Pollution Control Handbook for Oil and Gas Engineering E-Book

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1710

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016

Beschreibung

This is a major new handbook that covers hundreds of subjects that cross numerous industry sectors; however, the handbook is heavily slanted to oil and gas environmental management, control and pollution prevention and energy efficient practices. Multi-media pollution technologies are covered : air, water, solid waste, energy. Students, technicians, practicing engineers, environmental engineers, environmental managers, chemical engineers, petroleum engineers, and environmental attorneys are all professionals who will benefit from this major new reference source. The handbook is organized in three parts. Part A provides an extensive compilation of abbreviations and concise glossary of pollution control and engineering terminology. More than 400 terms are defined. The section is intended to provide a simple look-up guide to confusing terminology used in the regulatory field, as well as industry jargon. Cross referencing between related definitions and acronyms are provided to assist the user. Part B provides physical properties and chemical safety information. This part is not intended to be exhaustive; however it does provide supplemental information that is useful to a number of the subject entries covered in the main body of the handbook. Part C is the Macropedia of Subjects. The part is organized as alphabetical subject entries for a wide range of pollution controls, technologies, pollution prevention practices and tools, computational methods for preparing emission estimates and emission inventories and much more. More than 100 articles have been prepared by the author, providing a concise overview of each subject, supplemented by sample calculation methods and examples where appropriate, and references. Subjects included are organized and presented in a macropedia format to assist a user in gaining an overview of the subject, guidance on performing certain calculations or estimates as in cases pertinent to preliminary sizing and selection of pollution controls or in preparing emissions inventories for reporting purposes, and recommended references materials and web sites for more in-depth information, data or computational tools. Each subject entry provides a working overview of the technology, practice, piece of equipment, regulation, or other relevant issue as it pertains to pollution control and management. Cross referencing between related subjects is included to assist the reader to gain as much of a practical level of knowledge.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

About the Author

Part A: Abbreviations and Glossary

Abbreviations

Glossary

Part B: Physical Properties and Safety Data

Part C: Macropedia of Subjects

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)

General Description

Priority List of Hazardous Substances

Recommended References

Air Dispersion Modeling

General Description

Air Quality Modeling Terms

AERMOD

Recommended References

Air Pollution Control Device

General Description

Selection Criteria

Air Quality Index

General Description

AQI in Other Countries

Anaerobic Lagoons

General Description

Factors Affecting Performance

Advantages

Disadvantages

Recommended References

AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

General Description

API Gravity

General Description

API Separator

General Description

Baghouses/Fabric Filters

General Description

Shaker Cleaning

Reverse-Air Cleaning

Pulse-Jet Cleaned Fabric Filters

Sonic Cleaning

Fabric Selection

Sizing and Selection

Applicable Pollutants

Applicable Source Type

Pollution Control Efficiency

Industry Applications

Advantages

Disadvantages

Recommended References

Barrel Burning

Recommended References

Belt Filter Presses

General Background

Advantages of This Machine are:

Among the Major Disadvantages:

Design and Operating Features

Recommended References

Best Available Control Technology (BACT)

General Description

Permit Data Base

Recommended Reference

Best Management Practices

General Background

References

Bhopal Disaster

General Description

Exposure Advisory Guidelines

Recommended References

Blowdown and Purging (Natural Gas Industry Practices)

General Description

Compressor Blowdowns

Compressor Starts

Pipeline Blowdowns

Vessel Blowdowns

Gas Wellbore Blowdowns

Miscellaneous Equipment Blowdowns

Miscellaneous Well Activities

Blowdowns from Emergency Upset Conditions

Automatic Emergency Shutdown and Blowdown Systems

Pipeline Damage Events

Emission Factors

Calpuff

General Description

Recommended References

Carbon Adsorption

General Description

Adsorption Process

Hardware and Operational Features

Nut Shell Filters

Recommended References

Carbon Capture and Sequestration

General Description

CO2 Capture

CO2 Transportation

Storage

Recommended References

Ceramic Membrane Filtration Technology

General Background

Polymeric Versus Ceramic Membranes

Recommended References

Clean Air Act

General Description

Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAA Amendments, Title III)

Compressors

General Description

Types of Compressors

Pollution Sources

Pollution Controls for GHGs

Emission Factors

LDAR (Leak Detection and Repair)

