Pediatric Orthodontics: Theory and Practice E-Book

George Litsas

• Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Recent Advances in Dentistry
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 266

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

Pediatric Orthodontics: Theory and Practice provides readers (practicing dentists, medical residents, pediatric specialists) with the knowledge to manage cases in regular pediatric orthodontic practice by presenting answers to specific problems related to diagnosis, clinical findings and treatment methods. It is also an essential supplement for the post-graduate student’s dental curriculum. The book’s problem based format allows readers to test and improve their knowledge about relevant topics which include craniofacial growth, facial aesthetics, musculoskeletal structure, occlusal guidance, maxillary transverse discrepancy, dental anomalies, tooth impaction, and, class II and class III malocclusions.
Key Features:
easy to understand, topical presentation of information relevant to pediatric orthodontics
visual aids for clear explanations (more than 280 figures)
unique question-answer / problem based format which allows the reader to quickly focus on a specific area of interest (more than 216 questions)
bibliographic references at the end of each chapter

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Welcome

Table of Contents

Title

BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.

End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)

Usage Rules:

Disclaimer:

Limitation of Liability:

General:

PREFACE

Conflict of Interest

Acknowledgments

Craniofacial Growth

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

1. Provide the Definition of the Terms

a. Growth vs. Development

b. Growth Centre vs. Growth Site

c. Endochondral Ossification vs. Intramemebranous Ossification

d. Synchondrosis

e. Primary Displacement vs. Secondary Displacement

f. Remodeling and Relocation

2. What is the Following Growth Curve?

3. Which is the Important Growth Process for Normal Cranial Vault Growth?

4. How the Cranial Base is Growth?

5. Which are the Cranial Base Synchondroses? Describe their Functions

6. Explain the Relationship between Anterior Cranial Base Growth and the Upper Facial Growth

7. Explain the Relationship between Cranial Base Growth and Maxilla-Mandible Position?

8. Name the Basic Nasomaxillary Growth Sites? Summarize the Mechanisms of Maxillary Growth in a Horizontal, Vertical and Transverse Direction

i. Horizontal

ii. Vertical

iii. Transverse

9. Name the Main Growth Sites of Postnatal Mandibular Growth

10. Describe the Differences Between Primary Cartilage and Condylar Cartilage

11. Give the Main Functions of the Mandibular Condyle

12. Summarize the Growth Process of Mandibular Ramus, Corpus, Condylar Neck and Mandibular Coronoid Process

Mandibular Ramus

Mandibular Corpus

Mandibular Condylar Neck

Coronoid Process

13. Describe the role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR), Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), SOX 9 and Cbfa1 in Craniofacial Development?

14. Summarize the Following Craniofacial Growth Theories

Sutural Theory (Weinmann and Sicher) [34]

Cartilaginous Theory (Scott) [24, 25]

The Functional Matrix [35, 36]

The Servo-System Theory (Petrovic) [10]

Enlow’s V Principal [1]

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Soft Tissue Evaluation

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

PART A. FRONTAL FACIAL ANALYSIS

1. Describe the Angle’s Theory Versus Soft Tissue Theory for Goals of Orthodontic Treatment [1, 2]

2. Describe the Three Essential Outcomes of the First Clinical Examination

3. Provide Some Parameters of “Facial Health and Aesthetics” During the First Visual Examination

4. Why is the Frontal Facial Analysis Required?

5. Which Are the Important Soft Tissue Points in the Frontal Facial Analysis?

6. Describe the Assessment of the Transverse Dimension in the Frontal Facial Figures

7. Describe the Vertical Assessment in the Frontal Facial Figures

8. Explain the Upper Lip Position in the Next Figures

9. Describe the Three Basic Parameters to Evaluate when Analysing the Smile Photograph

10. What exactly is The Smile Arc? Could you Describe the Smile Arc in the Following Pictures?

11. What is the Ideal Gingival- Upper Tooth Display Ratio? Which Factors Determine the Amount of Tooth Exposure?

12. Which Factors Determine Anexcessive Amount of Gingival Display in “Gummy Smiling” and “Low” Smiling Line?

13. Why is the Lower Lip Line Important?

14. Which Factors Influence the Lip Competency?

15. What Factors Affect the Transverse Smile?

PART B. PROFILE FACIAL ANALYSIS

1. Why is the Facial Profile Analysis Required?

2. Which Are the Important Soft Tissue Points in Profile Analysis?

3. Describe the Soft Tissue Planes

4. Describe the Soft Tissue Sagittal Angles in the Following Pictures

5. Describe the Soft Tissue Sagittal Measurements in the Next Pictures

6. Describe the Soft Tissue Vertical Profile Evaluation in the Following Figures

PART C. CLINICAL EXAMPLES

Assess the Extra-Oral Features (Figs. 25-29)

