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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Binocular vision, i.e. where both eyes are used together, is a fundamental component of human sight. It also aids hand-eye co-ordination, and the perception of the self within the environment. Clinical anomalies pose a wide range of problems to the sufferer, but normal binocular operation must first be understood before the eye specialist can assess and treat dysfunctions. This is a major new textbook for students of optometry, orthoptics and ophthalmology, and also of psychology. Chapters span such key topics as binocular summation, fusion, the normal horopter, anatomy of the extra-ocular muscles, oculomotor control, binocular integration and depth perception. Fully illustrated throughout, the book includes self-assessment exercises at the end of each chapter, and sample experiments in binocular vision functioning.
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Seitenzahl: 541
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
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Tabel of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL BINOCULAR VISION
1.1 The end product of binocular vision
1.2 The requirements for binocular vision
1.3 Monocular visual direction
1.4 Binocular visual direction and retinal correspondence
1.5 The Vieth–Müller circle
1.6 Horizontal retinal binocular disparity
1.7 Vertical retinal binocular disparity and cyclofusion
1.8 Cortical binocular disparity
Chapter 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BINOCULAR VISION
2.1 Animal binocular vision
2.2 Variations in visual pathway types
2.3 Inborn and learned reflexes in vision
2.4 Visual maturation and monocular occlusion
2.5 Children’s binocular vision development
2.6 Hazards to binocular vision development
2.7 Summary: the development of depth perception
Chapter 3: BINOCULAR SUMMATION
3.1 Binocular summation models
3.2 Binocular brightness averaging, and bias towards the dominant eye
3.3 Fatigue-induced visual adaptations
3.4 Visual masking
3.5 Visual advantages of binocular summation
3.6 Binocular summation ratio
Chapter 4: THE BINOCULAR FUSION SYSTEM
4.1 The requirements for the binocular fusion system
4.2 Motor binocular fusion
4.3 Sensory binocular fusion
4.4 Sensory binocular correspondence
4.5 The development of normal and anomalous retinal correspondence
4.6 Fusional reflexes
4.7 Fixation disparity
4.8 Prism adaptation: the (slow) vergence adaptation system
4.9 The vergence position integrator
4.10 Accommodative input to vergence adaptation
4.11 Motor and sensory fusion synergy
4.12 Panum’s fusional area
4.13 Measurement of Panum’s area
Chapter 5: DIPLOPIA AND CONFUSION, SUPPRESSION AND RIVALRY
5.1 Physiological diplopia
5.2 Pathological binocular diplopia
5.3 Binocular confusion
5.4 Physiological binocular suppression
5.5 Pathological binocular suppression
5.6 The characteristics of a suppression area
5.7 Binocular rivalry
5.8 Visual stimulus threshold in physiological and pathological binocular suppression and in binocular rivalry
5.9 The cortical control of binocular rivalry
5.10 Binocular lustre
5.11 Summary
Chapter 6: THE NORMAL HOROPTER
6.1 The development of the concept of the horopter
6.2 The different forms of the horopter
6.3 The geometric horopter
6.4 Measurement of the apparent fronto-parallel plane horopter
6.5 Measurement of the identical visual directions
6.6 The haplopia (singleness) horopter
6.7 The horopter of zero vergence
6.8 Maximum stereopsis sensitivity horopter
6.9 The shape of the horizontal horopter in normal binocular vision
6.10 The Hering–Hillebrand horopter deviation
6.11 Adaptations of the horopter
6.12 The horopter and anisoeikonia
6.13 Measurement of anisoeikonia
6.14 The anisoeikonic ellipse
6.15 Overall and meridional magnification effects
6.16 Calculating curvature and tilt of the theoretical point horopter
Chapter 7: THE EXTRINSIC, OR EXTRA-OCULAR, MUSCLES
7.1 Eye movements and the EOM
7.2 Origins and insertions
7.3 The innervation of the extra-ocular muscles
7.4 Pulley sleeves
7.5 Muscle structure and function
