Polysaccharide-Based Nanocrystals E-Book

Jin Huang

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 579

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Polysaccharide nanocrystals can be derived from the renewable resources cellulose, chitin or starch, which makes them ideal candidates for "Green Materials Science". This versatile material class can be used in nanocomposites such as rubber or polyester, and in functional materials such as drug carriers, bio-inspired mechanically adaptive materials or membranes. Moreover, polysaccharide-based nanomaterials are environmentally friendly due to their intrinsic biodegradability. With its interdisciplinary approach the book gives a thorough introduction to extraction, structure, properties, surface modification, theory, and mechanisms of material formation of polysaccharide nanocrystals from renewable resources. In addition, it provides an in-depth description of plastics, composites, and nanomaterials from cellulose nanocrystals, chitin nanowhiskers and starch nanocrystals. The first focused, concise and coherent treatment of nanomaterials made from renewable resources such as cellulose, chitin, and starch - for scientists, engineers, graduate students and industrial researchers in the field of polymeric materials.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1: Polysaccharide Nanocrystals: Current Status and Prospects in Material Science

1.1 Introduction to Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

1.2 Current Application of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals in Material Science

1.3 Prospects for Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 2: Structure and Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals

2.3 Chitin Nanocrystals

2.4 Starch Nanocrystals

2.5 Conclusion and Prospects

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 3: Surface Modification of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Surface Chemistry of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

3.3 Approaches and Strategies for Surface Modification

3.4 Adsorption of Surfactant

3.5 Hydrophobic Groups Resulting from Chemical Derivatization

3.6 Polymeric Chains from Physical Absorption or Chemical Grafting

3.7 Advanced Functional Groups and Modification

3.8 Concluding Remarks

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 4: Preparation of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Nanocomposites

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Casting/Evaporation Processing

4.3 Thermoprocessing Methods

4.4 Preparation of Nanofibers by Electrospinning Technology

4.5 Sol–Gel Method

4.6 Self-Assembly Method

4.7 Other Methods and Prospects

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 5: Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Reinforced Nanocomposites

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Rubber-Based Nanocomposites

5.3 Polyolefin-Based Nanocomposites

5.4 Polyurethane and Waterborne Polyurethane-Based Nanocomposites

5.5 Polyester-Based Nanocomposites

5.6 Starch-Based Nanocomposites

5.7 Protein-Based Nanocomposites

5.8 Concluding Remarks

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 6: Polysaccharide Nanocrystals-Based Materials for Advanced Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Surface Characteristics Induced Functional Nanomaterials

6.3 Nano-Reinforcing Effects in Functional Nanomaterials

6.4 Optical Materials Derived from Liquid Crystalline Property

6.5 Special Films and Systems Ascribed to Barrier Property

6.6 Other Functional Applications

6.7 Concluding Remarks

List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 7: Characterization of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

7.3 Dispersion of Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

7.4 Mechanical Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials

7.5 Polysaccharide Nanocrystal/Matrix Interfacial Interactions

7.6 Thermal Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials

7.7 Barrier Properties of Polysaccharide Nanocrystal-Based Materials

7.8 Concluding Remarks

List of Abbreviations

References

Index

EULA

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Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1: Polysaccharide Nanocrystals: Current Status and Prospects in Material Science

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Figure 2.25

Figure 2.26

Figure 2.27

Figure 2.28

Figure 2.29

Figure 2.30

Figure 2.31

Figure 2.32

Figure 2.33

Figure 2.34

Figure 2.35

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 4.19

Figure 4.20

Figure 4.21

Figure 4.22

Figure 4.23

Figure 4.24

Figure 4.25

Figure 4.26

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 5.14

Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16

Figure 5.17

Figure 5.18

Figure 5.19

Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

Figure 5.22

Figure 5.23

Figure 5.24

Figure 5.25

Figure 5.26

Figure 5.27

Figure 5.28

Figure 5.29

Figure 5.30

Figure 5.31

Figure 5.32

Figure 5.33

Figure 5.34

Figure 5.35

Figure 5.36

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

List of Tables

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 4.1

Table 5.1

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

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Edited by Jin Huang, Peter R. Chang, Ning Lin, and Alain Dufresne

