Quick Medical Terminology E-Book

Shirley Soltesz Steiner

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Ratgeber
• Serie: Wiley Self-Teaching Guides
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 321

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The new, updated edition of the classic medical terminology reference with over 200,000 copies sold Quick Medical Terminology has long been relied on by students and medical professionals looking to build or update their medical vocabulary. This new fifth edition provides the tools and information needed to understand the simple logic behind hundreds of seemingly incomprehensible words, along with fresh exercises and current examples. * Features new review exercises and self-tests, more than 250 new terms, medical measurements, and up-to-date examples * Provides the tools necessary for building and sustaining a large working repertoire of medical terms * The reference of choice for health practitioners and others who need to expand, improve, or refresh their medical vocabularies Filled with essential information presented in a clear and easy-to-follow format, Quick Medical Terminology is an invaluable learning tool and reference source.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

To the Reader

What This Book Is and Who It’s For

How to Use This Program

Objectives of the Program

Pronunciation Key

The Word-Building Strategy

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1: Basic Word Roots and Common Suffixes

Chapter 1 Self-Test

Chapter 2: More Word Roots, Suffixes, and Prefixes

Chapter 2 Self-Test

Chapter 3: Basic Anatomical Terms and Abnormal Conditions

Chapter 3 Self-Test

Chapter 4: The Genitals and the Urinary Tract

Chapter 4 Self-Test

Chapter 5: The Gastrointestinal Tract

Chapter 5 Self-Test

Chapter 6: The Heart

Chapter 6 Self-Test

Chapter 7: Symptoms, Diagnoses, Treatments, Communication Qualifiers, and Statistics

Signs and Symptoms

Vital Signs

Color and Other Signs

Qualifiers

Other Signs

Subjective Symptoms

Describing Illness

Treatment

Statistics

Chapter 7: Self-Test

Chapter 8: Growth and Devlopment, and Body Orientation

Growth and Development

Growths and Other Abnormal Tissues

Orientation

Chapter 8 Self-Test

Chapter 9: Gynecology, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

Terms of Gynecology

Pregnancy and Childbirth

Labor and Delivery

Chapter 9 Self-Test

Chapter 10: The Eye

The Eye

Chapter 10 Self-Test

Chapter 11: The Respiratory Tract

Chapter 11 Self-Test

Review by Body System Assessment

Review Sheets by Chapter

Final Self-Test I

Final Self-Test II

Appendix A: Medical Abbreviations

Appendix B: Forming Plurals

Appendix C: Medical Measurements

Index of Words and Word Parts

Wiley End User License Agreement

Quick Medical Terminology

Copyright © 2003 by Shirley Steiner. Copyright © 2011 by Shirley Steiner and Natalie Capps.All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http:/www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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ISBN 978-0-470-88619-9 (paper); ISBN 978-1-118-06373-6 (ebk);ISBN 978-1-118-06374-3 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-118-06375-0 (ebk)

For

Dorothy Elizabeth Wilson Soltesz, who is my mom and best friend.

Mildred Hall, who is my godmother and may not know how much she influenced my growing-up years. Mildred assured me I had what it takes to go to college, get an education, and create a better life.

—S. S.

For

My perfect mate, Barry, and remarkable children, Harden, Pate, and Jacqueline Capps

My parents and sisters, who shaped me:

Susie Ashworth, Nick Pate, Amy Bean, and Molly Pate

With affection, gratitude, and adoration for you all.

—N. C.

To the Reader

What This Book Is and Who It’s For

So you want to learn the language of medicine. Great! Everything you need for learning medical terminology is right in your hands. The language of medicine is precise and technically oriented. It is among the great tools of the mind for better understanding and more accurate communication between all practitioners of the life sciences. Learning this special language is your opportunity to be among them. Quick Medical Terminology can prepare you for a new job or even a new career in one of the nation’s fastest growing job markets, health care and allied health services.

In Quick Medical Terminology you’ll learn to pronounce, spell, and define medical terms used in today’s health care settings. You will use a word-building strategy that helps you discover connections and relationships among word roots, prefixes, and suffixes. You’ll learn the meaning of each part of a complex medical term and be able to put the parts together and define the term. Very quickly you’ll develop a large repertoire of useful medical terms, much greater than the 500-plus terms presented in this text.

Beginning with Chapter 4, most of the medical terms in each chapter will focus on a particular part of the body. Grouping related terms in this way will hel you learn them better. However, the order of the chapters should not be confused with the order of a standard head-to-toe medical evaluation. At the end of the book, there is a Review by Body System Assessment that will walk you through the standard head-to-toe examination medical professionals typically follow. This review will bring together the medical terminology you will learn in the rest of the book.