Recommended References

Control Efficiency

General Description

Factors Affecting Control Efficiency

Combinations of Controls and Overall Efficiency

Control Efficiencies Look-up Tables

Recommended References

Cooling Towers (WET)

General Description

Mechanical Draft Towers

Natural Draft Towers

Structural and Mechanical Components

Water Treatment

Circulation System Configurations

Blowdown and Cycles of Concentration

Air Pollution

Recommended References

Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs)

Cyclone Separators

General Description

Collection Efficiency

Applicable Source Type

Applications and Process Operating Conditions

Maintenance Related Issues

Advantages

Disadvantages

Recommended References

Deep Well Waste Injection

General Description

Class I Wells

Induced Seismicity

Mechanisms Attributed to Induced Earthquakes

Dioxins

General Description

Health Impacts

Toxic Equivalency Factors

Recommended References

Dissolved Gas Flotation

General Description

Induced, or Dispersed Gas Flotation (IGF)

Dissolved Gas Flotation (DGF)

Flotation Unit Operations

Recommended References

Electrostatic Precipitators

General Description

Sizing and Selection

Applicable Pollutants

Applicable Source Type

Pollution Control Efficiency

Industry Applications

Advantages

Disadvantages and Maintenance

Recommended References

Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act

General Description

Sections 301–303

Section 304

Sections 311 and 312

Section 313

Additional Requirements Under EPCRA

Reporting Schedules

Recommended Reference

Emission Factors

General Description

Emission Factor Ratings

Emissions Inventories

Disadvantages and Limitations

Examples of Applying Emission Factors

Recommended References

Emissions Inventory

General Description

Limitations of Inventories

Estimating Emissions

Effects of Air Pollution Control Device Malfunctions on the Emissions Inventory

Revising Emissions Inventories for Releases from Malfunctions

Recommended References

Environmental Management System

General Description

Benefits of an EMS

Components of an EMS

International Environmental Standards - ISO 14000

Environmental Site Assessment

General Description

Guidance Documents

RCRA OSWER Corrective Action Directives

ASTM Standards

Superfund Cleanup Acceleration Act

EPA Environmental Voluntary Programs

General Description

Explosive Limits

Faculative Ponds

General Description

Advantages and Disadvantages

Design and Operations

Recommended References

Filter Presses

General Background

Operational Problems and Limitations

Filter Media

Filter Aids

Filter Cake Washing

Alternatives

Recommended References

Flares

General Description

Sizing and Selection

Applicable Pollutants

Applicable Source Type

Pollution Control Efficiency

Industry Applications

Flare Regulations

Advantages

Disadvantages

Flue Gas Desulfurization

General Description

Scrubbing Technology

Technology Classification

Recommended References

Fly Ash

Fugitive Dust Emissions

General Description

Estimating Dust Discharges

Land Use Planning

Establishing Dust Control Limits and Management Plans

Dust Management Planning for Site Construction Activities

Monitoring Methods

Fugitive Emissions (Leaking Equipment)

General Description

Screening Values

Service Categories of Components

Estimating Equipment Leak Emissions

Chemical Concentrations

Screening Ranges Approach

EPA Correlation Approach

Unit-Specific Correlation Approach

Sample Calculations

Leak Control Methods

Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment used for Oil & Gas Drilling

Recommended References

Natural Gas Production Facilities (Emission Factors)

