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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This book is ideal for skilled web masters and site reliability engineers who want to switch to Nginx or solidify their knowledge of Nginx. Knowledge of Unix and webmaster skills are required.
Das E-Book können Sie in Legimi-Apps oder einer beliebigen App lesen, die das folgende Format unterstützen:
Seitenzahl: 178
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Nginx Essentials
Nginx Essentials
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: July 2015
Production reference: 1170715
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
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Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78528-953-8
www.packtpub.com
Credits
Author
Valery Kholodkov
Reviewers
Markus Jelsma
Jesse Estill Lawson
Daniel Parraz
Commissioning Editor
Dipika Gaonkar
Acquisition Editor
Usha Iyer
Content Development Editor
Nikhil Potdukhe
Technical Editor
Manali Gonsalves
Copy Editor
Roshni Banerjee
Project Coordinator
Vijay Kushlani
Proofreader
Safis Editing
Indexer
Priya Sane
Production Coordinator
Shantanu N. Zagade
Cover Work
Shantanu N. Zagade
About the Author
Valery Kholodkov is a seasoned IT professional with a decade of experience in creating, building, scaling, and maintaining industrial-grade web services, web applications, and mobile application backends. Throughout his career, he has worked for well-known brands, such as Yandex, Booking.com, and AVG. He currently works for his own consultancy firm. Valery has a deep understanding of technology and is able to express its essence, advantages, and risks to a layman, which makes him an accomplished author of technology books.
About the Reviewers
Markus Jelsma is CTO and co-owner at Openindex B.V., a Dutch company specializing in open source search and crawl solutions. As a committer and PMC member of Apache Nutch, he's an expert in search engine technology and web crawl solutions.
Jesse Estill Lawson is a computer scientist and social science researcher who works in higher education. He has consulted with dozens of colleges across the country to help them design, develop, and deploy computer information systems on everything from Windows and Apache to Nginx and node servers, and he centers his research on the coexistence of data science and sociology. In addition to his technological background, Jesse holds an MA in English and is currently working on his PhD in education. You can learn more about him on his website at http://lawsonry.com.
Daniel Parraz is a Linux systems administrator with 15 years of experience in high-volume e-retailer sites, large system storage, and security enterprises. He is currently working with a managed services provider, where he is responsible for all aspects of Unix-like systems in the organization. Daniel was also a technical editor for Learning Nagios 4, Packt Publishing, and has co-written training material for the IBM DS8000 storage server.
I would like to thank my family, friends, and mentors for their constant support through the years.
www.PacktPub.com
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Preface
2006 was an exciting year. The disappointment that surrounded the dot-com crash had pretty much been superseded by a renewed and more confident growth of Web 2.0 and inspired a search for technologies of a new age.
At that time, I was looking for a web server to power my projects that would do many things in a different way. After getting some experience in large-scale online projects, I knew that the popular LAMP stack was suboptimal and sometimes did not solve certain challenges, such as efficient uploads, geo-dependent rate limiting, and so on.
After trying and rejecting a number of options, I came to know about Nginx and immediately felt that my search was over. It is small yet powerful, with a clean code base, good extensibility, relevant set of features, and a number of architectural challenges solved. Nginx definitely stood out from the crowd!
I immediately got inspired and felt some affinity to this project. I tried participating in the Nginx community, learned, shared my knowledge, and contributed as much as I could.
With time, my knowledge of Nginx grew. I started to get consultancy requests and have been capable of addressing quite sophisticated cases. After some time, I realized that some of my knowledge might be worth sharing with everyone. That's how I started a blog at www.nginxguts.com.
A blog turned out to be an author-driven medium. A more reader-focused and more thorough medium was in demand, so I set aside some time to assemble my knowledge in the more solid form of a book. That's how the book you're holding in your hands right now came into existence.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Getting Started with Nginx, gives you the most basic knowledge about Nginx, including how to carry out the very basic installation and get Nginx up and running quickly. A detailed explanation of the structure of the configuration file is given so that you know where exactly code snippets from the rest of the book apply.
Chapter 2, Managing Nginx, explains how to manage an operating Nginx instance(s).
Chapter 3, Proxying and Caching, explains how to turn Nginx into a powerful web proxy and cache.
Chapter 4, Rewrite Engine and Access Control, explains how to use the rewrite engine to manipulate URLs and secure your web resources.
Chapter 5, Managing Inbound and Outbound Traffic, describes how to apply various restrictions to inbound traffic, and how to use and manage upstream.
Chapter 6, Performance Tuning, explains how to squeeze the most out of your Nginx server.
What you need for this book
A good knowledge of Unix-like operating systems is required, presumably Linux, along with some web master experience.
Who this book is for
This book intends to enrich web masters' and site reliability engineers' knowledge of subtleties known to those who have a deep understanding of the Nginx core. At the same time, this book is a from the start guide that allows beginners to easily switch to Nginx under experienced guidance.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of their meaning.
Code words in text, folder names, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, and user input, are shown as follows: "We can include other contexts through the use of the include directive."
A block of code is set as follows:
When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:
Any command-line input or output is written as follows:
New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "Clicking the Next button moves you to the next screen."
Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
Elisions of sections of configuration files are shown as […] or with a comment [… this part of the configuration file is up to you ...]
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If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at <[email protected]>, and we will do our best to address the problem.
