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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
The easy way to shed light on Optics In general terms, optics is the science of light. More specifically, optics is a branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light?including visible, infrared, and ultraviolet?and the interaction of light with matter. Optics For Dummies gives you an approachable introduction to optical science, methods, and applications. You'll get plain-English explanations of the nature of light and optical effects; reflection, refraction, and diffraction; color dispersion; optical devices, industrial, medical, and military applications; as well as laser light fundamentals. * Tracks a typical undergraduate optics course * Detailed explanations of concepts and summaries of equations * Valuable tips for study from college professors If you're taking an optics course for your major in physics or engineering, let Optics For Dummies shed light on the subject and help you succeed!
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Seitenzahl: 512
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
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Optics For Dummies®
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Table of Contents
Optics For Dummies®
by Galen Duree, Jr., PhD
Optics For Dummies®
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc.111 River St.Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2011 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930303
ISBN: 978-1-118-01723-4
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Author
Galen Duree, Jr., earned his PhD in physics, working on numerous laser systems and optical phenomena at the University of Arkansas–Fayetteville. He is presently a professor of physics and optical engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology in Terre Haute, Indiana. He is also the current director for the Center for Applied Optics Studies, which brings student teams together with companies looking for optical solutions. He runs the Ultrashort Pulse Laser Laboratory at Rose-Hulman, providing research opportunities to students of all disciplines at all levels (yes, even freshmen!) in many different areas.
Duree has worked with and for the Navy in the areas of high-energy laser systems, night vision, electro-optics, and ultrashort pulse laser applications. He has also worked with EG&G Technical Services in Crane, Indiana, in the areas of electro-optics and night vision systems. He currently consults with the Navy and SAIC, Inc., on high-power laser systems and ultrashort pulse laser applications.
When not working with students on research projects in optics, Duree loves spending time outside with his kids, working in the gardens, and working on his beloved 1979 Celica GT that still takes him to and from campus.
About the Contributors
Doug Davis is a licensed professional engineer working in the aerospace industry and as a consultant in his spare time.
Andrew Zimmerman Jones is the Physics Guide for About.com. He’s studied and written about physics since 1993. Andrew holds a Physics degree from Wabash College with honors and awards, and he’s the author of String Theory For Dummies.
Dedication
To my wonderful parents, Galen Sr. and Leslie Duree, for always supporting my inquisitive nature and helping me learn more about this wonderful world we live in.
This book is also dedicated to all those who have ever wondered if there is anything more to optics than eyeglasses and telescopes.
Author’s Acknowledgments
This book is the result of many people’s efforts, and I wish to thank them all. First, to all the students at Northwest Nazarene College and Rose-Hulman who have endured my lectures and asked a zillion questions over the years as I learned how to teach. I thank my acquisitions editor, Erin Calligan Mooney, and my project editor, Alissa Schwipps, for their patience and help in making this book possible. I also want to thank Andrew Zimmerman Jones and Douglas Davis for helping me with some elements as I started to run into a major time crunch. They have done a nice job, and I appreciate their input.
Last, but certainly not least, I want to thank my wonderful wife, Amber. By putting up with my discussions of picoseconds and explanations of things that probably only a physicist could appreciate over these many years, she helped me improve my understanding of things as well as refined my explanation of them. Without her initial and constant encouragement for writing this book and assistance with all the things going on at home and around home, this book would never have been written. I would like to thank my kids, Galen3, Catherine, and Annalisa for their patience as they had to put up with the “Not now! Dad needs to finish his book!” line far too many times. I would also like to thank Annalisa for being my Little Person Editor, making sure that I used the right words and put the commas in the right places.
Publisher’s Acknowledgments
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Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following:
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Acquisitions Editor: Erin Calligan Mooney
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Cover Photo: © iStockphoto.com/Henrik Jonsson
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Introduction
Optics is the study of light. This field of study includes finding out light’s properties, investigating how light interacts with things (including itself), and figuring out how to make things that use light to send information or make measurements. As scientists and engineers learn more about light, they’re developing new technologies that allow people to do new and exciting things.
Optics can be quite mysterious. Light is something that you probably take for granted. By it, you get much information about the world around you. It is always there, whether you pay attention to it or not.