General Description

Emission Sources

Production Fugitive Emissions

Well Drilling and Completions

Natural Gas Processing

Natural Gas Transmission Fugitives

Gasification

General Description

Fischer-Tropsch

Gasifier Types

Hydrogen Recovery

Recommended References

Glycol Dehydrators

Documented compressor emissions

Gravity Settlling Chambers

General Description

Settling Theory

Collection Efficiency

Applicable Source Type

Applications

Cost Information

Advantages and Disadvantages

Recommended References

Green Chemistry Institute

General Description

Greenhouse Gases

General Description

Carbon Dioxide

Methane

Greenhouse Gas Sources from Industrial Noncombustion Processes

Hazardous Air Pollutants

General Description

CAS Registry Number

List of HAPs

Recommended References

Haze

General Description

Importance of SO2 and Sulfates

Haze Standards

Recommended References

Heater-Treaters

General Description

HEPA Filtration

General Description

Most Penetrating Particle Size and Test Methods

MERV Ratings

Recommended References

Hydraulic Fracturing

General Description

Terminology

Chemicals and Water Demands

Air Emissions

Recommended References

Ideal Gas Law

General Description

Basic Chemistry Laws

Useful Formulas

Impingement-Plate/Tray Tower Scrubbers

General Description

Theory of Operation

Advantages

Disadvantages

Waste Handling

Recommended References

Indoor Air Quality

General Description

Air Purification

Indoor Air Quality Testing

General Description

Establishing a Completed Pathway

OSWER Document Organization and EPA Recommended Methodology

Mathematical Modeling

EPA’s Vapor Intrusion Screening Level Calculator

Recommended References

Inertial Separators

Areas of Application

Types

Factors Affecting Collection Efficiency

Prediction of Collection Efficiency

Electrostatic Precipitators

Areas of Application

Types

Auxiliary Equipment

Factors Affecting Collection Efficiency

Prediction of Collection Efficiency

Wet Scrubbers

Areas of Application

Types

Prediction of Collection Efficiency

Calvert Model

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

General Description

Ion Exchange

General Description

Chelating Agents

Batch and Column Exchange Systems

Process Equipment

Leak Detection and Repair

General Description

Control Methods

Regulations

Method 21 General Procedure

Auditing Practices

Leak Detection and Repair Control Effectiveness

Recommended References

Examples of Potential Leak Points

Life Cycle Costing Analysis

General Description

Important Terms and Definitions

Life Cycle Stages

Application of LCA in Project Analysis

MACT (NESHAP) Standards

General Description

Listing of 40 CFR Part 63 Subparts

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants and Associated MACT Source Categories

Recommended Reference

Mass Balance Method

General Description

Sample Problems

Membrane Filtration

General Description

RO and Nanofiltration

Recommended References

National Air Toxics Assessments

General Description

Recommended References

National Ambient Air Quaility Standards (NAAQS)

How the NAAQs are Used by EPA for Enforcement

References

Odor Control

General Description

Biofiltration

Activated Sludge Diffusion (ASD)

Biological Scrubbers

Ionization

Activated-Carbon Adsorbers

Iron Sponge Media Systems

Hydroxyl Ion Fog Odor Control Systems

Preoxidation of Odorous Compounds

List of Common Trihalomethanes

Thermally Based Technologies

Recommended References

Odor Threshold

General Description

Concentrations in PPM

Recommended Reference

Oil and Gas Production Facilities (Emission Factors)

General Description

Petroleum Bulk Plants and Terminals (Emission Factors)

General Description

Emissions

Recommended References

Phase Diagram

General Description

Photochemical Smog

Pneumatic Controllers (Natural Gas Industry)

General Description

Air Emissions

Snap-Acting Controllers

Bleeding Pneumatic Controllers

Control Techniques

Recommended References

Pneumatic Devices

General Description

Recommended References

Pollution Prevention Practices – Organic Chemicals Industry Sector

General Description

Recommended References

Pollution Prevention Practices – Petroleum Refining

General Description

Pressure Relief Valves and Regulators

General Description

Gas Industry Application

PRV Types

General Safety Consideration and Selection

Valve Sizing

Noise Level Estimates

Sizing for Vessels Containing Gases and Vapors Only

Pressure Separators

General Description

Preventive Maintenance

General Description

Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Plans

Radionuclides

General Description

Radon

General Description

Radon Reduction Techniques

Recommended References

Reciprocating Engines (Natural Gas-Fired)

General Description

Control Technologies

Regenerative Incinerator

General Description

Sizing and Selection

Applicable Pollutants

Applicable Source Type

Pollution Control Efficiency

Advantages

Disadvantages

Preliminary Design and Performance Equations

Recommended References

Remote Sensing and Monitoring

General Description

DIAL Technology

Infrared Cameras

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

General Description

Oil Industry Exemptions

Responsible Care Program

General Description

Rotary Drum Filters

General Description

Filter Aids

Recommended References

Settling Ponds and Sedimentation

General Description

Tube and Plate Settlers

Primary Settling Basins

Settling

Application of Sedimentation Processes

Classification of Settling Behavior

Sedimentation Class I - Unlimited Settling of Discrete Particles

Sedimentation Class II - Settlement of Flocculent Particles in Dilute Suspension

Sedimentation Class III - Hindered Settling and Zone Settling and Sludge Blanket Clarifiers