7.6 Blood supply
7.7 Extra-orbital activity
Chapter 8: EYE MOVEMENTS
8.1 Monocular and binocular eye movements
8.2 Neurological control and psycho-optical reflexes
8.3 Gaze-shifting and gaze-stabilising eye movements
8.4 The five oculomotor subsystems
8.5 Saccadic eye movements
8.6 Smooth pursuit eye movements
8.7 Vergence eye movements
8.8 Aetiology of vergence errors
8.9 Associated eye and head movements: the postural reflexes
8.10 Optokinetic nystagmus eye movements
8.11 Hering’s law
8.12 Sherrington’s law
8.13 Donders’ law and Listing’s law
8.14 Torsion (true, incidental and false)
Chapter 9: VISUAL RESPONSE TO NEAR OBJECTS
9.1 Vergence movements for near fixation
9.2 Vergence and accommodation
9.3 Accommodation-induced convergence: the AC/A ratio
9.4 Convergence-induced accommodation: the CA/A ratio
9.5 Graphical analysis of normal AC/A ratio
9.6 Abnormal AC/A ratios
9.7 Sheard’s criterion and Percival’s criterion
Chapter 10: THE BINOCULAR INTEGRATIVE ACTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
10.1 Receptive fields of the retina
10.2 Function of the optic chiasm
10.3 Function of the LGN
10.4 Receptive fields of the LGN
10.5 Receptive fields in the primary visual cortex: visual area V1
10.6 Area V1 – binocular integration: summation
10.7 Area V1 – binocular integration: inhibition
10.8 Area V1: absolute binocular disparity detection
10.9 Area V1 – methods of disparity detection
10.10 Area V1 – the four main types of binocular-disparity-processing cells
10.11 The visual pathways after visual area V1: ventral and dorsal visual processing streams in extrastriate areas
10.12 Area V2: relative binocular disparity detection
10.13 Area V3: velocity, colour, orientation and disparity
10.14 Area V4: simple shape recognition and attention
10.15 The inferior temporal cortex: complex shape recognition
10.16 Area V5/MT: functions and plasticity for adaptation and learning
10.17 Area MST: complex surface rotation and optic flow
10.18 Parietal and frontal cortex: binocular vision functions
10.19 Association and gnostic areas
10.20 The mechanism of integrating retinal hemi-fields
Chapter 11: DEPTH PERCEPTION
11.1 Monocular depth perception
11.2 Binocular depth perception
Chapter 12: MEASUREMENT OF BINOCULAR MOTOR AND SENSORY STATUS
12.1 Motor status tests: the cover/uncover test and alternatives
12.2 The gaze stabilisation system
12.3 The motility test
12.4 Pursuit eye movement tests
12.5 Saccadic eye movement tests
12.6 The vestibulo-ocular reflex
12.7 Vergence tests
12.8 Fixation disparity tests
12.9 Fixation disparity curves and prism adaptation
12.10 The fusional reflex system
12.11 Sensory tests
12.12 Future developments
Appendix 1: PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS IN BINOCULAR VISION
Part A: Selected test methods
Part B: Assessment of eye movements
Appendix 2: SUMMARY OF CORTICAL ORGANISATION IN RELATION TO VISION
Appendix 3: FURTHER READING
Appendix 4: NORMS FOR BINOCULAR VISUAL FUNCTIONS
Appendix 5: TERMINOLOGY
Appendix 6: GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX
Colour plate section follows page 88
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BINOCULAR VISION
Table 2.1 Human visual development and critical/sensitive periods
Chapter 5: DIPLOPIA AND CONFUSION, SUPPRESSION AND RIVALRY
Table 5.1 A comparison of visual processes in physiological binocular suppression, pathological binocular suppression and binocular rivalry
Chapter 6: THE NORMAL HOROPTER
Table 6.1 Horopter variations
Chapter 7: THE EXTRINSIC, OR EXTRA-OCULAR, MUSCLES
Table 7.1 Extra-ocular muscle actions in primary and other gaze positions
Chapter 8: EYE MOVEMENTS
Table 8.1 Monocular muscle agonist and antagonist actions
Chapter 10: THE BINOCULAR INTEGRATIVE ACTION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
Table 10.1 Binocular-disparity-processing areas in visual cortex area V2 (for fine stereopsis, gross stereopsis and motion stereopsis)
Table 10.2 Summary of neural processing in LGN and cortex
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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