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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Pharmacology in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia A concise yet comprehensive and usable pharmacological resource for veterinary practitioners In Pharmacology in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, a team of distinguished veterinary practitioners delivers a singular and comprehensive text dedicated to anesthetic drug pharmacology and drug interactions related specifically to anesthetic drugs in a veterinary setting. This concise, easily navigable reference combines information scattered throughout the academic literature and covers mechanisms of action of commonly used drugs in commonly encountered species, drug interactions, and clinical uses of anesthetic drugs. The volume explores drug metabolism, the effects of various drugs on organ systems, risks of adverse effects, as well as the impact of anesthesia on drugs, and the effects of drugs on anesthesia. Readers will also find: * A thorough introduction to pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics in veterinary anesthesia * Comprehensive explorations of veterinary regulatory concerns associated with anesthesia and analgesia for food animals * Practical discussions of alpha-2 agonists and antagonists, phenothiazines, butyrophenones, benzodiazepines, and opioid agonists and antagonists * Fulsome treatments of local anesthetics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhalants, and induction drugs Perfect for veterinary anesthesiologists and criticalists, internists, and surgeons, Pharmacology in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia will also earn a place in the libraries of private practitioners and veterinary technicians performing anesthesia as well as researchers using veterinary species as a model.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Introduction
References
Further Reading
2 Pharmacogenetics in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia
Introduction
Pharmacogenetics – Historical Perspectives
Pharmacogenetics – Current Situation
Pharmacogenetics – Cytochrome P450 Function
Genetic Variations in Drug Disposition
Pharmacogenomics of Drug Metabolism in Veterinary Patients – Polymorphisms of CYP450
Other Polymorphisms of Relevance Based upon Clinically Recognized Phenomena – Drug Transporters
Feline Hypokalemia
Inherited Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Death of German Shepherd Dogs
Opioids and Other Polymorphisms
References
3 Veterinary Regulatory Concerns Associated with Anesthesia and Analgesia for Food Animals
Introduction
The Drug Approval Process and Animals
Extra‐Label Drug Use
The Withdrawal Time, Tolerance and Withdrawal Interval
Establishment of the Extended Withdrawal Interval
Anesthetic Drugs – General Characteristics
Analgesic Drugs
Precautionary Comments – Euthanasia
References
4 α
2
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists
Introduction
α
2
Receptors
Specific α
2
Receptor Agonists
α
2
Receptor Antagonists
References
5 Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones
Mechanism of Action
Other Effects
References
6 Benzodiazepines
Introduction
Structures and Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetic Properties
Indications and Pharmacodynamic Effects
Side Effects
Diazepam Hydrochloride
Midazolam Maleate
Lorazepam
Remimazolam (also Known as CNS 7056)
Flumazenil
References
7 Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
Introduction
References
8 Barbiturates
Introduction
Physicochemical Characteristics
Pharmacokinetics
Metabolism
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacodynamics
Clinical Use in Veterinary Medicine
References
9 Induction Drugs
Introduction
Propofol
Alfaxalone
Dissociative Anesthetics (Ketamine and Tiletamine)
Etomidate
Miscellaneous Induction Agents
Chloral Hydrate
Alpha‐Chloralose
Urethane
References
10 Inhalant Anesthetic Agents
Introduction
References
11 Non‐Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs
Introduction
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Classification
Adverse Effects
Interaction with Steroids
Acetaminophen
Aspirin
Carprofen
Deracoxib
Etodolac
Firocoxib
Flunixin Meglumine
Grapiprant
Ketoprofen
Meloxicam
Phenylbutazone
Piroxicam
Robenacoxib
References
12 Local Anesthetics
Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics
Neural Blockade
Nerve Classification
Nerve Blockade
Other Factors that Influence Local Anesthetic Activity
Toxicity of Local Anesthetics
Chemical Structure of Local Anesthetics and Classification of Local Anesthetics
References
13 Anticholinergics
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Chemical Structure and Pharmacokinetics
Use with Other Drugs
References
14 CNS Stimulants
Introduction
Doxapram
Methylxanthines
References
15 Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants
Introduction and Physiology
Pharmacokinetics – Human
Metabolism – Humans
Dog Metabolism
Diazepam
Cats
Diazepam
Horses – Midazolam
Alpacas – Midazolam
Pharmacodynamics
Reproductive/Nursing Safety
Drug Interactions
Veterinary Medicine – Uses and Specific Agents
Midazolam
Dosages and Usage
Sedation in Neonatal Foals
References