Sedimentation Class IV - Compression Settling (compaction)

Design of Sedimentation Tanks

Shallow Depth Sedimentation

Horizontal Flow Sedimentation Tanks

Sludge Blanket Clarifiers

Oil Removal/Recovery Technology

Snubbing

General Description

Well Workovers and Air Emissions

References

Stack Emissions Testing

General Description

94.2 Industry Applications

Test Methods

Continuous Instrumental Sampling

Isokinetic Testing

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Instrumental Analyzers

Stokes’s Law

General Description

Application in the Oil Industry

Storage Tank Emissions (Oil and Condensate Tanks)

General Description

Oil-Water Separation

Air Emissions

Estimating Emissions

Breathing and Working Losses

Flashing Losses (General)

Vasquez-Beggs Equation

EC/R Equation

Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR) Method

WinSims

E&P Tanks Software

Modified E&P Tanks Model Based on Geographical Database Option

Griswold and Ambler Gas-Oil-Ratio (GOR) Chart Method

Tank Arrangements

Pollution Controls

Recommended References

Storage Tank Emissions (General)

General Description

Containment Basin

Fixed-Roof Tanks

External Floating Roof Tanks

Internal Floating Roof Tanks

Domed External Floating Roof Tank

Horizontal Tanks

Pressure Tanks

Emissions

Tank Degassing and Cleaning Operations

Recommended References

Thermal Incinerator

General Description

Sizing and Selection

Emission Stream

Applicable Pollutants

Applicable Source Type

Pollution Control Efficiency

Industry Applications

Advantages

Disadvantages

Recommended References

Thermodynamic Processes

General Description

Basic Laws of Thermodynamics

Adiabatic Process

Isochoric Process

Isobaric Process

Isothermal Process

Thickeners and Clarifiers

General Description

Advantages and Disadvantages

Design and Operational Criteria

Applications

Recommended References

Title V Permits

General Description

Basic Elements of Title V

Total Reduced Sulfurs

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)

General Description

Classification of Particulate Matter

Particle Size and Distribution

Particle Attributes and Potential Health Effects

Toxics Release Inventory

General Description

List of TRI Chemicals

Transport Properties

General Description

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Flow

Dimensionless Groups in Heat Transfer

Physical and Transport Property Definitions

UV Disinfection

General Description

Recommended References

Vapor Cloud Explosions and BLEVEs

General Description

Vapor Cloud Explosions

Flash Fires

BLEVEs

Pool Fires

Jet Fires

Buncefield Oil Storage Depot

Texas City Refinery

Miscellaneous Case Studies

Recommended References

Vapor Intrusion

General Description

Biodegradation of PHCs

Biodegradation of Chlorinated Solvents

Fate and Transport into Buildings

Removing Contaminants from Buildings

Geomembranes

Recommended References

Vapor Pressure

General Description

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

Antoine Equation

Vapor Recovery Units

General Description

Lean Oil Absorption

Application to Storage Tanks (Oil and Gas)