Quick Medical Terminology is an enjoyable way to learn the very special language of medicine by yourself, at your own pace. If you speak and understand English and have a high school education or equivalent, you’ll quickly learn the basics and much more.

How to Use This Program

We suggest you use the following steps to approach your learning.

Step 1. Pre- and Post-Testing

If it’s worth learning, isn’t it worth knowing you have succeeded? You will find two Final Self-Tests in the back of your guide. We suggest you take one test before you begin your study and take another after you have completed all your lessons. Pre- and post-testing shows you how much you have learned. Either one of the final tests may be used first.

Step 2. Self-Instructional Chapter

This self-teaching guide lets you proceed at a pace that is right for you. It provides everything you need to complete each of the eleven instructional chapters, which include:

Introduction and Mini-Glossary. The first page of each chapter introduces you to what you will cover and provides a Mini-Glossary of the terms and word parts you’ll be learning. You may want to refer to it as you proceed through the lesson.

Numbered frames. Numbered frames are the building blocks of each chapter. A frame presents a small amount of information and expects you to read and think about that information. Then it asks you to respond to it.

The way you respond may be:

to select a medical term or definition from a list of suggested answers.to write a medical term for a given definition.to draw a conclusion and write it in your own words.

Example

Emesis is a term that means vomiting. A term that means excessive vomiting is hyperemesis. Underline the part of the medical term meaning excessive.

A gallbladder attack can cause excessive vomiting. Write the term that describes this unpleasant condition.______________________

Example

Myelo / dysplasia means defective development of the spinal cord.

Chondro means cartilage. What does chondro / dysplasia mean?___________

Answers. As you work through the chapter, you’ll find the correct answers on the left-hand side of the page. It’s a good idea to use a folded piece of paper to cover the answer until you give your own. Your answer will be correct most of the time, but when your answer doesn’t match ours, be sure you know why it doesn’t. You may need to go back and review a few frames before continuing.

Pronunciation Guide. When you work with a medical term for the first time, the answer column guides your pronunciation of the new term. Take the opportunity to practice pronouncing each new term correctly several times. Say it aloud or subverbally (saying it to yourself).

Examplechondrodysplasia (kon’dro dis pla’zhe)

Review Exercises. Some chapters are longer than others, so to help you plan your breaks, we designed several short learning sequences into each chapter. A brief Review Exercise occurs at the end of a learning sequence. If you need a break, stop after a Review Exercise. Proceed at a pace that is right for you. We urge you to complete an entire chapter before calling it a day.

Summary Exercise. Each of the eleven instructional chapters ends with a Summary Exercise. This final exercise pulls together all the new terms you worked with in the chapter. Using the pronunciation guide alongside each term in the list, take the opportunity to practice pronouncing each term correctly and defining it aloud or subverbally. It really works! You might ask a friend to pronounce each term in the list so you can practice spelling it when you hear it.

[This is a good classroom exercise for instructor-guided spelling practice, pronunciation practice, and defining the terms.]

Chapter Self-Test. Each chapter ends with a Self-Test in two parts. Part 1 asks you to match a list of definitions with the correct medical terms. Part 2 asks you to construct the correct medical term for each definition listed. All terms and definitions are covered in the instructional chapter you have just completed. Here’s another opportunity to see how you’re doing.

Step 3. Chapter Review Sheet

Beginning on page 261, you’ll find a two-part Review Sheet for each of the eleven chapters of instruction that make up this self-teaching program. We suggest you begin every new chapter (beginning with Chapter 2) by completing a Review Sheet for the previous chapter. These exercises are an important part of the learning program and will help you recall and practice the terms and definitions of the preceding chapter before you begin the next one.

Part 1: Given a term, or word part, write the meaning.

Part 2: Given the definition of a term, write the correct term.

Correct answers are provided.

You may use these Review Sheets anytime, and as often as you wish. We suggest you make several photocopies of each Review Sheet and use them at any time to practice what you’ve already covered. There is never enough practice.

Objectives of the Program

When you have finished Quick Medical Terminology, you will have formed well over 500 medical terms using our word-building strategy combining prefixes, suffixes, and word roots to create complex medical terms.

1. You will learn to understand medical terms by breaking them into their component parts and learning the meaning of the parts.

2. You will learn to construct medical terms from component parts to express given definitions.

3. You will learn to pronounce, spell, and define medical terms used in this book.

4. You will be able to apply this word-building strategy to terms covered in this book and other terms you will come across as you work in a health care setting.

Pronunciation Key

The primary stress mark (’) is placed after the syllable bearing the heavier stress or accent; the secondary stress mark (’) follows a syllable having a somewhat lighter stress, as in com·men·da·tion.

Source: Slightly modified “Pronunciation Key” in Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary. Copyright © 1977 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

The schwa varies widely in quality from a sound close to the (u) in up to a sound close to the (i) in it as heard in pronunciations of such words as ballot, custom, landed, horses.

The (r) in final position as in star (stär) and before a consonant as in heart (härt) is regularly indicated in the respellings, but pronunciations without (r) are unquestionably reputable. Standard British is much like the speech of Eastern New England and the Lower South in this feature.

In a few words, such as button (but’n) and sudden (sud’n), no vowel appears in the unstressed syllable because the (n) constitutes the whole syllable.

The Word-Building Strategy

Quick Medical Terminology teaches you a strategy for word-building. The vocabulary of medicine is large and complex, but you can learn much of it by breaking down a complex term into its meaningful parts and putting together a word from those meaningful parts. Cover the column on the left and check your answers when you are done. Let’s begin.

1.All words have a word root. The root is the base or the foundation of the word, regardless of what other word, unit, or syllable may be attached to it.For example: do is the root of undo and doing.portWhat is the root of import, export, transport, and support?____________________root2.In this example, the words suffix, prefix, affix, and fixation have fix as their _________________________.3.What is the root in tonsill/itis, tonsill/ectomy, and tonsill/ar? _________________________4.Two or more words may be combined to form a meaningful compound word. Using two or more of the following words, create some meaningful compound words:Some suggestions:overstandoverhanghangwearovercomeundercomeunderstandgrandoutgrandstandoutcome,etc.yes Two words are combined to make a meaningful compound term.5.Is teaspoon a compound word? ___________Explain your answer.________________________________________________________________________________________________micr tel micr/o tel/e6.A word root and a whole word may form a compound word. But the root must be in its combining form. The root plus a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) make the combining form. Here are two compound terms, micr/o/scope and tel/e/cast.What are the word roots?___________________________What are the combining forms?________________________7.Underline the combining form in each of the following words:phon/o/graphgastr/o/entericlaryng/o/spasmphon/o/graphlaryng/o/spasmgastr/o/enter/ica word root plusa vowel (a, e, i, o, u)8.The combining form in compound words is made up of a _________________________ plus a _________________________.9.In tel/e/graph and tel/e/phone the root plus a vowel are necessary to make these compound words. What is this special form called?a combining form_________________________ _____________10.Compound terms may be composed of which of the following?

a) two or more whole words

b) a whole word and a word root

c) a word root combining form and a word

all threeYour answer? _________________________combining form11.Two roots may join together but one of them will be in a special form called the _________________________ _____________.12.What kind of words are these: microfilm and telecommunication?compound terms_________________________________a combining form (a root plus a vowel) a whole wordWhat word parts are these terms made of? ______________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________micr/o-ic micr-scop-13.Many medical terms are made of a combining form, a word root, and an ending. In the term micr/o/scop/ic,the combining form is _________________________________,the ending is _____________________________,the root is _________________________________.Is there another word root? _______________________What might it be? __________________________vowel14.There are two word roots in micr/o/scop/ic. The root micr is in the combining form because it is attached to a word that begins with a consonant. There is no need to add a vowel to the root scop because the ending -ic begins with a _________________________.electrostatic15.Build a term from the combining form electr/o, the word root stat, and the ending -ic.word root word16.In the word hydroelectric,electr is the _______________,hydro is the ______________________,-ic is the _________________________.17.Endings change the basic meaning of a root or foundation word. Examine the following sentences:Joe’s job was blast-ing the rocks.Tejo was blast-ed by the cannon.endingThe meaning of blast is changed by its _________________________.yes The endings added to the root changed its meaning.18.A suffix is a word unit or syllable added to the end of a word or root that alters its meaning and creates a new word. In the words plant/er, plant/ed, and plant/ing, are these endings also suffixes? _______Explain your answer.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________porter one who carries19.You can change the meaning of a word (or root) by adding a suffix. The suffix -er means one who. The word port means to carry. Add the suffix to the word root, write the word, and explain what it means. _________________________________ _________________________________suffix20.When -able is added to the end of read it forms the new word readable. -Able is a meaningful unit added to the end of a word, creating a new word. So -able is a _________________________.im-, sup-, trans-21.A prefix is a meaningful unit joined to the beginning of a word or root that creates a new term. In the words im/plant, sup/plant, and trans/plant, the prefixes are ________________________,_________________, and _________________.22.In the word dis/please, dis- is a meaningful unit that comes before the word and changes the meaning of please; dis- is a _________________________________.23.Meaningful units that go in front of a root are called prefixes. Meaningful units placed after a root are called suffixes.Label the units in this word:prefix root suffixmeaning word24.A suffix or a prefix is called a meaningful unit because when it is attached or added to a root or word it changes the _________________________________ of the_____________.Our suggestion:-itis is a word unit added to the end of a word altering its meaning.25.Explain why -itis in tendonitis is called a suffix.____________________________________________________________________________OK, let’s review what you’ve covered.root26.The fundamental base from which meaningful terms grow or are formed is called the _________________________.prefix27.A meaningful word or unit placed in front of a root or word is a _________________________.suffix28.A syllable or word part joined to the end of a root or word that changes its meaning is a _________________________.combining form29.When a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) is added to a word root, the word part resulting is called the _________________ ___________________.compound word30.When two or more word roots combine to form a meaningful word, that word is called a ____________________________________________.