Polysaccharide-Based Nanocrystals

Chemistry and Applications

The Editors

Prof. Jin Huang

College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science

Wuhan University of Technology

122 Luoshi Road

Wuhan 430070

China

Prof. Peter R. Chang

BioProducts and Bioprocesses

National Science Program

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Government of Canada

107 Science Place

Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2

Canada

Mr. Ning Lin

The International School of Paper, Print Media, and Biomaterials (Pagora)

Grenoble Institute of Technology

(Grenoble INP)

Domaine Universitaire

CS10065, 38402

Saint Martin d'Hères

France

Prof. Alain Dufresne

The International School of Paper, Print Media, and Biomaterials (Pagora)

Grenoble Institute of Technology

(Grenoble INP)

Domaine Universitaire

CS10065, 38402

Saint Martin d'Hères

France

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

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© 2015 by Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany, under exclusive license granted by CIP for all media and languages excluding Chinese and throughout the world excluding Mainland China, and with non-exclusive license for electronic versions in Mainland China.

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List of Contributors

Ishak Ahmad

School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology

Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia (UKM)

43600, Bangi

Selangor

Malaysia

Debbie P. Anderson

BioProducts and Bioprocesses

National Science Program

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Government of Canada

Science Place

Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2

Canada

Peter R. Chang

Bioproducts and Bioprocesses National Science Program

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Government of Canada

Science Place

Saskatoon SK S7N 0X2

Canada

and

Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering

College of Engineering

University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon SK S7N 5A9

Canada

Youli Chen

College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science

Wuhan University of Technology

Luoshi Road 122

Wuhan 430070

China

Alain Dufresne

The International School of Paper, Print Media, and Biomaterials (Pagora)

Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)

Domaine Universitaire, CS10065,

Saint Martin d'Hères

France

Shiyu Fu

State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering

South China University of Technology

Guangzhou 510641

China

Fei Hu

College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science

Wuhan University of Technology

Luoshi Road 122

Wuhan 430070

China

Jin Huang

College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science

Wuhan University of Technology

Luoshi Road 122

Wuhan 430070

China

Hanieh Kargarzadeh

School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology

Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)

43600, Bangi

Selangor

Malaysia

Ning Lin

The International School of Paper, Print Media, and Biomaterials (Pagora)

Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)

Domaine Universitaire

CS10065, 38402

Saint Martin d'Hères

France

Hou-Yong Yu

College of Materials and Textile

Zhejiang Sci-Tech University

Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone

Hangzhou 310018

China

Foreword

Since the beginning of the new century, the development of advanced biobased nanomaterials has been of significant interest in both academia and industry. Polysaccharide nanocrystals, mainly including rod-like cellulose nanocrystals, chitin nanowhiskers, and platelet-like starch nanocrystals, are highly crystalline rigid nanoparticles extracted from biosourced polymers that possess numerous advantages over inorganic nanoparticles. It has been reported that the diverse materials derived from polysaccharide nanocrystals will cover a broad range of properties that are useful in a wide range of applications, for example, in composites, electronics (flexible circuits), energy (flexible batteries, such as Li-ion and solar panels), packaging, coatings, detergents, adhesives, construction, pulp and paper, inks and printing, filtration, medicine and life science (scaffolds in tissue engineering, artificial skin and cartilage, wound healing, and vessel substitutes), optical devices (including reflective properties for security papers and UV or IR reflective barriers), rheological modifiers, and cosmetics. Since the first study on the use of cellulose nanocrystals as a reinforcing filler in nanocomposites about 20 years ago, a huge amount of literature has been devoted to research on polysaccharide nanocrystals in more than 1000 scientific publications.

As a relatively new research area, it is imperative to systematically assemble state-of-the-art technical accomplishments on polysaccharide nanocrystals, particularly with respect to physics, chemistry, materials science, processing, and engineering. This book covers extraction, structure, properties, and surface modification pertaining to polysaccharide nanocrystals. It provides an in-depth description of plastics and composites containing this unique biosourced nanoingredient in terms of structures, properties, manufacturing, and product performance. This book also describes the concept of functional nanomaterials based on polysaccharide nanocrystals and their potential applications. All chapters are contributed by leading experts who have both academic and professional credentials.