Patient 1

Frontal View

Smiling Evaluation

Profile View

Patient 2

Frontal View

Profile View

Patient 3

Frontal View

Smile Evaluation

Profile View

Patient 4

Frontal View

Smiling Evaluation

Profile

Patient 5

Frontal View

Smile Evaluation

Profile View

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Hard Tissue Evaluation and Dental Relationship Assessment

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

PART A. CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS

1. List the Goals of Cephalometric Analysis in Paediatric Orthodontics

2. Which Are the Four Types of Cephalometric Landmark Points?

3. Describe the Cephalometric Hard Tissue Landmark Points

4. What is the Reference Plane in the Lateral Cephalometric Radiograph? Provide the Most Frequently Used Reference Planes in the Cephalometric Analysis

5. Could You Name the Main Sources of Cephalometric Analysis Errors?

6. Describe the Two Basic Methods of Cephalometric Analysis

7. Which is the Reference Plane in Down’s and Steiner’s Cephalometric Analyses?

8. Describe the SNA, SNB, ANB, Mandibular Planes

SNA Angle: 82°± 3

SNB Angle: 80°± 3

ANB Angle: 2°

Mandibular Plane Angle, SN-GoGn: 32°

9. Describe the Limitations of SNA, SNB and ANB Measurements

10. Mention Another Cephalometric Method that can Reliably Identify the Relationship Between Maxilla, Mandible and the Anterior Cranial Base

11. What Do You See in the Following Picture?

12. Which Biological Phenomenon is Behind Steiner’s Chevrons?

13. What Do You See Here? Interpret the Clinical Importance in Paediatric Orthodontics

14. a. Which Analysis is This? b. Why is it Very Useful in Paediatric Orthodontics?

15. a. Describe the Relationship between the Saddle Angle and the Location of Glenoid Fossa in Bjork-Jarabak’s Polygon Analysis b. Provide the Differences between High and Low Values of the Articular Angle c. Provide the Differences between High and Low Values of the Gonial Angle

16. What Are the Angles of the “Triangle of Tweed” and What Are their Measurements?

17. In Steiner’s Analysis the Location and the Axial Inclination of the Maxillary Incisors are Determined by Relating the Teeth to N-A Line (4mm, 22°) a. What is the Possible Skeletal Relationship if the Distance is > 4mm, < 4mm, or the Angle is > 22°, < 22°? b. What is the Possible Skeletal Relationship if the Angle of the Lower Incisor with N- B line is: i) > 25°, ii) < 25°?

18. Is it Important to Determine How Much the Skeletal Pogonion Will Grow?

19. Could you Determine the Crowding Cephalometrical?

20. Which Other Radiographs Are Most Commonly Used in Paediatric Orthodontics?

21. Why is the Panoramic Radiograph Useful in Paediatric Orthodontics?

22. Name the Landmarks and the Reference Planes in the Next Posterior-Anterior Cephalometric Radiograph

23. Name the Advantages and the Disadvantages of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in Orthodontics

24. Provide the Effective Dose Expressed in Micro-Sieverts (msv) Produced by CBCT in Comparison with Multi-Slice CT and Conventional Radiographs

25. Provide the Recommendations for CBCT use in Orthodontics

PART B. DENTAL CLASSIFICATION

1. a. What is Normal Occlusion? b. What is Malocclusion? c. What is the Aetiology of Malocclusion?

2. Why Do We Need a Classification System for Malocclusion?

3. What is Normal Occlusion According to Angle Classification? What Are Class I, II, III Angle’s Malocclusion?

4. Describe the Van-Deer-Linden Types of Class II/II Malocclusion

5. Why is Angle Classification not Enough to Describe the Class II, III Orthodontic Anomalies?

6. Name Andrews’ ‘Six Keys to Normal Occlusion’ and the Roth Philosophy of Ideal Occlusion

7. What Are the IOTN, ICON and PAR Indices?

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Development of the Occlusion

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

PART A. TOOTH ERUPTION- DENTAL ARCH CHANGES

1. What is Tooth Eruption and What is Tooth Emergence?

2. Describe the Stages of Tooth Eruption

3. Could You Provide a Timing of Primary Teeth Development?

4. Describe the Timing of the Eruption of the Primary Teeth. What Are the Differences in the Sequence of Eruption between the Upper and Lower Primary Teeth?

5. i. What is the Eruption Sequence of Permanent Teeth? ii. Report the Criteria to Assess the Timing of Eruption

6. How do you Assess Dental Maturity?

7. a. Summarise the Demirjian Method of Dental Age Assessment b. Give the Main Disadvantages of this Method

8. a. What is Tooth Ankylosis? Which Teeth are Most Affected? b. What Are Hypodontia, Oligodontia and Hyperdontia?

9. Provide the Definition of the Terms: i) Midline Diastema, ii) Ugly Duckling Stage and iii) Insisor Liability?

10. What are the Types of Primary Dentition, According to Baume? Describe the Characteristics of the Most Common Type

11. i) What is the Terminal Plane Relationship in the Following Figures? ii) Could You Predict the Molar Relationship in the Permanent Dentition?

12. i. What Do You See in the Next Figures? ii. Do You Know the Major Limitations of These Concepts?

13. Classify the Stage of Dentition in the Next Figures

14. i. What is Leeway Space? ii. What Does it Represent Clinically? Describe the Differences (mm) between the Upper and the Lower Dental Arches

15. Which Parameters Determine How the Leeway Space is Utilised?

16. i. Define the Distance “d”. ii. What Changes Occur in this Distance from Full Primary to Full Permanent Dentition for Both Arches?

17. Describe the Maxillary and Mandibular Arch Length Changes up to 45 yrs of Age in the Following Diagrams

18. Define the Distance “α”. What Changes Occur in this Distance from Primary to Full Permanent Dentition?

19. Can You Describe the Cuspid Width Changes in the Following Diagram in Accordance with the Study of Moorrees?

20. Define the Line in the Following Picture. What Changes Occur in this Dimension from Primary to Permanent Dentition?

21. Define the Distance b. What Changes Occur in this Distance from Primary to Permanent Dentition?

22. Describe the Average Transverse Arch Changes by Sillman

PART B. CLINICAL EXAMPLES

1. a. At What Stage of Dental Development is this Child? b. Describe the Mandibular Incisors’ Path of Eruption. c. Describe the Maxillary Incisors’ Path of Eruption.

2. During the Eruption of the Upper and Lower Incisors, an Additional Space of about 7-8.00 mm and 5-6.00 mm is Required. How is it Solved?

3. a. At What Stage of Dental Development is this Child? b. What Do You See Here that is Unusual? c. What Are the Possible Causes of this Malocclusion?

4. a. At What Stage of Dental Development is this Child? b. What Do You See in the Following Patient? c. What Are the Possible Causes of this Malocclusion? How Do You Treat this Orthodontic Problem?

5. This Patient Has a Class I Skeletal Relationship and Good Facial Balance. a. At What Stage of Dental Development is this Child? What Do You See Here? b. What Are the Possible Dental Causes of this Anterior Malocclusion? c. When and Why Do You Manage this?

6. What Do You See Here? How do You Manage this Problem?

7. What Do You See Here?

8. a. What Do You See Here in the Maxillary Anterior Arch? b. What Are the Possible Causes of the Upper Lateral Position? c. Describe the Position of the Upper Cuspids.

9. a. Define the Malocclusion. b. What Are the Possible Causes of the Upper Lateral Position? c. Describe the Position of the Upper Cuspids.

10. a. At What Stage of Dental Development is this Child? b. In Which Chronological Ages Do the Following Radiographs Belong? c. Describe the Canines’ Path of Eruption.