But how do you get information from the light? Why don’t you see images everywhere? How can light form images one instant and drill through a steel plate the next? Optics For Dummies takes the large body of optical phenomena around you and breaks it into small pieces to explain how and why optical events happen. With this knowledge, you can see how the properties of light make measurements and images and perform other tasks such as cutting or drilling.
As new optical technologies come to a store near you (whether it’s in the form of 3-D television, a new data-storage device, or a new way to sense temperature in a room), this book gives you the basic understanding to help you figure out how these applications of light work.
Optics For Dummies is designed to help you understand the different optical phenomena, avoid common mistakes students make, and look at some of the basic design features involved in making practical devices. In addition to presenting typical information covered in optics classes, the material goes a little farther to provide hints of capabilities with light that may lead to your own significant understanding or invention involving light (and I hope it does).
About This Book
Optics For Dummies is written for you, dear optics student. It isn’t an operator’s manual or an optics textbook where you can get lost in fancy derivations or convoluted explanations. After many years of dealing with students’ questions about optics, I’ve made note of the explanations that have been the most beneficial and worked hard to reduce the physics-y jargon and to concentrate on plain-English explanations.
If you aren’t an optics student but simply have an interest in learning more about this field of physics, you can also benefit from this book. It’s written to remove much of the mystery behind this incredibly useful science to help you appreciate what optics can do for you, too.
The great thing about this book is that you decide where to start and what to read. It’s a reference you can jump into and out of at will. Just head to the table of contents or the index to find the information you want.
Conventions Used in This Book
I use the following conventions throughout the text for consistency and clarity:
I format new terms in italics and follow them closely with an easy-to-understand definition.
I also use italics to denote a variable (and its magnitude value) in text.
Bold text highlights the action parts of numbered steps as well as the keywords in bulleted lists.
Also, as with many technical fields, many different conventions can be used to present equations and topics. I have adopted the notation that most textbooks and professional and scientific journals use when talking about optics. This way, when you come across a topic in your textbook or magazine article, this book can fit right in and provide you with a simple explanation about how to use an equation or describe a particular optical phenomenon. Here are some of the optics-specific conventions I use:
Metric units: Because optics is really a subset of physics, I use metric units in the examples and equations. One notable exception: With lenses, I do some calculations with U.S. customary units.
Significant digits: The examples presented in this book involve three significant digits. This convention allows me to just concentrate on working through an example instead of complicating matters by dealing with significant digits.
Definition of light: In this book, I apply the term light to all electromagnetic radiation, not just to the electromagnetic waves your eyes can detect (as most people do). All electromagnetic radiation has the same properties, so what you observe about visible light happens with radio waves, x-rays, and any electromagnetic radiation between and beyond. The only thing that differs is the scale of the arrangements needed to see the different effects.
What You’re Not to Read
Although I encourage you to read everything, I use a couple of indicators to flag material that you don’t have to read. Technical Stuff icons indicate more-detailed or historical information related to a particular topic that isn’t vital to understanding that topic. You can read these paragraphs if you want more information, but if you skip them, you won’t miss anything that you need to understand the rest of the section.
Sidebars (text in gray boxes) look at particular applications or historical aspects of the topic at hand. You can read sidebars to find out about a specific situation where some optics phenomenon appears in the environment around you, discover a particularly useful application of a phenomenon, or find out more about a topic’s evolution. Again, you can skip the sidebars without compromising your understanding of the rest of the text.
Foolish Assumptions
As I wrote this book, I made a few assumptions about you, the reader:
You have a vague idea about light and its wave and particle properties and how to manipulate where light goes. If you need a briefing on this core info to refresh your memory, Part I summarizes the basic stuff.
You’re comfortable with algebra and a little matrix algebra for polarization. (Chapter 2 provides a review of all the math you need for this book.)
You’ve had an introductory high-school or collegiate physics course and are familiar with solving problems and dealing with certain basic phenomena like mechanical waves.
If you have no physics background and picked up this book in an attempt to figure out what optics is, no worries! I present the material in a straightforward fashion, building on basic optics principles (covered in Part I) so that even without a physics background, you can still get the basic idea about a wide variety of optics phenomena and applications.
How This Book Is Organized
Optics is a very large field of study that touches many applications in many disciplines. To help you grasp the concepts and applications in manageable bites, the subject is split into several parts and smaller chapters.