Jet Ejector Systems

Intercondensers

Venturi Scrubber

General Description

Sizing and Selection

Applicable Pollutants

Applicable Source Type

Pollution Control Efficiency

Industry Applications

Advantages

Recommended References

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

General Description

Measurement

Alphabetic Listing of VOCs

Recommended References

Waste Heat to Power

General Description

Topping Cycle

Bottoming Cycle

Technology Overviews

Well Swabbing

General Description

Estimation of Swab/Surge Pressures

Air Emissions

Alternative Methods for Removing Accumulated Well Fluids

Velocity Tubing

Automated Plunger Lifts

Rod Pumps and Pumping Units

Recommended References

Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization

General Description

Wet Scrubber Systems

Semi-Dry Systems

Dry Systems

THIOPAQ O&G Process

Wet Scrubbing Technology

General Description

Achievable Emission Limits Reductions

Industrial Applications

Emission Stream Characteristics

Emission Stream Pretreatment Requirements

VOC Control

PM Control

Advantages

Recommended References

Pollution Control Handbook for Oil and Gas Engineering

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-119-11761-2

Preface

This handbook has been prepared to assist environmental managers and engineers as a practical desk reference for those in need of a working knowledge of technologies and practices for pollution control and management. The author has long felt that such a reference would be helpful for young professionals as well as seasoned engineers and managers because of the overwhelming number of different technologies and practices applied in the environmental field. Equally important to recognize is the sea of acronyms and abbreviations created by environmental regulators and industry to help cope with information and ever-expanding compliance obligations. To this end pains have taken to organize and provide a concise listing and definitions of key abbreviations and acronyms used within the U.S. and EC regulatory arenas.

The handbook is organized in three parts. Part A provides an extensive compilation of abbreviations and concise glossary of pollution control and engineering terminology. More than 400 terms are defined. The section is intended to provide a simple look-up guide to common but sometimes confusing terminology used in the regulatory field, as well as industry jargon. Cross- referencing between related definitions and acronyms are provided to assist the user.

Part B provides some general physical properties and chemical safety information. This part is not intended to be exhaustive; however, it does provide supplemental information that is useful to a number of the subject entries covered in the main body of the handbook.

Part C is the Macropedia of Subjects. The part is organized as alphabetical subject entries for a wide range of pollution controls, technologies, pollution prevention practices and tools, computational methods for preparing emission estimates and emission inventories and much more. More than 100 articles have been prepared by the author, providing a concise overview of each subject, supplemented by sample calculation methods and examples where appropriate, and references. Subjects included are organized and presented in a macropedia format to assist a user in gaining an overview of the subject, in some instances guidance on performing certain calculations or estimates as in cases pertinent to preliminary sizing and selection of pollution controls or in preparing emissions inventories for reporting purposes, and recommended references materials and web sites for more in-depth information, data or computational tools. Each subject entry is intended to provide a working overview of the technology, practice, piece of equipment, regulation, or other relevant issue as it pertains to pollution control and management. Cross-referencing between related subjects is included to assist the reader to gain a basic practical level of knowledge.

The volume covers hundreds of subjects that cross numerous industry sectors; however, the handbook is heavily slanted to oil and gas environmental management, control and pollution prevention and energy efficient practices. Multimedia pollution technologies are covered – air, water, solid waste, energy. Students, technicians, practicing engineers, environmental engineers, environmental managers, and environmental attorneys are all potential users of the handbook.

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.

About the Author

The author is a chemical engineer specializing in the safe handling and management of chemicals and hazardous materials with nearly 40 years of industry, business and applied research experience. He earned his B.Sc. in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of Technology in Potsdam, New York, in 1974, his M.Sc. in chemical engineering from the same academic institution in 1975, and his Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the same academic institution in 1977. Over his long career he has been a technical consultant and advisor on pollution management, worker safety, and environmental management practices to the U.S. and foreign governments, private sector corporations, and international lending institutions including the World Bank Organization, the U.S. Export-Import Bank, the International Finance Corporation, and donor agencies including the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, and the European Union. He has extensively contributed to the industrial press having authored, coauthored, or edited more than 150 engineering reference textbooks.

PART A: ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY

Abbreviations

ACFM

Actual cubic feet per minute

ACH

Air changes per hour (air exchanges per hour)

ACT

Alternative Control Technology Guideline

APCD

Air Pollution Control Device

AFR

Air to Fuel Ratio

AFS

AIRS Facility Subsystem

AICHE

American Society of Chemical Engineers

AIRS

Aerometric Information Retrieval System

ALAPCO

Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials

AMS

American Meteorological Society

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

APA

Air Pathway Analysis

API

American Petroleum Institute

APTI

Air Pollution Training Institute

AQI

Air Quality Index

ASD

Activated Sludge Diffusion

ASTM

American Society of Testing Materials

ASQ

American Society for Quality

ASU

Air Separation Unit

ATS

Allowance Tracking System

ATSDR

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

BACM

Best Available Control Measure

BACT

Best Available Control Technology

BAMM

Best Available Monitoring Methods

BART

Best Available Retrofit Technology

Bar

g

Bar, gauge (unit of pressure)

BTEX

Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and p-Xylene