Chapter 1. Getting Started with Nginx
Nginx has emerged as a robust and scalable general-purpose web server in the last decade. It is a choice of many webmasters, startup founders, and site reliability engineers because of its simple yet scalable and expandable architecture, easy configuration, and light memory footprint. Nginx offers a lot of useful features, such as on-the-fly compression and caching out of the box.
Nginx integrates with existing web technologies such as Apache web server and PHP, and helps solving day-to-day problems in an easy way. Nginx is backed by a large, active community as well as a consulting company funded by venture capital. Therefore, it is actively supported.
This book will help you get started with Nginx and learn skills necessary to turn it into a powerful tool, a workhorse that will help you to solve your day-to-day challenges.
Installing Nginx
Before you can dive into specific features of Nginx, you need to learn how to install Nginx on your system.
It is strongly recommended that you use prebuilt binary packages of Nginx if they are available in your distribution. This ensures best integration of Nginx with your system and reuse of best practices incorporated into the package by the package maintainer. Prebuilt binary packages of Nginx automatically maintain dependencies for you and package maintainers are usually fast to include security patches, so you don't get any complaints from security officers. In addition to that, the package usually provides a distribution-specific startup script, which doesn't come out of the box.
Refer to your distribution package directory to find out if you have a prebuilt package for Nginx. Prebuilt Nginx packages can also be found under the download link on the official Nginx.org site.
In this chapter, we will quickly go through most common distributions that contain prebuilt packages for Nginx.
Installing Nginx on Ubuntu
The Ubuntu Linux distribution contains a prebuilt package for Nginx. To install it, simply run the following command:
The preceding command will install all the required files on your system, including the logrotate script and service autorun scripts. The following table describes the Nginx installation layout that will be created after running this command as well as the purpose of the selected files and folders:
Description
Path/Folder
Nginx configuration files
/etc/nginx
Main configuration file
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
Virtual hosts configuration files (including default one)
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled
Custom configuration files
/etc/nginx/conf.d
Log files (both access and error log)
/var/log/nginx
Temporary files
/var/lib/nginx
Default virtual host files
/usr/share/nginx/html
Note
Default virtual host files will be placed into /usr/share/nginx/html. Please keep in mind that this directory is only for the default virtual host. For deploying your web application, use folders recommended by Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS).
Now you can start the Nginx service with the following command:
This will start Nginx on your system.
Alternatives
The prebuilt Nginx package on Ubuntu has a number of alternatives. Each of them allows you to fine tune the Nginx installation for your system.
Installing Nginx on Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS/Scientific Linux
Nginx is not provided out of the box in Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS/Scientific Linux. Instead, we will use the Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux (EPEL) repository. EPEL is a repository that is maintained by Red Hat Enterprise Linux maintainers, but contains packages that are not a part of the main distribution for various reasons. You can read more about EPEL at https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL.
To enable EPEL, you need to download and install the repository configuration package:
http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/x86_64/repoview/epel-release.html
For RHEL/CentOS/SL 6 use the following link:http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/repoview/epel-release.html
If you have a newer/older RHEL version, please take a look at the How can I use these extra packages? section in the original EPEL wiki at the following link:https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL
Now that you are ready to install Nginx, use the following command:
The preceding command will install all the required files on your system, including the logrotate script and service autorun scripts. The following table describes the Nginx installation layout that will be created after running this command and the purpose of the selected files and folders:
Description
Path/Folder
Nginx configuration files
/etc/nginx
Main configuration file
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
Virtual hosts configuration files (including default one)
/etc/nginx/conf.d
Custom configuration files
/etc/nginx/conf.d
Log files (both access and error log)
/var/log/nginx
Temporary files
/var/lib/nginx
Default virtual host files
/usr/share/nginx/html
Note
Default virtual host files will be placed into /usr/share/nginx/html. Please keep in mind that this directory is only for the default virtual host. For deploying your web application, use folders recommended by FHS.
By default, the Nginx service will not autostart on system startup, so let's enable it. Refer to the following table for the commands corresponding to your CentOS version:
Function
Cent OS 6
Cent OS 7
Enable Nginx startup at system startup
chkconfig nginx on
systemctl enable nginx
Manually start Nginx
service nginx start
systemctl start nginx
Manually stop Nginx
service nginx stop
systemctl start nginx
Installing Nginx from source files
Traditionally, Nginx is distributed in the source code. In order to install Nginx from the source code, you need to download and compile the source files on your system.
Note
It is not recommended that you install Nginx from the source code. Do this only if you have a good reason, such as the following scenarios:
In either case, if you are planning to use this way of installing for real use, be prepared to sort out challenges such as dependency maintenance, distribution, and application of security patches.
In this section, we will be referring to the configuration script. Configuration script is a shell script similar to one generated by autoconf, which is required to properly configure the Nginx source code before it can be compiled. This configuration script has nothing to do with the Nginx configuration file that we will be discussing later.
Downloading the Nginx source files
The primary source for Nginx for an English-speaking audience is Nginx.org. Open http://nginx.org/en/download.html in your browser and choose the most recent stable version of Nginx. Download the chosen archive into a directory of your choice (/usr/local or /usr/src are common directories to use for compiling software):
Extract the files from the downloaded archive and change to the directory corresponding to the chosen version of Nginx:
To configure the source code, we need to run the ./configure script included in the archive:
