Nanomachines E-Book

Joseph Wang

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 294

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Nanomachines represent one of the most fascinating topics in of nanotechnology. These tiny devices provide diverse opportunities towards a wide range of important applications, ranging from targeted delivery of drug payloads to environmental remediation. This book addresses comprehensively the latest developments and discoveries in the field of nano- and microscale machines. It covers the evolution of nanomachines in general from a historical perspective, the fundamental challenges for motion at the nanoscale, different categories of biological and synthetic nano/microscale motors based on different propulsion mechanisms, ways for controlling the movement directionality and regulated speed, followed by detailed of major areas for which nanomachines has the potential to make a transformational impact. It ends with a futuristic look at nano/microscale machines and into their impact on the society. Key Features: * The only nanomachine introductory textbook currently available. * Written with college graduate level in mind to appeal to a broad interdisciplinary audience. * Covers the fundamental challenges for nanoscale motion. * Covers the latest advances in the design and operaton of a wide range of small-scale machines. * Covers diverse biomedical, environmental and technological applications of nanomachines. * Written in review format with cited articles to cover latest research and developments.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Related Titles

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

1: Fundamentals – Small-Scale Propulsion

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nanomachines History

1.3 Challenges to Nanoscale Propulsion

1.4 Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics

2: Motion of Natural Nanoswimmers

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Chemically Powered Motor Proteins

2.3 Rotary Biomotors

2.4 Swimming Microorganisms

3: Molecular Machines

3.1 Stimuli-Responsive Rotaxane, Pseudorotaxane, and Catenane Nanomachines

3.2 Molecular Rotary Motors

3.3 Light-Driven Molecular Machines based on cis–trans Photoisomerization

3.4 Nanocars

3.5 DNA Nanomachines

4: Self-Propelling Chemically Powered Devices

4.1 Self-Propelling Catalytic Nanowires

4.2 Catalytic Tubular Microengines

4.3 Catalytic Janus Microparticles: Spherical Motors

4.4 Controlled Motion of Chemically Powered Nano/Microscale Motors

4.5 Alternative Fuels for Chemically Powered Micro/Nanoscale Motors

4.6 Collective Behavior: Toward Swarming and Chemotaxis

4.7 Biocatalytic Propulsion

4.8 Motion Based on Asymmetric Release of Chemicals

4.9 Polymerization-Induced Motion

5: Externally Powered Nanomotors – Fuel-Free Nanoswimmers

5.1 Magnetically Driven Nanomotors

5.2 Electrically Driven Nanomotors

5.3 Ultrasound-Actuated Micromotors

5.4 Light-Driven Micromotors

5.5 Hybrid Nanomotors

6: Applications of Nano/Microscale Motors

6.1 Cargo Towing: Toward Drug Delivery

6.2 Biosensing and Target Isolation

6.3 Active Nanoscale Transport by Synthetic Motors in Microchip Devices

6.4 Nanomotor-based Surface Patterning and Self-Assembly

6.5 Use of Micro/Nanoscale Motors for Environmental Monitoring and Remediation

7: Conclusions and Future Prospects

7.1 Current Status and Future Opportunities

7.2 Future Challenges

7.3 Concluding Remarks

Glossary

Index

Related Titles

Pompe, W., Rödel, G., Weiss, H., Mertig, M.

Bio-Nanomaterials

Designing materials inspired by nature

2013

ISBN: 978-3-527-41015-6

He, F., Qian, X., Yang, P., Poon, T. (eds.)

The Liver Proteome

2012

ISBN: 978-3-527-31714-1

Samori, P., Cacialli, F. (eds.)

Functional Supramolecular Architectures

for Organic Electronics and Nanotechnology

2011

ISBN: 978-3-527-32611-2

Sauvage, J., Gaspard, P. (eds.)

From Non-Covalent Assemblies to Molecular Machines

2011

ISBN: 978-3-527-32277-0

Ceroni, P., Credi, A., Venturi, M. (eds.)

Electrochemistry of Functional Supramolecular Systems

2010

ISBN: 978-0-470-25557-5

Vogel, V. (ed.)

Nanotechnology

Volume 5: Nanomedicine

2009

ISBN: 978-3-527-31736-3

The Author

Prof. Joseph Wang

University of California San Diego

Department NanoEngineering

Gilman Drive 9500

La Jolla, CA 92093

USA

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-33120-8

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-65148-1

ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-65147-4

Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-65146-7

oBook ISBN: 978-3-527-65145-0

Cover Design Adam-Design, Weinheim

Typesetting Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong

Preface

The development of synthetic nanoscale motors, capable of converting energy into movement and forces, represents one of the most fascinating topics of nanotechnology. Such motion of nanoscale objects through fluid environments is of considerable interest both fundamentally and practically, and has thus stimulated substantial research efforts. Research groups around the world are actively pursuing the dream of designing synthetic nanomachines that mimic biological motors and perform demanding tasks such as transporting therapeutic cargo and assembling nanostructures and devices.

Making a nanoscale motors has been a dream of many researchers in the field since the late 1950s and 1960s. Richard Feynman, Nobel Laureate in Physics, first suggested molecular-scale mechanical nanomachines in a famous lecture at the 1959 Meeting of the American Society of Physics entitled “There is plenty of room at the bottom.” The idea of tiny machines that can perform such complex operations has been a major part of science fiction since the 1966 movie the Fantastic Voyage. In this movie, medical personnel boarded a submarine that was shrunk to microscopic size and entered the bloodstream of a wounded diplomat to save his life.

The Fantastic Voyage vision and challenge are currently being addressed in an interdisciplinary research activity across the globe involving the design of new functionalized nano/microscale motors that rely on different propulsion mechanisms and advanced schemes for navigating them toward their destination.

Movement is essential for life in the nanoscopic and macroscopic scales. For example, animals run away fast from dangers while protein nanomotors shut­tle cargo along intracellular microtubule tracks. Such tiny biomotors display remarkable motion capabilities, with an advanced directional movement and speed regulations. The sophisticated operation of biological nanomotors has inspired scientists and engineers to design artificial nano/microscale machines, with enhanced functionalities and capabilities, and address the challenge of converting nature-inspired swimming mechanisms into man-made nanoswimmers. Researchers have turned to nature, especially to microorganisms, for inspiration, resulting in artificial nano/microscale swimmers that emulate these natural swimmers and molecular biomotors. Understanding the remarkable underlying principles of nature's remarkable biomotors has thus provided researchers with new insights into how to impart greater sophistication onto the design and operation of new artificial nanomachines. Although the research in the area is at its infancy, major scientific and technological advances have already led to substantial progress over the past decade toward addressing the major challenges of scaling of conventional machine designs to nano/microscale dimensions and providing these tiny machines with power.

Synthetic nanomachines hold great promise for major advances in diverse applications, meeting a wide range of future technological and biomedical needs and providing unlimited possibilities based on one's imagination. Artificial nanoscale and microscale machines could thus perform different functions, similar to nature nanomotors found in living cells, including transporting molecules or facilitat­ing chemical reactions by pumping protons through membranes. Recent progress in the field of self-propelled man-made nano/microscale machines has led to major advances in the power, efficiency, directionality, motion control, functionality, and versatility of such synthetic nanomotors. Nano/microscale machines hold great promise for performing diverse operations and important tasks that include directed drug delivery, biosensing of nucleic acids or proteins, cell sorting, micropatterning, nanosurgery, exploring hazardous situations, and micromanipulation. This exciting area of research is thus expected to make important contributions to diverse fields with the new powerful machines, leading to new capabilities that are currently beyond our reach and bringing major benefits to our quality of life.

My goal is to convey a realistic picture of the latest advances in the design and operation of nano/microscale machines, and to promote activity across the field of small-scale motors toward the development of advanced machines, capable of performing different important tasks that are beyond our current reach. The book is suitable for a graduate-level course in nanomachines or as a supplement to high-level undergraduate courses in nanoengineering, nanoscience, or nanotechnology. It should also be extremely useful to those considering the use of nanomotors in their laboratories and to researchers in the areas of nanobiotechnology, nanomedicine, and nanoengineering, in general. Given the interdisciplinary nature of this exciting topic, I have tried to make the book a self-contained starting point for the interested student, scientist, or engineer.

The material is presented in seven roughly equal chapters. Chapter 1 is devoted to fundamental aspects and challenges of nanoscale motion. Chapter 2 discusses natural (biological) nanoswimmers, while Chapter 3 gives an overview of molecular and DNA machines. Chapter 4 is devoted to chemically powered catalytic nanomotors. Chapter 5 discusses fuel-free externally actuated (magnetically, electrically, ultrasound driven) nanomotors. Chapter 6 focuses on diverse potential applications of nano/microscale machines, ranging from drug delivery to target isolation, while the final Chapter 7 discusses future prospects, opportunities, and challenges.

I hope that you will find the content of the book highly useful, and I look forward to new exciting developments that the work described in this book is likely to inspire.

Finally, I wish to thank my wonderful wife, Ruth, for her great patience, love, and support; to Wei Gao, On Shun Pak, Allen Pei and other members of the UCSD nanomotor team for their help; the editorial and production staff of Wiley-VCH for their support and help; and to numerous scientists and engineers across the globe who led to the remarkable advances and to the Fantastic Voyage reported in this book. Thank you all!

Joseph Wang

San Diego, USA

January 2013

1

Fundamentals – Small-Scale Propulsion

1.1 Introduction

The motion of natural and synthetic nanoscale and microscale objects has been of considerable fundamental and practical interest and has thus stimulated substantial research activity. Using nanoscale and microscale machines to perform mechanical operations represents an exciting research area. Nature has provided tremendous inspiration for designing artificial nanoscale motors and has developed powerful nanoscale biomotors through millions of years of evolution. Yet, the development of synthetic nanomotors that mimic the function of nature's amazing biomotors is only in its infancy. Scientists and engineers have been pursuing aggressively the development of advanced artificial nanomachines for only about a decade. Such development represents a major challenge when trying to mimic the essential functions of natural motors while keeping the complexity low. Synthetic nano- and microscale motors, capable of converting energy into movement and forces, represent one of the most exciting challenges facing nanotechnology (Ebbens and Howse, 2010; Fischer and Ghosh, 2011; Mallouk and Sen, 2009; Mei et al., 2011; Mirkovic et al., 2010; Ozin et al., 2005; Paxton et al., 2006; Peyer et al., 2013; Pumera, 2010; Sengupta, Ibele, and Sen,, 2012; Wang, 2009; Wang and Gao, 2012). Recent activity in microtechnology and nanotechnology has allowed researchers to explore the microfabrication of devices capable of propulsion at the micro- and nanoscale. Powerful self-propelled and externally powered artificial nanomotors have thus been developed. Such synthetic nanomachines already offer an advanced performance, functionality, and capabilities along with a precise (spatial and temporal) remote motion control, and hold considerable promise for numerous transformative practical applications ( 2010; 2010; 2013; 2012; 2012).