16 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Introduction
Non‐depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Novel Non‐depolarizing NMBAs
References
17 Anticholinesterase Drugs and Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade
Introduction
References
18 Sympathomimetics and Vasopressin
Introduction
Mechanism of Action and Main Effects
Catecholamines – Structure and Pharmacokinetics
Endogenous Catecholamines
Synthetic Catecholamines
Synthetic Non‐catecholamines
Selective Beta
2
Adrenoceptor Agonists
References
19 Antihypertensives
Introduction
Sympatholytic Drugs
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Calcium Channel Blocker
β‐Adrenergic Receptor Blockers
Vasodilators
Others
References
20 Antiarrhythmic Therapies and Calcium Channel Blockers
Introduction
General Properties of Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Additional Antiarrhythmic Therapies
Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers
References
21 Peripheral Vasodilators
Introduction
Nitroglycerin
Nitroprusside
Sildenafil
Nitric Oxide
Conclusions
References
22 Behavior Drugs
Introduction
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Atypical Antidepressants and Miscellaneous Behavior‐Modifying Drugs
Trazodone
Buspirone
β‐Adrenergic Antagonists
Clonidine
Gabapentin
Methylphenidate
Discontinuation Syndrome
References
23 Adjunctive Analgesic Pharmaceuticals
α‐2 Adrenoceptor Agonists
Anticonvulsant Medications
NMDA Antagonists
Methadone
Serotonin and Norepinephrine‐Modulating Agents
Prostaglandin Receptor Antagonists
Future Adjunctive Analgesic Pharmaceuticals
Anti‐Glial Medications
References
24 Diuretics
Introduction
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
Ascending Loops of Henle and Distal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules
Distal Convoluted Tubules and Collecting Ducts
Collecting Ducts
Miscellaneous and Experimental Diuretics
References
25 Antiepileptics
Introduction
Anti‐Epileptic Medications
Emergency Control of Seizures
References
26 Antihistamines
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Side Effects
Other Side Effects
Contraindications
References
27 Anti‐nausea, Antacid, and Prokinetic Drugs
Introduction
Antiemetics
Antacids
Prokinetics
Combinations
References
28 Insulin
Introduction
Pharmacology
Impact of Anesthetic and Other Drugs on Insulin
References
29 Electrolytes
Introduction
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
References
30 IV Fluids
IV Fluids
Fluid Therapy Endpoints and Monitoring
Fluid Types
Adverse Effects
Conclusion
References
31 Blood and Blood Products
Packed Red Blood Cells
Blood Types and Pretransfusion Testing
Transfusion Administration
Storage Lesions
Transfusion Reactions
Plasma Products
Albumin
Platelets
The Exsanguinating Patient Requiring Emergency Anesthesia and Surgery
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Impact of pH on ionization of weak acids and weak bases as it rel...
Table 1.2 Fraction of the drug as a percentage remaining in the body as it ...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 α
2
:α
1
selectivity of various α
2
receptor agonists.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 pKa, pH and water solubility of the most commonly used benzodiaze...
Table 6.2 Diazepam pharmacokinetics in various species.
Table 6.3 Midazolam and lorazepam pharmacokinetic in various species.
Table 6.4 Posology of the most commonly used benzodiazepines in the periope...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Opioid receptors and their endogenous and exogenous ligands.
Table 7.2 Effects of opioid receptor agonists.
Table 7.3 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters for morphine in cats, dogs, a...
Table 7.4 Commonly used morphine dosages in cats, dogs, and horses.
Table 7.5 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters of hydromorphone in dogs, cat...
Table 7.6 Dosages for selected mu agonist opioids in cats and dogs.
Table 7.7 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters of methadone in dogs, cats an...
Table 7.8 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters for fentanyl in dogs, cats, a...
Table 7.9 Dosages for fentanyl and remifentanil* in dogs, cats, and horses....
Table 7.10 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters for buprenorphine in dogs, c...
Table 7.11 Dosages for buprenorphine in dogs, cats, and horses.
Table 7.12 Selected pharmacokinetic parameters for butorphanol in dogs, cat...
Table 7.13 Dosages for butorphanol in dogs, cats, and horses.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Suggested induction drug doses for Propofol in various species.
Table 9.2 Suggested induction doses for Alfaxalone for various species.
Table 9.3 Suggested induction doses for Ketamine and Telazol for various sp...
Table 9.4 Relative contraindications to the use of dissociative agents for ...
Table 9.5 Suggested dosages for Etomidate in various species.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Selected physicochemical properties of halothane, isoflurane, se...
Table 10.2 Selected partition coefficients for inhaled anesthetics in peopl...
Table 10.3 Range of MAC values (%) reported in the commonly anesthetized do...
Table 10.4 Factors that influence MAC.
Table 10.5 Apneic index in cats, dogs and pigs.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Muscarinic receptor subtypes, predominant response, tissue locat...
Table 13.2 Effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate on saliva production, hea...
Table 13.3 Doses of anticholinergics (Lerche, 2015; Flecknell, 2016).
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 “Triple Drip” can be used for total intravenous or partial intra...
Table 15.2 Differences between diazepam and midazolam (Plumb 2018b, 2018d; ...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Recommended doses and approximate duration of action of NMBAs in...
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Doses of neostigmine and edrophonium (and anticholinergic agents...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Location and effects of adrenergic, dopamine and vasopressin rec...
Table 18.2 Receptor profiles of sympathomimetic drugs and vasopressin at cl...
Table 18.3 Recommended dosages for sympathomimetics and vasopressin in small...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Drugs used for treatment of tachyarrhythmias.
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Reported doses and uses of select vasodilating drugs.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Tricyclic antidepressants work by inhibiting the presynaptic reu...
Table 22.2 A summary of behavior‐modifying medication administration recomm...
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 Maintenance anticonvulsants.
Table 25.2 Half‐lives, dosage and route of administration of benzodiazepine...
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 Comparison of selected pharmacokinetic data for maropitant.
Chapter 28
Table 28.1 Classification of insulin products.
Chapter 30
Table 30.1 Commonly available IV fluids for peri‐operative use in veterinar...
Chapter 31
Table 31.1 Types of blood products, and their components, available in vete...
Table 31.2 Prevalence of blood types and naturally occurring antibodies....
Table 31.3 Percentage of animals in the listed breed that are negative for ...
Table 31.4 List of transfusion reactions, clinical signs and appropriate th...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Semilogarithmic plots of plasma concentration of drug vs time. (a...
Figure 1.2 Compartmental pharmacokinetic models. (a) A one‐compartmental mod...
Figure 1.3 Semilogarithmic plot of drug concentration vs time comparing inte...
Figure 1.4 Semilogarithmic plot of drug concentration vs time for a constant...
Figure 1.5 G protein‐coupled receptor. In the basal state, G protein‐coupled...
Figure 1.6 Efficacy. The ability of a ligand (drug) to bind to a receptor an...
Figure 1.7 Potency. Potency is the amount of a drug required to exert an eff...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 α
2
‐agonists interact with pre‐synaptic receptors on noradrenergic...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 The fundamental structure of a benzodiazepine is constituted of a...
Figure 6.2 The diazepine ring (purple) of midazolam can hydrolyzed to form o...
Figure 6.3 (a) Benzodiazepines are part of ligands called allosteric modulato...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Chemical structures of selected opioids.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 The four barbiturates currently used in veterinary medicine resul...
Figure 8.2 The percentage of thiopental in blood rapidly decreases as the dr...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Chemical structures of inhalant anesthetics. Chemical structures...
Figure 10.2 Time course of the rate of rise of inhalant anesthetics in the a...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Chemical structure of local anesthetics.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Chemical structure of atropine (left) and glycopyrrolate (right)...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Higher brain centers control muscle activity through the ventral...
Figure 15.2 GABAA receptor is a ligand‐gated chloride channel with separate ...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 The neuromuscular junction. The motor neuron, muscle cell, and S...
Figure 16.2 Illustration of motor nerves commonly used for peripheral nerve ...
Figure 16.3 Time‐course representation of the onset and offset of nondepolar...
Figure 16.4 Response to train‐of‐four (TOF) stimulation during non‐depolariz...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 The latter portion of the pathway of endogenous catecholamine sy...
Figure 18.2 Chemical structures of selected sympathomimetic drugs.
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Mechanism of action for select vasodilating drugs.
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Diagram of the renal nephron showing the primary areas for which...
Figure 24.2 Pharmacodynamics of loop diuretic. The relation between the natr...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
List of Contributors
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Pharmacology in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia
Edited by
Turi Aarnes
The Ohio State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Columbus, OH, USA
Phillip Lerche
The Ohio State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Columbus, OH, USA
Copyright © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Aarnes, Turi K. (Turi Kenna), editor. | Lerche, Phillip, editor.Title: Pharmacology in veterinary anesthesia and analgesia / edited by Turi Aarnes, Phillip Lerche.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐Blackwell, [2024] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024000508 (print) | LCCN 2024000509 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118975138 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118975145 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781118975152 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Anesthesia–veterinary | Analgesia–veterinary | Anesthetics–pharmacology | Anesthetics–adverse effectsClassification: LCC SF914 (print) | LCC SF914 (ebook) | NLM SF 914 | DDC 636.089/796–dc23/eng/20240124LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024000508LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024000509
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Dr. Phillip Lerche; Dr. Turi Aarnes
Dedication
I would like to thank my colleague, Turi Aarnes, on two fronts. First, Turi’s dedication to improving animal care and comfort is exemplary, as demonstrated by her clinical expertise as well as her research focus on the pharmacology of anesthetic and analgesic drugs. Second, for her work on this book; it would not have been published without her unparalleled organizational skills and attention to detail.