List of Illustrations

(All illustrations created by Sakrantip Blazicek of Ocala, Florida.)

Chapter 1

1.1 Acromegaly

1.2 The Upper Digestive Tract (and Heart)

1.3 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

1.4 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Chapter 2

2.1 The Upper Respiratory Tract

2.2 The Head

Chapter 3

3.1 Adduction/Abduction

3.2 The Great Cavities

3.3 Cocci Bacteria

Chapter 4

4.1 The Male Reproductive Organs (Midline Section)

4.2 The Female Reproductive Organs (Midline Section)

4.3 Anomaly, Aneurysm, Hernia, Ptosis

4.4 Hernia, Ptosis, Anomaly, Aneurysm

4.5 The Female Urinary Tract

4.6 The Male Urinary Tract

Chapter 5

5.1 The Oral Cavity

5.2 The Digestive Tract

5.3 Path of EGD Examination

Chapter 6

6.1 Coronary Arteries: Nourishment to the Heart

6.2 The Cardiovascular System

Chapter 8

8.1 Cyst

8.2 Polyp

8.3 Papilla

8.4 Papule

8.5 Excresence

8.6 Abnormal Tissues

8.7 Dorsal/Ventral Surfaces

8.8 Midline of the Body

8.9 Regions of the Abdomen

Chapter 9

9.1 The Female Reproductive Organs (Midline Section)

9.2 The Female Reproductive Organs (Anterior View)

9.3 Embryos at 5, 6, and 8 Weeks

9.4 Fetus in Utero, Beginning 9th Week

9.5 Female Pudenda

Chapter 10

10.1 The Eye

10.2 The Lacrimal Apparatus

Chapter 11

11.1 The Respiratory Tract (Cutaway Views)

Chapter 1

Basic Word Roots and Common Suffixes

In Chapter 1 you will work with basic word roots and a handful of common suffixes. (These are listed in the Mini-Glossary below.) You’ll examine many compound medical terms and discover meanings for all the parts. You’ll practice adding various endings to roots and combining forms. By study and practice you’ll make more than 30 meaningful medical terms.

Mini-Glossary

Root Words

acr/o (extremities)eti/o (cause)cardi/o (heart)gastr/o (stomach)cyan/o (blue)gram/o (record)cyt/o (cell)leuk/o (white)dermat/o, derm/o (skin)megal/o (enlarged)duoden/o (duodenum)path/o (disease)electr/o (electrical)Suffixes-algia (pain)-osis, -a, -y (condition-ectomy (excision of)of, usually abnormal)-itis (inflammation of)-ostomy (forming a new opening)-ologist (one who studies, a specialist)-otomy (incision into)-ology (study of)-tome (instrument that cuts)acr/o1.Acr/o means extremities (arms, legs, and the head). To refer to one or more extremities, physicians use words containing_____________ / _______.arms, legs, and head2.Extremities are the parts of the body farthest from the center of the body. You could say these parts are located on the extreme ends of the main body. What parts are they?__________________________acr, acr/o3.Extremities in the human body are also known as limbs. When referring to the arms or legs we use the word acr/o. What term could designate the head as an extremity?_____________________extremities or limbs4.When you read a term containing acr or acr/o (the combining form), it should make you think of _____________________.arms, legs, head5.Each of the terms acr/o/megaly, acr/o/cyan/osis, and acr/o/dermat/itis has a common word root that refers to what parts of the body? ________________, ________, and _____________________.acr/oWrite the combining form of the word root meaning extremities. _____________________oversized, big, or enlarged6.Megal/o means enlarged or oversized. A word containing megal/o means the part of the body or organ is _______________________________________.oversized or enlarged7.The suffix -y denotes a condition, usually abnormal. Acr/o/megal/y means the patient’s abnormal condition involves extremities that are__________________________.acr/o/megal/y acromegaly ak 8.Figure 1.1 on page 2 shows a man with abnormally large hands and head. The term that describes this man’s abnormal condition is ___________ / ______ / ______________ / _____.

Figure 1.1 Acromegaly

acro/megaly9.Occasionally you may see a person with very large hands, feet, nose, and/or chin. The abnormal condition may be____________ / ___________________.10.Here are new suffixes/root words: -ologist means one who studies, a specialist -itis means inflammation of (something) dermat/o refers to the skin.skininflammation of the skinA dermat/ologist is a specialist in the field of medicine who specializes in treating disease of the _____________________.Dermat/itis means _____________________.Underline the word root in the following medical terms. Now, circle the suffix in each term.DermatitisDermatologistacr/o/dermat/itis acrodermatitis ak 11.Acrodermatitis is a term meaning inflammation of the skin of the extremities. A person displaying red, inflamed hands may have a condition of__________ / _____ / ____________ / ________.acrodermatitis12.A patient may experience an inflammatory condition of her hands and lower arms. The physician may describe this abnormal condition as _____________________.inflammation of extremities skin13.Remembering that the term acrodermatitis means inflammation of the skin of the extremities, explain the following: -itis is a suffix that means _____________________. acr/o refers to _____________________. dermat is the root for _____________________.14.Cyan/o means blue or blueness. The suffix -osis denotes an abnormal condition. Cyan/osis means an abnormal condition of blueness.abnormal blueness of the extremitiesWhat do you think acr/o/cyan/osis means? __________________________cyan or cyan/oThe part of the medical term that tells you the color blue is present is _____________________.-osisThe part of the medical term denoting that an abnormal condition exists is the suffix _____________________.-osis15.To denote an abnormal condition, use the suffix _____________________.conditionextremitiesAcrocyanosis may be defined as the abnormal _____________________ of blueness of the _____________________.ak r s n’sis16.Blueness of the extremities is usually due to a reduced amount of oxygen supply to the hands and feet and can be considered normal in a newborn. If the lungs don’t take in enough oxygen or the heart doesn’t pump enough good blood around the body, the patient’s hands and feet may exhibit an abnormal condition described as ____________ / ______ / _______________ / _______________.acrocyanosis17.When the lungs cannot move enough oxygen into the blood because of asthma, blueness of the extremities may result. This is another cause of _____________________.the abnormal condition of blueness of the extremities18.Acrocyanosis means________________________________________________________-osis19.Dermat/osis denotes an abnormal skin condition. The suffix that means abnormal condition is _____________________.cyan/osiscyanosiss n’sis20.The suffix -osis means (usually abnormal) condition. Now, build a term that means an abnormal condition of blueness: _______________ / _______________.dermat/osisdermatosisder ma t’sis21.Build a term meaning an abnormal skin condition: ____________________ / _______________.skin22.The Greek word tomos means a piece cut off. From this word we have many words that refer to cutting: ectomy (cut out), otomy (cut into), -tome (an instrument that cuts). A dermatome is an instrument that cuts _____________________.dermat/omedermatomederm’ tm23.A dermatome is a surgical instrument. When a physician wants a thin slice of a patient’s skin for a skin graft, the doctor asks for a ____________________ / _____________.an abnormal condition of bluish discoloration of the skin24.Dermat, dermat/o refer to the skin. Cyan/o/derm/a means____________________________________________________a disease or abnormal condition of the skinDermat/osis means __________________________._____________________cyan/o/derm/acyanodermas n der’mä25.Cyanoderma sometimes occurs when people swim too long in cold water. If a patient has a bluish discoloration of the skin, for any reason, the person may exhibit_______________ / ______ / _______________ / ______.leuk or leuk/o26.Leuk/o means white or abnormally white. In the term leuk/o/derm/a, the part that means white is _____________________.a condition of white skin, or abnormally white skin27.Leukoderma means____________________________________________________leuk/o/derm/aleukodermal k der’ mä28.Some people have much less color in their skin than is normal. Their skin is white. They may have_______________ / ______ / _______________ / ______.the study of cells29.Cyt/o refers to a cell or cells. -ology is a suffix that means the study of.What does cyt/ology mean? ____________________________________white blood cell30.There are several kinds of cells in blood. One kind is the leuk/o/cyte. A leukocyte is a _____________________________.leuk/o/cyt/eleukocytel’ k st31.There are several different kinds of cells in the bloodstream. When a physician wants to know how many infection-fighting white blood cells are circulating, the doctor asks the lab technician to count the _______________ / ______ /cytes.leuk/emialeukemial k’ m32.-emia is a suffix meaning blood. When a person’s blood contains far too many white blood cells, it may indicate a condition sometimes described as a cancer of the blood. A term meaning literally white blood is _______________ / _______________.acr/o megal y33.In the term acromegaly, the combining form used for extremities is _____________________, the word root for oversized is _____________________, and the suffix meaning condition of is _____________________.a condition of oversized heart, or enlargement of the heart34.Now try this. Cardi/o means heart. Another suffix meaning condition of is -a. What does megal/o/cardi/a mean? _____________________megal/o/card/iamegalocardiameg l kär’ d ä35.When any muscle exercises, it gets larger. If the heart muscle overexercises, an enlarged condition of the heart may occur. It is described as__________________ / ______ / _______________ / __________.megalocardia or cardiomegaly36.When the heart muscle doesn’t receive an adequate supply of oxygen, the heart may beat more often. Inadequate oxygen makes the heart work harder and may lead to an enlarged heart described as________________________________________________________________.The digestive tract begins with the oral cavity. The teeth pulverize ingested food and soften it. The action of the tongue moves the partly digested food into the esophagus by swallowing. Then strong muscular contractions move the food to the stomach. In the stomach the food is further processed mechanically and chemically. Then it passes into the highly coiled intestine. The first part of the intestine is called the duodenum.

Figure 1.2 The Upper Digestive Tract (and Heart)

esophagus (esophag/o)stomach (gastr/o)duodenum (duoden/o)heart (cardi/o)megal/o/gastr/iamegalogastriameg l gas’ tr äorgastr/o/megal/ygastromegalygas’ tr meg’ a l37.Try this one. Gastr is the word root for stomach. When the stomach enlarges so that it crowds other organs, an undesirable condition exists known asoversized heart, or enlargement of the heart38.Megalocardia means ______________________________________________(the same thing)What does cardiomegaly mean? _____________________39.The suffix -itis means inflammation.inflammation of the heartWhat does carditis mean? __________________________________________stomachBoth gastr-, gastr/o mean _____________________.inflammation of the stomachGastritis means _____________________________________________.40.Here’s a quick review. Using the suggested answers, write the meaning of each of the following terms.SUGGESTED ANSWERS:abnormal condition ofheartbluenessinflammation ofcellskincutting instrumentstomachenlarged, oversizedwhiteextremitiesextremitiesacr/o ________________________bluenesscyan/o ________________________whiteleuk/o ________________________stomachgastr/o ________________________cellcyt/o ________________________heartcardi/o ________________________enlarged, oversizedmegal/o ____________________________________skinderm/o, dermat/o _________________________________________abnormal condition of-osis (-a, -y) ____________________________________________inflammation of-itis _____________________________cutting instrument-tome ____________________________________________41.Now build a medical term for each of the following:41.Now build a medical term for each of the following:acro/megal/ya condition of oversized extremitiesleuko/cytea white cell __________________ / ___________dermat/itisinflammation of the skin _____________________ / ___________megalo/cardi/aorcardio/megal/ya condition of enlarged heart_____________________ / __________________ / ______It’s up to you, of course, but here are some key words.42.Let’s have a change of pace here. Professional health workers use some special words to talk about illness and sick people. Here are just a few you’ll find very useful. Read each definition. Then underline a key word or words to help you remember the meaning of the term.sickness, illnessDisease is a condition in which bodily health is impaired. It means sickness or illness.exhibition, display, evidenceManifestation is proof of impaired bodily health. It’s a display, exhibition, or physical evidence of disease.changes (structural and functional)Pathology is the scientific study of changes in the human body (structural and functional) produced by disease.causes (tology)Etiology is the scientific study of causes of disease.You may refer to the definitions if you need help answering the next few frames.The cause of the patient’s disease is not yet known (and may remain unknown)43.If a physician says that a patient’s disease is of unknown etiology, what would that mean to you?_____________________________________________________________________sickness, illness44.Another word for disease is _____________________.evidence, or exhibition45.Manifestation is a display, or _____________________, of disease.causes46.Etiology is the scientific study of _____________________ of disease.structural functional disease47.Pathology is the scientific study of _____________________ and _____________________ changes in the body produced by _____________________.48.Select the best term for each definition. Write your choice in the space provided.pathology etiology manifestation diseasediseaseAnother term for illness or sickness is _____________________.manifestationEvidence, or proof, of disease is _____________________.etiologyThe study of causes of disease is _____________________.pathologyThe scientific study of changes in the body produced by disease is _____________________.path/ologistpathologistpath ol’ jist49.The suffix -ology means the study of, the suffix -ologist means one who studies (and becomes an expert). One who studies structural and functional changes in the body produced by disease is a _________________________ / _____________________.cardi/ologistcardiologistkär d ol’ jist50.Some physicians specialize in heart disease. The specialist who determines that a heart is deformed is a.

Figure 1.3 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrocardiography is a method of recording electrical currents traversing the heart muscle just prior to each heartbeat. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a graphic record of heart action currents that are obtained by electrocardiography.cardiologist51.A heart doctor who reads an electr/o/cardi/o/gram (a record of electrical impulses generated by the heart) is a specialist in heart problems or a _______________________ / _____________________.a record of electrical waves given off by the heart (or equivalent)52.Complete the meaning of electr/o/cardi/o/gram:Gram means a record or recording, electr/o means _____________________________________________________________________heartand cardi/o means _____________________electr/o/cardi/o/gramelectrocardiogram lek’ tr kär’ d gram53.The electr/o/cardi/o/gram is a record obtained by electr/o/cardi/o/graph/y. A technician can learn electrocardiography, but it takes a cardiologist to read thecardiologist electrocardiogram54.A physician specialist can look at a report that looks like this and learn something about a patient’s heart function. This specialist is probably a _____________________ and can read an

Figure 1.4 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

cardi/algiacardialgiakär d al’ j a (There is no need to add a vowel to the root cardi because -algia begins with a vowel.)55.The suffix -algia means pain. Form a word that means heart pain:.cardialgia56.When a patient complains of pain in the heart, the symptom is known medically as _____________________.57.Gastralgia means pain in the stomach.stomachGastr is the root for _____________________.-algiaThe suffix for pain is _____________________.stomach58.Gastr/ectomy means excision (removal) of all or part of the stomach. Gastr means _____________________.to cut out, excise, or remove surgicallyThe suffix -ectomy means _____________________________________________________________________________________________.gastr/ectomygastrectomygas trek’ t m59.When a patient’s stomach ulcer perforates, the surgeon may need to remove part of the stomach. The medical term for the procedure is.gastrectomy60.Cancer of the stomach may require a surgeon to remove all or part of the patient’s stomach. This procedure is a _____________________.gastr/itisgastritisgas tr’ tis61.Form a word that means inflammation of the stomach:__________________ / _______________.duoden/umduodenumdd’ nm (or d d’ nm)62.The stomach empties its contents into the first section of the intestine, called the duodenum. Duoden is the word root for_____________________.gastrWhat is the root for stomach? _____________________stomach and duodenum63.The suffix -ostomy means a procedure to form a new opening. Gastr/o/duoden/ostomy means forming a new opening between the _____________________ and _____________________.gastr/o/duoden/ ostomygastroduodenostomygas’ tr d de nos’ t m64.A surgeon may need to remove a portion of a diseased stomach. If the natural connection is removed, then the surgeon must form a new opening between the stomach and duodenum. This procedure is called_____________ / ______ / _________________ / _________________.a surgical procedure to form a new opening between the stomach and duodenum65.When an abnormal condition exists between the stomach and the duodenum, a surgeon may need to perform a gastroduodenostomy, which means_____________________________________________________________________________________________duodenumdū d’ num66.The suffix -ectomy means excision of; -ostomy means forming a new opening. The form -otomy means incision into. A duoden/otomy is an incision into the _____________________.-otomy67.The suffix for incision into is _____________________.duoden/otomyduodenotomyd od not’ mIf a physician makes an incision into the wall of the duodenum, the doctor has performed a __________________ / _________________.-itis68.The suffix for inflammation is _____________________.duoden/itisduodenitisd od n’ tisThe word for inflammation of the duodenum is __________________ / ______________.69.Duoden/al means of or pertaining to the duodenum.of, or pertaining to, mother; of, or pertaining to, father-al is a suffix meaning of, or pertaining to. Therefore matern/al means _________________________________________ and patern/al means ________________________.duoden/alduodenald d’ nl70.In the sentence “Duodenal carcinoma was present,” the word meaning of, or pertaining to, the duodenum is __________________ / _________.duoden/ostomyduodenostomyd od nos’ t m71.The suffix -ostomy means making a new opening. The word to form a new opening into the duodenum is __________________ / __________________.gastroduodenostomy72.Here’s one for you to figure out. A duodenostomy can be formed in more than one manner. If it is formed with the stomach, it is called a.-ostomy73.The suffix for forming a new opening is _____________________.74.Let’s review what you’ve covered. Using the suggested answers, write the meaning of each of the following terms.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS:

bluenessduodenumcellelectricalcause(s)enlarged, oversizedchanges due to diseaserecord ofduodenumduoden/o ________________________________________________changes due to diseasepath/o ________________________record ofgram/o _______________________________________________________cellcyt/o ________________________electricelectr/o _______________________________________________________causeeti/o ________________________enlarged, oversizedmegal/o ________________________bluenesscyan/o ________________________75.Now try it with the suffixes you just learned.

SUGGESTED ANSWERS:

(abnormal) condition ofincision intocutting instrumentinflammation ofform a new openingof, or pertaining toone who studies, specializes inpainof, or pertaining to-al ________________________inflammation of-itis _______________________________________________________(abnormal) condition-osis, -a, -y __________________________________________________form a new opening-ostomy _______________________________________________________cutting instrument-tome ________________________________________________________incision into-otomy ________________________pain-algia ________________________one who studies-ologist ________________________cyan/osis76.Now build some new words.A condition of blueness is ______________ / ______________.path/ologistOne who studies bodily changes produced by disease is a ______________ / _____________________.duoden/ostomyA surgical procedure that forms a new opening in the duodenum is a __________________ / __________________.eti/o/logic/alA term meaning of, or pertaining to, the study of causes of disease is .77.While working through Chapter 1, you formed the following new medical terms. Read them one at a time and pronounce each aloud several times until you can articulate each term clearly and correctly. If a friend pronounces each term for you, could you spell it correctly? Try it.acrocyanosis (ak r s n’ sis)etiological (’ t loj’ i kl)acrodermatitisgastralgia (gas tral’ j a)(ak r der’ ma t’tis)gastrectomyacromegaly (ak r meg’ a l)(gas trek’ t m)cardialgia (kär d al’ j a)gastritis (gas tr’ tis)cardiologist (kär d ol’ jist)gastroduodenostomycarditis (kär d’ tis)(gas’ tr d de nos’ t m)cyanoderma (s n der’ mä)leukemia (l k’ m)cyanosis (s n’ sis)leukocyte (l’ k st)cytology (s tol’ j)leukoderma (l k der’ mä)dermatologistmanifestation(der ma tol’ jist)(man’ fes tā’ shn)dermatome (derm’ tm)megalocardiadermatosis (der ma t’ sis)(meg l kär’ d ä)disease (diz z’)megalogastriaduodenal (d d’ nl)(meg l gas’ tr ä)electrocardiogrampathologist (path ol’ jist)( lek’ tr kär’ d gram)pathology (path ol’ j)

Before going on to Chapter 2, take the Chapter 1 Self-Test that follows.

Chapter 1 Self-Test

Part 1

From the list of definitions on the right, select the correct meaning for each of the terms in the left-hand column. Write the letter in the space provided.

______ 1.Megalocardia______ 2.Cardiology______ 3.Duodenostomy______ 4.Leukemia______ 5.Dermatologist______ 6.Electrocardiography______ 7.Acromegaly______ 8.Gastritis______ 9.Dermatome______ 10.Manifestation______ 11.Gastroduodenostomy______ 12.Etiology______ 13.Acrocyanosis______ 14.Pathologist______ 15.Gastralgia

a. Study of, or pertaining to, causes (of disease)

b. A specialist in the field of skin diseases

c. A condition of blueness of the extremities

d. Enlargement of the heart

e. A surgical procedure forming a new opening in the duodenum

f. Display, evidence of disease

g. One who specializes in the study of structural and functional changes in the body

h. Pain in the stomach

i. Inflammation of the stomach

j. Recordings of electrical waves of the heart

k. An abnormal condition of enlarged extremities

l. A surgical instrument for cutting skin

m. A surgical operation to make a new opening between the stomach and duodenum