11. Describe the Mandibular Canines’ Pattern of Eruption

12. Describe the Eruption Pathway of the Bicuspids in the Following Figures

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Interceptive Treatment

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

PART A. SPACE MANAGEMENT IN THE MIXED DENTITION

1. What is Space Management and What is Dental Crowding?

2. Why Do You need to Study Models in the Mixed Dentition Period?

3. Describe the Moyers, Tanaka and Johnston Mixed Dentition Analysis. List the Reasons for Using the Mandibular Incisors as Reference Teeth. Provide the Main Advantages and Disadvantages of these Methods.

4. a. Which Factors Determine Whether the Space Loss Needs to be Maintained or not? Which Could be the Possible Orthodontic Treatment in the Mixed Dentition if the Space Analysis in a Normal Growth Patient Revealed that the Required Space is: i) < 3.00mm, ii) 4.00mm-8.00mm and iii) > 8.00mm?

5. a. What is Serial Extraction Treatment Protocol? List the Indications and Contraindications for Serial Extraction Protocol Treatment Protocol?

6. Describe the Serial Extraction Treatment Protocol

7. Give Some Clinical Reasons in the Early Mixed Dentition Period that Could Identify Potential Severe Crowding in Permanent Dentition (Table 1).

8. List Some Skeletal Conditions in the Mixed Dentition that Would Make You Favour Bicuspid Extraction in the Permanent Dentition

9. Which Tooth Eruption Sequence Variances Have an Arch Space Loss Possibility?

10. Could You Describe the Most Likely Consequences After the Premature Exfoliation of the Second, First Primary Molars and Mandibular Primary Canines? (Tables 2-4).

2nd Primary Molars

1st Primary Molars

1st Primary Canines

11. List the Requirements of an Ideal Space Maintainer Appliance

12. Could You Describe the Space Management Procedure After the Premature Exfoliation of the Primary Incisors, Mandibular Canines, First and Second Primary Molars?

13. What is the Band and Loop Space Maintainer Appliance?

14. a. What are the Main Advantages as well as the Disadvantages of Using the Lower Lingual Arch (LLA)? b. Do you Know the Effectiveness of this Appliance?

15. a. List the Indications of the Lower Lingual Arch (LLA)as a Space Maintainer Appliance b. In Which Cases Should You Avoid Placing a LLA Appliance?

16. a. Describe the Space Management Appliances in the Maxilla b. Report the Indications of Using these Appliances as Space Maintainer Appliances

17. a. List the Indications for a Transpalatal Arch (TPA) in the Mixed Dentition Period. b. Describe the Proper Position of the Upper First Permanent Molar Ideal Rotational Position. How Much Arch Length Can be Gained by Correcting the Upper First Molar Rotations?

18. Do You Know How the Bolton Discrepancy is Calculated?

Bolton Ratio for 12 Teeth

Bolton Ratio for 6 Teeth

PART B. CLINICAL EXAMPLES

A. Describe the Dental Space Loss as Well as the Proper Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment in the Next Patients

Patient 1

Patient 2

Patient 3

Patient 4

Patient 5

Patient 6

Patient 7

Patient 8

Patient 9

Patient 10

Patient 11

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Maxillary Expansion in Mixed Dentition

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

1. a. Give the Basic Clinical Characteristics of Maxillary Transverse Deficiency. b. Give Some Etiological Factors of Maxillary Transverse Deficiency. c. Which is the Most Common Form of Maxillary Transverse Deficiency in the Mixed Dentition Period? d. What Range of Transverse Measurements between Upper First Molars is Considered Normal for Mixed Dentition and Permanent Dentition?

2. Which Other Problems Could be Associated with Maxillary Constriction?

3. How Do You Diagnose the Posterior Cross-Bite?

4. What Are the Reasons for Correcting the Posterior Cross-Bite with Lateral Shift?

5. Provide the Relationship Between Cross-Bite and Facial Muscle Activity in Young Patients.

6. a. What Are the Criteria for Using the Proper Maxillary Expander? b. Into What Categories Can the Maxillary Expansion Appliances be Generally Divided? What Are the Advantages of Fixed Expansion Appliances?