I would also like to thank my family for their constant support.
‐Phillip Lerche
I would like to thank my family and friends for their support. I would also to like to thank my co‐editor Phillip Lerche for his commitment to completing this project. He was my teacher and colleague for many years and I appreciate all he taught me.
‐Turi Aarnes
List of Contributors
Turi K. Aarnes DVM, MS, DACVAAAssociate ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSA
Anusha Balakrishnan BVSc, DACVECCDirector of Emergency Certificate EducationVeterinary Emergency GroupChapel Hill, NCUSA
Linda Barter BVSc, MVSc, PhD, DACVAAProfessorDept. of Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavis, CAUSA
Sébastien Hyacinthe Bauquier DVM, PhD, DACVAAAssociate ProfessorDept. Of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
Gianluca Bini DVM, DACVAAAssistant ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OKUSA
Teresa A. Burns DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (LAIM)Associate ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSA
Jennifer E. Carter DVM, MANZCVS, DACVAA, MClinEdProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
Andrew Claude DVM, DACVAAAssociate ProfessorDept. of Clinical SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallis, ORUSA
Laurie Cook DVM, DACVIM (Neurology)Clinical Associate ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSA
S. Bryce Dooley DVM, MS, DACVAAVeterinary AnesthesiologistAllied Veterinary Anesthesia AssociatesChadds Ford, PAUSA
Julien Guillamin Doct Vet, DACVECC, DECVECCAssociate ProfessorDept. of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort Collins, COUSA
Bonnie L. Hay Kraus DVM, DACVS, DACVAAAssociate ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, IAUSA
Ashley C. Hechler DVM, MS, DACVIM (Neurology)Neurologist and NeurosurgeonBark City Veterinary SpecialistsPark City, UTUSA
John A.E. Hubbell DVM, MS, DACVAAChief of AnesthesiaRood and Riddle Equine HospitalParis, KYUSA
Martin Kennedy DVM, DACVAAVeterinary AnesthesiologistDept. of Dental Care & Oral SurgeryThe Veterinary Dental GroupNashville, TNUSA
Jeffrey Lakritz DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVCPProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSA
Phillip Lerche BVSc, PhD, DACVAAProfessor – ClinicalDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OHUSA
Lydia Love DVM, DACVAAClinical Assistant ProfessorDept. of Molecular Biomedical SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NCUSA
Manuel Martin‐Flores MV, DACVAAAssociate ProfessorDept. of Clinical SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NYUSA
Daniel M. Sakai MV, DACVAAAssistant ProfessorDept. of Small Animal Medicine & SurgeryUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GAUSA
Reza Seddighi DVM, MS, PhD, DACVAAProfessorDept. of Large Animal Clinical SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TNUSA
Caitlin Tearney DVM, DACVAAAssistant ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MNUSA
Lance C. Visser DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology)Associate ProfessorDept. of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort Collins, COUSA
Erin Wendt‐Hornickle DVM, DACVAAAssociate ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MNUSA
Craig Willette DVM, MS, DACVAAClinical Assistant ProfessorDept. of Veterinary Clinical SciencesIowa State UniversityAmes, IAUSA
Preface
The practice of veterinary anesthesia is continually evolving as the understanding and treatment of animal diseases expands. Our patients are living longer than ever before, often with one or more co‐morbidities that require ongoing treatment with pharmaceuticals, many of which can have an impact on anesthetic management. Newer drugs, and different formulations of drugs, are also being added to the veterinarian's armamentarium in the various veterinary specialties, for example, behavior medicine and cardiology. It is not always easy to collate relevant information about the impact of anesthesia on a specific drug, or the impact of a drug on anesthesia, as information is often scattered throughout the academic literature.
Our aim with compiling this volume is to create a single reference dedicated to anesthetic drug pharmacology, and anesthetic interactions with drugs commonly used to treat health problems in animals. We hope that this textbook will be a useful reference for anyone performing veterinary anesthesia, whether they are a specialist veterinarian, a private practitioner, a veterinary technician, or a student.
We would like to thank all of the contributing authors without whom this book would not have been possible. We also want to thank Tim Vojt of the Biomedical Media department of The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