Part I: Getting Up to Speed on Optics Fundamentals
If you don’t know much about light, this part helps you quickly get a grasp of the main aspects of light that help you build things and, you know, see. If you are familiar with light, you can use this part to refresh your memory about things you may have forgotten.
Part II: Geometrical Optics: Working With More Than One Ray
This part looks at the particle property of light, which causes light to follow straight-line paths (called rays) between surfaces. This part is where you find out about making images and changing the properties of images using reflection or refraction of light.
Part III: Physical Optics: Using the Light Wave
This part deals with the wave properties of light. Here you explore optical polarization, the fundamental property used for optical data in fiber-optic networks and interference (which isn’t a bad thing in optics). After you understand how interference is created, you’re then ready to see how it can be used to measure optical properties as well as the dimensions of very small features on materials.
Part IV: Optical Instrumentation: Putting Light to Practical Use
This part deals with creating useful optical devices by manipulating the properties of light. You see how basic devices such as eyeglasses, microscopes, telescopes, and projectors work and check out some of the basic current and future light sources, including lasers.
A lot of modern technology relies on information carried by fiber-optic networks, so in this part, I also explain the basic elements of a fiber-optic link.
Part V: Hybrids: Exploring More- Complicated Optical Systems
This part deals with more-complicated optical systems that include two or more optical properties. I also cover simple optical devices, such as lasers, cameras, medical imaging equipment, night vision systems, thermal vision, speed guns, and telescopes, that address needs in particular applications.
Part VI: More Than Just Images: Getting Into Advanced Optics
Part VI looks at some rather interesting and complicated aspects of light. Things begin to work much differently when the amount of light sent into a material is very large or when you deal with a single photon or a couple of photons at a time. This part gives you a glimpse of some state-of-the-art research in optics — in particular, nonlinear optics and quantum optics — with some applications to show why you should care.
Part VII: The Part of Tens
Part VII provides ten simple experiments that you can do to see optics at work and to begin to give you some personal experience with light. It also covers ten historical experiments that helped improve the understanding of light and optical systems and introduces the people who made them possible.
Icons Used in This Book
Some information presented in this book is tagged with icons to help you identify important concepts and points to keep in mind when working on problems. Other icons indicate information that you don’t need unless you want more details about the topic presented.
This icon indicates important points to keep in mind when dealing with concepts or equations to make sure that you get the correct answer.
A Tip icon highlights information that helps you deal with optical situations more quickly or easily.
When information goes into a little more detail than you may need about a concept or shows a higher-level application, I mark it with this icon.
The Warning icon flags information that highlights dangers to your solution technique or a common misstep that optics students may make.
Where to Go from Here
This book is set up to allow you to start anywhere you want. You can start at the beginning to get an idea about light, or you can go straight to the information you want about optics, properties of light, or applications. For example, turn Chapter 19 to find out how to build a telescope, or flip to Chapter 15 to find out how a fiber-optic link works. Optics is a highly diversified field of study, with applications from medicine to particle physics, and you don’t have to read this book from cover to cover to understand the topics presented here. If you just want to find out about a certain topic, you can look up the subject of interest to you in the index and get the answers you need.
Optics is an exciting and very broad area of study, so however you choose to partake of the material, I hope you find an appreciation for all the different ways that you use and rely on light. Enjoy!
Part I
Getting Up to Speed on Optics Fundamentals
In this part . . .
Optics is the study of light, so Part I is designed to provide you with the basic properties of light and some of the mathematics you need in order to use the various equations in the rest of the book. I explain the basic wave properties and particle properties of light, the experiments that caused the change from one model to the other, and the remarkable discovery of photons. You also find out about the three ways to produce light and the three basic processes that you can use to make light go where you want it to go. All of optics is based on the properties and models presented in this part, so they form the basis for all the other phenomena and devices you discover in this book.
Chapter 1
Introducing Optics, the Science of Light
In This Chapter
Uncovering the basic properties of light
Getting a glimpse of optics applications
Light is probably one of those things that you take for granted, kind of like gravity. You don’t know what it is or where it comes from, but it’s always there when you need it. Your sight depends on light, and the information you get about your environment comes from information carried by the light that enters your eye.
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
Lesen Sie weiter in der vollständigen Ausgabe!