7. Describe the Treatment Protocol of the Posterior Dento-Alveolar Cross-Bite with Lateral Shift in the Following Patients

8. Quad-Helix, Expansion Plate, or Rapid Maxillary Expansion?

9. What’s the Difference between Slow and Rapid Palatal Expansion?

10. Could You Describe Two Methods of Quad-helix Activation?

11. Name the Indications of the Quad-helix Expansion Appliance During the Mixed Dentition Period

12. What is the Following Appliance? What Are the Advantages of this Appliance?

13. How Do You Treat the Skeletal Posterior Cross-bite in the Late Mixed or Early Permanent Dentition?

14. Provide the Indications and the Benefits of RPE Treatment.

15. When is the Proper Time for Skeletal Maxillary Expansion?

16. a. Provide the Skeletal Versus Dental Effects After Rapid Maxillary Expansion Therapy. b. Describe some Orthopaedic Effects During RPE Therapy. c. What Should We Place Within 24 to 48 Hours After the Removal of an RPE?

17. Provide Any Possible Relationship between Rapid Maxillary Expansion Therapy and Breathe Function

18. Name the Indirect Effects on Mandibular Arch Dimensions After Rapid Palatal Expansion Therapy

19. a. Describe the Main Orthopaedic Effect of the RPE Treatment You See in the Following Pictures. b. Describe Some Dental Effects During RPE Therapy. c. What Do You See in the Same Patient Four Months After RME Therapy?

20. Why is this Possible From a Histological Point of View?

21. a. What is the Buttressing Effect During RME Treatment? b. Could You Approximate the Location of the Centre of the Maxillary Bone During RME Treatment?

22. In the Absence of a Posterior Crossbite, Should Maxillary Expansion be Used to Correct a Class II Relationship?

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Dental Anomalies -Tooth Impaction

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Part A. Dental Anomalies

1. What Are the Dental Anomalies?

2. What is Hypodontia? Provide the Prevalence and the Most Common Affected Teeth

3. What is Non-syndromic Hypodontia?

4. Which Are the Most Common Syndromes Associated With Tooth Agenesis?

5. What Dental Anomaly Do You see Here? Provide the Etiology and the Characteristics of the Rest of the Dentition in Patients With this Kind of Dental Anomaly

6. What is Oligodontia, Microdontia and Hyperodontia?

7. Which Other Dental Anomalies Could be Associated With the Non-Syndromic Hypodontia?

8. a. What Dental Anomaly Do You See Here? b. Which Other Dental Anomaly is Normally Confused With This?

9. a. What Dental Anomalies Do You Recognize Here? b. Name any Prognostic Factors of these Anomalies c. Provide Any Early Clinical Intervention

10. a. What Dental Anomalies Do You Recognize Here? b. What is the Etiology of Mesial Molar Eruption Disturbance? c. How Do You Diagnose this Dental Anomaly? d. Provide Any Early Orthodontic Intervention

11. What Dental Anomalies Do You Recognize Here?

12. a. What Dental Anomaly do you Recognize Here? b. Name the Etiology and the Most Common Types of This? c. How Do You Manage this Dental Anomaly?

13. a. What Dental Anomalies Do You Recognize Here? b. What is the Etiology? c. How Do You Manage this Dental Anomaly?

14. Name the Dental Anomalies in the Following Figures

Figure 19

Figure 20

Figure 21

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Part B. Tooth Impaction

1. In the Absence of Trauma or Extraction Which Are the Most Common Causes of the Unerupted Permanent Incisor?

2. a. In Which Cases Should be Suspected Mesiodens? b. Could You Classify the Mesiodens According to their Morphology? c. Do You Know the Prevalence of Mesiodens?

3. List Some Complications of Mesiodens to the Rest of the Dentition

4. Provide the Etiology of Mesiodens

5. Describe the Most Diagnostic Radiographic Method to Identify and Locate Them

6. Why and How You Manage this Dental Condition in the Early Mixed Dentition Period?

7. How Do You Treated in the Late Mixed Dentition Period?

i. Arch Space

ii. Anchorage

iii. The Closed Surgical Technique

8. Maxillary Canine Impaction. Give the Definition, Prevalence, Incidence and the Possible Causes

9. Describe the “Guidance Theory” and the “Genetic Theory”

10. What is the Difference Between “Canine Impaction” and “Canine Displacement?”

11. How do you Evaluate the Position of the Impacted Maxillary Canine?

12. Describe the Advantages of CBCT Image Compared to Panoramic Radiographs

13. Describe the most Important Variables During the Early Mixed Dentition that Could Predict Possible Maxillary Canine Impaction?