It is interesting to note that commercialization/utilization of polysaccharide nanocrystals (especially for cellulose nanocrystals) is finally catching on and is being pursued vigorously by industrial groups, notably in the United States, Canada, and Europe.

Upcoming R&D and relentless pursuit represent well-justified challenges and opportunities for bringing the next generation of polysaccharide nanocrystal-based materials into reality.

Preface

Biobased Polysaccharide Nanocrystals: Chemistry and Applications is the first book that systematically describes the chemistry, properties, processing, and applications of polysaccharide nanocrystals and the nanocomposites/nanomaterials thereby derived.

Development of biobased materials has experienced fast growth in the past two decades thanks to public concern over the environment, climate change, and the depletion of fossil fuels. Over the last 10 years or so, this team of authors has worked collectively and separately with these interesting and yet little known renewable and biodegradable polysaccharide nanocrystals in the cutting edge field of functional nanomaterials and nanocomposites. As such, we are eager to share our knowledge and experience with readers and stakeholders, particularly researchers from academia and industry, policy makers, and the business sector, to foster rapid exploitation and commercialization of these fascinating bioingredients and their derived products, including but not limited to nanocomposites/nanomaterials.

This book is intended to give the reader a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge relating to extraction, structure, properties, surface modification, and the newly derived material of polysaccharide nanocrystals. In addition, it provides an in-depth description of plastics, composites, and nanomaterials specifically procured from cellulose nanocrystals, chitin nanowhiskers, and starch nanocrystals. This is an excellent book for scientists, engineers, graduate students, and industrial researchers in the field of polymeric materials. This book also covers the most recent progress with respect to: (i) the development of a conceptual framework of polysaccharide nanocrystals; (ii) numerous applications in the design and manufacture of nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials; and (iii) the relationship between structure and properties.

The authors sincerely thank Chemical Industry Press and Wiley-VCH press for their kind encouragement and support throughout the project and for publishing this book in both English and Chinese. In addition, the authors wish to acknowledge the continued support toward our research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51373131, 31170549); Program of New Century Excellent Talents; Ministry of Education of China (NCET-11-0686); ecoENERGY Innovation Initiative of Canada; and the Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD) of Canada.

1Polysaccharide Nanocrystals: Current Status and Prospects in Material Science

Jin Huang, Peter R. Chang, and Alain Dufresne

1.1 Introduction to Polysaccharide Nanocrystals

Native polysaccharides usually consist of crystalline and amorphous regions; to produce highly crystalline polysaccharide nanocrystals (PNs) the amorphous component is removed through acid hydrolysis. The morphologies and dimensions of PNs strongly depend on the different sources of biomass and different extraction methods. Figure 1.1 depicts the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of rod-like cellulose and chitin nanocrystals, and platelet-like starch nanocrystals [1]. It is worth noting that the surface properties of PNs are influenced by the extraction methods. The H2SO4 hydrolysis protocol usually produces sulfate groups on the surface of PNs, resulting in improved dispersibility in water and lower thermal stability [2, 3]. By comparison, PNs with higher thermal stability may result from HCl hydrolysis, but the resultant suspension aggregates easily in water and shows poor dispersibility [4, 5]. Moreover, PNs with improved dispersibility in water and thermal stability can also be successfully obtained using an acid mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid and an organic acid, such as acetic or butyric acid [6]. In exploring economical routes for enhancing the efficiency and yield of PN production many approaches have been attempted including pretreatments [7], hydrothermal methods [5], microwave- and ultrasonic-assisted technologies [8, 9], and so on.

Figure 1.1 TEM images of cellulose nanocrystals from cotton linter with 200–300 nm length and 10–15 nm width (a); chitin nanocrystals from crab shell with 200–600 nm length and 10–20 nm width (b); and pea starch nanocrystals 6–8 nm thick, 40–60 nm in length, and 15–30 nm in width (c).