Organic Bionics E-Book

Gordon G. Wallace

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 374

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The first reference on this emerging interdisciplinary research area at the interface between materials science and biomedicine is written
by pioneers in the field, who address the requirements, current status and future challenges. Focusing on inherently conducting polymers,
carbon nanotubes and graphene, they adopt a systematic approach, covering all relevant aspects and concepts: synthesis and fabrication,
properties, introduction of biological function, components of bionic devices and materials requirements. Established bionic devices, such as
the bionic ear are examined, as are emerging areas of application, including use of organic bionic materials as conduits for bone re-growth,
spinal cord injury repair and muscle regeneration. The whole is rounded off with a look at future prospects in sustainable energy generation and storage.
Invaluable reading for materials scientists, polymer chemists, electrotechnicians, chemists, biologists, and bioengineers.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Foreword by Professor Graeme Clark

References

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Medical Bionics

1.1 Medical Bionic Devices

1.2 Key Elements of a Medical Bionic Device

References

Chapter 2: Carbon

2.1 Introduction to Carbon

2.2 Graphene

2.3 Carbon Nanotubes

2.4 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Organic Conducting Polymers

3.1 Polypyrrole

3.2 Polythiophenes

3.3 Polyanilines

3.4 Properties of OCPs

3.5 Chemical-Biological Properties

3.6 Mechanical Properties

3.7 Surface Morphology

3.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4: Organic Conductors – Biological Applications

4.1 Carbon Structures for Medical Bionics

4.2 Carbon Nanotubes

4.3 Graphene

4.4 Conducting Polymers

4.5 Toxicity

4.6 Sterilization

References

Chapter 5: Materials Processing/Device Fabrication

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Conducting Polymers

5.3 Carbon Nanotubes

5.4 Graphene

5.5 Composites with Conventional Polymers–a Medical Focus

5.6 3-D Structured Materials and Device Fabrication

References

Chapter 6: Organic Bionics – Where Are We? Where Do We Go Now?

6.1 Materials Design and Selection

6.2 Materials Synthesis and Processing

6.3 Flexible and Printable Electronics

6.4 Characterization

References

Index

Related Titles

Mano, J. F. (ed.)

Biomimetic Approaches for Biomaterials Development

2012

Hardcover

ISBN: 978-3-527-32916-8

Fratzl, P., Harrington, M. J.

Introduction to Biological Materials Science

2013

Hardcover: ISBN: 978-3-527-32971-7

Softcover: ISBN: 978-3-527-32940-3

Öchsner, A., Ahmed, W. (eds.)

Biomechanics of Hard Tissues

Modeling, Testing, and Materials

2010

Hardcover

ISBN: 978-3-527-32431-6

Carpi, F., Smela, E. (eds.)

Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators

2009

Hardcover

ISBN: 978-0-470-77305-5

Hadziioannou, G., Malliaras, G. G. (eds.)

Semiconducting Polymers

Chemistry, Physics and Engineering

2007

Hardcover

ISBN: 978-3-527-31271-9

The Authors

Prof. Gordon G. Wallace

AIIM Facility

University of Wollongong

ARC Centre of Excellence for

Electromaterials Science/

Intelligent Polymer

Research Institute

Wollongong

New South Wales 2522

Australia

Dr. Simon E. Moulton

AIIM Facility

University of Wollongong

ARC Centre of Excellence for

Electromaterials Science/

Intelligent Polymer

Research Institute

Wollongong

New South Wales 2522

Australia

Prof. Robert M. I. Kapsa

The University of Wollongong

St Vincent's Hospital

41 Victoria Pde, Fitzroy

Victoria 3065

Australia

Dr. Michael J. Higgins

AIIM Facility

University of Wollongong

ARC Centre of Excellence for

Electromaterials Science/

Intelligent Polymer

Research Institute

Wollongong

New South Wales 2522

Australia

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32882-6

ePDF ISBN: 978-3-527-64605-0

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Foreword by Professor Graeme Clark

The advent of the bionic ear relied on the identification, optimization and development of appropriate materials that would provide an effective biological – electronic interface [1]. It also needed the development of appropriate electronics and communications (software) strategies and most critically the effective integration of a range of skills and their accompanying personalities to form a multidisciplinary research and clinical team that could ensure success.

The discovery of organic conductors (by MacDiarmid, Shirakawa and Heeger [2] in 1976) provided a new set of materials with properties that have excited those involved in bionics research. Their stimuli-responsive, multifunctional nature provides an unprecedented communications conduit from the cold hard world of electronics to the warm but dynamic world of biology providing new opportunities to bridge the electrode-cellular interface [3].