I. Clinical Evaluation

II. Radiographic Evaluation

14. a. Describe the Radiographic Variables in the Following Picture b. Provide the Relationship Between Treatment Timing and These Radiographic Variables

15. a. Which is the Most Important Sequel of Maxillary Canine Impaction? b. Name Some Predisposing Factors of this Sequel

16. Which Are the Most Commonly Used Surgical Methods for Exposing the Palatal Impacted Maxillary Canines?

17. a. How Do You Describe the Position of the Right Maxillary Cuspid in this Patient? b. What is the Possible Cause of this Clinical Situation and How Do You Treat this? c. What Surgical Method Would you Consider in this Case?

18. a. At What Stage of Dental Development is this Child? b. How Do You Diagnose the Position of the Canine Clinical? c. Provide Your Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment

19. What Other Orthodontic Procedures Would You Consider to Manage the Cuspids Position at this Stage?

20. a. At What Stage of Dental Development Are these Children? b. Which Surgical Method Do You Consider in this Case?

21. a. What Do You See Here? b. How Do You Manage the Problem?

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Class II, Class III Malocclusion

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Part A. Class II malocclusion

1. What is a Class II Malocclusion?

2. What is the Aetiology of Class II Malocclusion?

3. How Could an Abnormal Swallowing Pattern Exaggerate the Class II/ Division 1 Malocclusion?

4. What Do You See in the Following Figures?

5. What is the Dental Arch Shape in Class II Individuals?

6. What are the Main Skeletal Components of Skeletal Class II/ Division 1 and Class II/ Division 2 Malocclusion? (Table 1)

7. Assess the Facial Characteristics of Class II/ I and Class II/II Malocclusion (Table 2)

8. Describe the “six” Horizontal Phenotypical Characterizations of Class II Relationship, as Presented by Moyers, and the possible Orthodontic Treatment Procedures

Horizontal Group A

Horizontal Group B

Horizontal Group C

Horizontal Group D

Horizontal Group E

Horizontal Group F

9. Describe the Five Vertical Phenotypic Characterisations of the Class II Relationship, as Presented by Moyers

Vertical Type 1

Vertical Type 2

Vertical Type 3

Vertical Type 4

Vertical Type 5

10. How Early Can You Detect the Pattern of Class II Skeletal Growth and Why is it not Self-corrected?

11. What is Growth Modification Treatment?

12. What is “Early Orthodontic Treatment”?

13. What are the Possible Benefits of Early Orthodontic Treatment?

14. Why Do Most Clinicians Support the “One-phase Treatment”?

15. What is Functional Orthodontic Treatment?

16. a. List the Possible Mechanisms of Class II/ Division 1 Correction by Functional Orthodontic Treatment (Table 3) b. Provide the Pre-treatment Predictors for a Good Treatment Result with Functional Appliances (Table 4)

17. Why do Functional Protrusive Appliances Increase the Mandibular Growth Rate?

18. List the Criteria for a Good Treatment Result with Functional Appliances

19. Pros and Cons of Functional appliances (Table 5).

20. Name the Following Appliances and their Components?

Activator

21. What is the Rationale for the Use of the Activator-Bionator Appliance in Skeletal Class II Malocclusion?

22. Name the Following Appliances and their Components

23. Describe the Bite-Registration on Functional Appliances

24. What is a Compliance-free Class II Appliance? What Are their Treatment Effects on the Class II Correction (Table 6)?

25. a. What is Extra-oral Traction? b. What Are the Main Clinical Applications of Headgears?

26. Give the Relationship between Head-gear Force and Tooth Movement

27. What Are the Effects of Cervical-pull, High-pull or Combi Headgear?

Part B. Class III malocclusion

1. a. Classify this Malocclusion b. Why is Angle classification not Enough to Describe the Class III Orthodontic Anomalies?

