloids.

These are formed by a colloidal range aggregation of atoms or small molecules that have a particle size less than the colloidal range (i.e. with a diameter less than 1 nm) in a dispersion medium. For example, gold consists of various sized particles composed of several atoms of gold.

Macromolecular colloids.

These are composed of macromolecules having strong chemical bonds between molecules and of a size in the colloidal range. They are very stable. Examples are starch, proteins, cellulose, etc.

Associated colloids.

These are substances that behave as electrolytes at low concentrations, but show colloidal properties at high concentrations due to

a

micelle formation.

1.1.2 Colloid Evaluation

Colloids are usually evaluated by the following dispersion characteristics [4] :

Particle aggregate.

An inter‐particle force causes the aggregation of the dispersion phase in small species, where two types of aggregates occur.:

Nanoparticle agglomeration in dry powder form.

It is very hard to segregate them, even with ultrasonication.

Nanoparticles in colloids form a large cluster.

This type of cluster requires more than one procedure to disperse them.

Table 1.2 Stability of suspensions with relation to the zeta potential [5] .

Zeta potential

This is an electrokinetic value for a dispersed phase. The potential is strongly related to the colloid stability.

Stability characteristics

Average zeta potential in mV

Maximum agglomeration and precipitation

0 to +3

Range of strong agglomeration and precipitation

+5 to −5

Threshold of agglomeration

−10 to −15

Threshold of delicate dispersion

−16 to −30

Moderate stability

−31 to −40

Fairly good stability

−41 to −60

Very good stability

−61 to −80

Extremely good stability

−81 to −100

Particle structure (size and shape).

Dispersion phase particle dimensions and shapes have a huge impact on colloids properties. Example are thermophysical properties, rheological behavior, etc.

Polydispersity.

In general, a colloid would have various sized particles acting as the dispersion phase. A polydispersity index is a measure of the particle size variation and ranges from 0 to 1. According to international standards, the value of the index below 0.05 is characteristic of monodispersed distribution (all particles have the same size), while the index values above 0.7 indicate a broadly polydisperse system.

Zeta potential.

This is an electrokinetic value for a dispersed phase. The potential is strongly related to the colloid stability (see

Table 1.2

).

1.2 What is a Nanocolloid?

The term nanocolloid is relatively new and considers a colloid that has nanoparticles as a dispersion phase [4, 6]. Nanocolloids have the following main features:

The dispersion phase is established by compounds in the amorphous or crystalline state, either organic or inorganic, and may demonstrate collective behavior and consists of particles in the 1–100 nm range.

Repulsion forces act as the main force to prevent a macroscopic phase separation.

Meanwhile it should be mentioned that the dispersion medium is also a very critical factor as well as an interfacial layer covering the dispersion medium. The stability of the obtained colloids depends strongly on the factors mentioned above. This will be discussed and illustrated further later in the book.

Table 1.3 shows the main types of nanocolloid often found in petroleum engineering.

Table 1.3 The main types of nanocolloid often found in petroleum engineering.

Dispersed phase

Dispersed medium

Name of colloidal solution

Applications in petroleum engineering

Solid

Liquid

Nanogel, nanosuspension (nanofluid)

[6–49]

Solid

Solid

Nanosol

[12, 50, 51]

Liquid

Gas

Nanoaerosol

[12]

Liquid

Liquid

Nanoemulsion

[6, 12,52–54]

Gas

Liquid

Nano gas emulsion, nanofoam

[6]