When configured appropriately these soft organic conductors can even provide some of the electronic components usually associated with hard materials such as silicon. In addition, the multifunctionality of these structures provides new opportunities but also new challenges.

The rational design of new bionic interfaces containing them is at the moment challenging.

The materials are usually not amenable to conventional processing and device fabrication methodologies, and “seeing” how they perform in simulated operational environments (fluids) – with the need for spatial information (in the nanodomain) to provide topographical, chemical, mechanical and biological maps of surfaces – is challenging. However, some significant steps forward have been achieved in this direction using biological-atomic force microscopy Bio-AFM.

Material characterization is obviously important to provide a rational approach during each stage of device fabrication and development. But is it just as critical for acquiring as much information on these materials/material configurations as is humanely possible so that there is sufficient knowledge to pass these materials through the rigorous screening processes on the path to FDA approval, ethics and societal acceptance.

Success will depend not only on overcoming these challenges but also in building effective, integrated multidisciplinary research and clinical teams to implement the scientific breakthroughs in practical devices.

In parallel, ethical issues and the most appropriate ways to bring along the general community (to ensure social acceptance) must be addressed.

References

1. Clark, G. (2000) Sounds from Silence, Allen & Unwin.

2. Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 (accessed 12 January 2012) http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/.

3. Wallace, G.G., Moulton, S.E., and Clark, G.M. (2009) Electrode-Cellular Interface. Science, 324 (5925), 185–186.

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to a number of significant figures who inspired our venture into this fascinating field of research.

Prof. Graeme Clark inspired us in that impossible research goals could be achieved, in that advances in any field even ones as complex as bionics can be forged with the development of the appropriate multidisciplinary research team. Prof. Alan MacDiarmid who in the early years encouraged us to explore the bioapplication of organic conductors was an enduring source of inspiration and encouragement.

We are also indebted to numerous coworkers in our own laboratories and from other laboratories around the world with whom we have worked shoulder to shoulder on numerous aspects of organic bionics. In particular, we thank those associated with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials science.

GGW is particularly indebted to the coauthors of Conductive Electroactive Polymers 3rd Edition (Spinks, Kane-Maguire and Teasdale). Many of the discussions emanating in the development of that monograph sowed the seeds for this text on organic bionics.

Each of the coauthors thank their families for making seemingly endless tasks such as the development of this monograph possible and so we thank Vicky, Jordan and Eileen Wallace, Louise, Aleida and Liam Moulton, Lorraine Shine, Eve and Georgia Higgins, and Anita Quigley.

Finally, we thank the global scientific research community, it is a special family to which we are all privileged to belong.

1

Medical Bionics

The term “bionics” is synonymous with “biomimetics” and in this context refers to the integration of human-engineered devices to take advantage of functional mechanisms/structures resident in Nature. In this book, we refer to the field of bionics, and in particular medical bionics, as that involved with the development of devices that enable the effective integration of biology (Nature) and electronics to achieve a targeted functional outcome.

Since the early experiments of Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta (see insets), the use of electrical conductors to transmit charge into and out of biological systems to affect biological processes has been the source of great scientific interest. This has inspired many to explore the possible use of electrical stimulation in promoting positive health outcomes. Some of the earliest examples of using electrical stimulation in a controlled manner to achieve specific clinical outcomes were developed by Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (see inset) (Figure 1.1). Duchenne's interests in physiognomic esthetics of facial expression led to the definition of neural conduction pathways. During this important period in the history of science, Duchenne developed nerve conduction tests using electrical stimulation and performed pioneering studies of the manner in which nerve lesions could be diagnosed and possibly treated.

Figure 1.1 Demonstration of the mechanics of facial expression using electrical stimulation. The test subject, a cobbler by trade and a patient of Duchenne's, is “faradized” by Duchenne (right) and his assistant (left). The stimulation was applied to the cobbler's mimetic (facial) muscles and caused a change in his facial expression.

To date, medical bionic devices have been largely targeted toward the primary “excitable cell” systems, muscle, and nerve, whose functions are inherently capable of being modulated by electrical stimulation. There have also been numerous studies of the use of electrical stimulation for bone regrowth and wound healing. The effects of electrical stimulation are thought to be promoted through the induced movement of positive and negative charged ions in opposite directions (polarization) across cells and tissues that activates sensory or motor functions [2].

Landmark developments such as the artificial heart in 1957 (Kolff and Akutsu) [3, 4] the external (1956) [5] and then implantable (1958) [6] cardiac pacemaker; the artificial vision system (1978) [7]; the cochlear implant (1978) [8, 9] deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes (1987) [10]; and, more recently, electroprosthetic limbs [11] are now being used along with a broad spectrum of parallel developmental projects that aim to alleviate human afflictions.