2. a. What is the Aetiology of Class III Malocclusion? b. Could You Mention Why Severe Class III Malocclusion Affects Physical Health?

3. Describe the Basic Characteristics of the Class III Orthodontic Anomalies

4. Name the Cephalometric Components of Class III Malocclusion (Table 7)

5. In Which Age Does the Class III Craniofacial Pattern Appear?

6. Name the Current Treatment Modalities for Class III Malocclusion

7. What is Pseudo-class III Malocclusion? Name Some Skeletal, Dental and Cephalometric Characteristics of this Malocclusion

8. How Do You Differentiate the True from the Pseudo-class III?

9. What is the Treatment Protocol for Class III Malocclusion During the Mixed Dentition Period? Describe in Detail the Clinical Protocol of Face Mask Treatment

10. Name the Potential Benefits and the Desirable Skeletal Changes of the Early Face Mask treatment (Table 8)

11. Describe the Rationale for Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) in the Face Mask Treatment

12. Describe the Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) Activation in the Face Mask Treatment

13. How Can the Skeletal Effect of RPE be Increased in Maxillary Deficiency Patients?

14. When is the Proper Age to Start Face Mask Treatment and Why?

15. Provide the Short-term Orthopaedic Effects of Chin-cup Treatment in the Mixed Dentition

16. Should Chin Cup Therapy be Considered for Mandibular Prognathic Class III Patients?

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Recent Advances in Dentistry

(Volume 2)

Pediatric Orthodontics: Theory and Practice

Authored by

George Litsas

.Private Practice, limited to Orthodontics, El. Venizelou 2,

 Kozani 501 00,Greece

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PREFACE

Pediatric Orthodontics: Theory and Practice seeks to answer clinical questions and to provide the reader with knowledge to solve daily orthodontic problems. I have written this book for three different parts of dental community: dentists, residents and specialists. It is the intent of this book to provide the dentist with an easily available and readable source of information for dealing with a specific clinical problem in pediatric orthodontics or to assist in diagnosing a clinical finding. Second, it is intended to supplement the post-graduate student’s dental curriculum in order to provide the proper pediatric orthodontic knowledge. Finally, the busy orthodontist who is interested in the specific topic will find this review helpful.

Chapter 1 is a review of craniofacial growth and development. Chapter 2 emphasized the importance on frontal and lateral facial esthetics in pediatric orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Chapter 3 focuses on skeletal and dental relationships and their contributions to orthodontic treatment. Chapter 4 provides in depth the relationship between tooth eruption pattern and dental arches changes during transition from mixed to permanent dentition. Moreover, through clinical examples and problem based approach, a thorough knowledge of tooth eruption sequence as well as tooth eruption abnormalities and arch space loss is provided. Chapter 5 emphasizes the principles for proper occlusal guidance, prevention of developing malocclusions and proper interceptive orthodontic treatment during the mixed dentition period. A series of clinical examples and pediatric orthodontic intervention treatment were also presented. Chapter 6 addresses the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of maxillary transverse discrepancy in the mixed dentition period. Chapter 7 approaches the early diagnosis and appropriate orthodontic intervention of dental anomalies and tooth impaction. Chapter 8 focuses on the diagnosis and orthodontic management of class II, III malocclusions during the mixed dentition period.

With the help of visual aid and the unique question-answer format, the reader can quickly focus on a specific area of interest to answer the question. The problem-based approach allows the clinicians to test and improve their knowledge in Pediatric Orthodontics. The topics are covered with figures, cases, diagrams and references.

George Litsas, D.D.S., M.Sc., Ph.D,Private Practice, limited to Orthodontics, El. Venizelou 2, Kozani 501 00, Greece

Conflict of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

Acknowledgments

To my family and especially to my parents and my wife, Katerina, and my children Melas and Maria whose love, encouragement and support have helped make this book a reality.

A great deal of thanks goes to the Dental School of Aristotle University, to the entire staff of the Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty, Marmara University as well as to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, TUFTS University, School of Dental Medicine. I owe a great deal of appreciation to professors Dr. Nejat Erverdi, Dr. A.E. Athanasiou and Dr. A. Pappas.

Craniofacial Growth

George Litsas

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