9,00 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: Ailîs D'Osualdo Edizioni
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
(ROMEO &) JULIET
The book talks about the love history behind the most popular love story in a fascinating way, leading the reader to unexpected and charming discoveries.
Did a very in love Juliet really look out of the balcony? Did Romeo address to her in an enchanted night or in a cruel night of war during a freezing winter? Was the date at the ball historically accurate or did it even happen at all?
You will find an answer to each of these questions and many others in the book describing the two lovers' real history that Shakespeare used as a model for his beloved tragedy. It's about an historical path made of love, hate and violence… that gave birth to the unfortunate love between two Friulian and Venetian young lovers, Luigi Da Porto and Lucina Savorgnan, who will unintentionally become the real main characters of the universal myth of ‘Romeo and Juliet’. Plus, some news and a final surprise…
Das E-Book können Sie in Legimi-Apps oder einer beliebigen App lesen, die das folgende Format unterstützen:
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
Ähnliche
Alessandro d'Osualdo
(ROMEO &) JULIET
the love history behind
the most popular love story
This book is dedicated to all my loves, whether gone by or still alive,
tangible or intellectual, living or inanimate, real or imaginary.
A special thought goes to Udin/e, Cividât/Cividale del Friuli, Manzan/o, Montorso, Verona and London, stern witnesses of restless labours of love that the book is about.
Translation: Margherita Coughlan
Photos: Lisa Zanchettin cover, pg 9, 93, 111;
Ailîs D’Osualdo, pg 14, 69, 139; dS, pg 2, 51, 81, 106, 158,
Art pg 158: Nicola Tuniz, NAKA
ISBN: 978-88-947551-2-1
First Edition, June 2023
All rights reserved: ©Alessandro D’Osualdo, Ailîs D’Osualdo Edizioni
Ailîs D’Osualdo Edizioni
via Verdi 32, 33039 San Lorenzo di Sedegliano (UD) - Italy
This book cannot be reproduced, in any extent, without the author’s explicit authorisation.
The Publisher reserves the right to maintain the copyright for the cases
in which it was not possible to go back to the original sources.
Pictures and drawings courtesy of the Authors.
The Publisher declines any responsibility on the content.
Table of contents
PROLOGUE
‘THE COMEDY OF ERRORS’
‘LOVE LABOURS LOST’
‘THE TWO NOBLE KINSMEN’
‘THE WINTER’S TALE’
‘ALL WELL THAT ENDS WELL’
‘MEASURE FOR MEASURE’
‘MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING’
‘THE MERCHANT OF VENICE’
‘THE COMEDY OF ERRORS’
A LOVE TAKEN FROM A LOVE TAKEN FROM A LOVE…
APPENDIX
CIVIDALE DEL FRIULI / CIVIDÂT / ČEDAD / ÖSTRICH / SYBIDAT / FORUM IULII / CIVITAS AUSTRIÆ
UDINE / UDIN
MANZANO / MANZAN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PROLOGUE
Perhaps not everybody knows that Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet” is based on a short story, “Giulietta”, created some years before by an unlucky lover, Luigi Da Porto. He attached it to a letter sent to his beloved, Lucina Savorgnan, for her wedding day with another man.
The story quickly became very popular -tales of love and death are always a big success- and it was “refashioned” by other European writers, as it was customary at the time, given that copyright still did not exist. One version after the other, in the end the story travelled across the English Channel to the man who would make it an immortal love legend, as well as a goldmine for the city of Verona, the place chosen for its setting.
Shakespeare was not only a skilled poet, but also a clever businessman: after reading the story, or at least knowing of it, he immediately realised that it could gain a great success once set on stage.
That is to say, he acted like a playwright/actor/producer (for he was all of the three) in today’s film industry, checking out a best-selling book.
In order to achieve a good result, he resorted to his great ability in conjuring romantically attractive verses on a plot twisted in order to capture the audience and keep it listening until the end, even though the story was already outlined in the prologue.
He was a master in sensing what the audience want and summon strong, dramatic emotions, intertwining tension across the lines in an emotional crescendo dominated by the uncertainty of the finale.
He alternated moments of profound romanticism with jests and references to the English folk tradition, in a roller coaster of sorrow and relief leading to a deeply dark finale. In this sense -as well as in his display of multiple roles- he could be compared to many contemporary film directors.
Da Porto’s story already fitted into an attractive narration, and I imagine that he had planned it out in this sense, as well as in order to make a lasting impression, knowing that Lucina would not be its only reader and commentator (that is why he created more than one version). With a broken heart, he writes it and sends it off with a final tirade against women who do not keep their word. An addition which is conveniently cut out from following versions.
This book wants to try to tell you what lies behind this story, how it came to the English National Bard and the interweaving of Friulian history and story that resulted in the meeting between Romeo/Luigi Da Porto and Juliet/Lucina Savorgnan. Therefore, it does not only want to analyse and retell the most famous of all love stories, but also disclose the many other stories and histories that are hidden in it, from which other love narratives emerge -for people, family, ambition, justice, battles…- which can often lead to confusion between fact and fiction.
It wants to illustrate how this “marginal” and private story has become a universal icon in the history of literature and costume. Starting from a short story, like a fine lace, it gradually reveals the personal adventures of the author, “forsaken” in his love: a passion that was probably born during a masquerade ball, reinforced by the courtship at a non-existing balcony and ending with her wedding to another man, probably arranged by the family, as was the custom at the time, or by Venice to put peace between the two families. That is, with the death of a ‘dolce amistà’, a sweet, mutual affection.
Some peculiar histories emerge, such as that of Friulians, which mirror that of Europe, and which, in their turn, blend with personal histories of poets, writers, newcomers, lazy students, other lovers…You will discover how a short story, written in a fit of despair and, maybe, rage, has become such a popular legend to end up in a museum, where both the history of the ultimate theatrical drama and the story born from a convenient misunderstanding are exhibited.
Fascination and tragedy will be constantly present, the most beautiful and most horrible features of human history, where the humans are the only beings capable of translating them into extraordinary poetry.
A few little guiding notes.
Some of the information contained in this book might seem new: in fact, most of it is already known beyond specific study fields, but has never spread further outside certain cultural or geographical areas. In any case, there will be many new facts and questions, which I will try to answer to or which everybody might try to fix with their own research and solutions.
My main goal for this book was to shed light on how much is known so far, and how much is mistaken in this story/history, in order to put an end to the continuous cycle of faux pas and propose something that would not be preposterous and out of place. I hope not to be among the latter, and that this little book might astonish its readers, leading them to partake in, and not merely observe, the emotions and doubts of the one who has written them down.
There will be some uncertainties on some dates, in particular those referred to the main characters. This is due to the lack of sources and their correctness, interpretation and confusion with the Julian calendar, which was still in use at the time of the events told (our current calendar, the Gregorian one, will be introduced in 1582, after our story took place), as there would be some mismatch in the counting of the days. The same could be said for the hours of the day: the “Italian” (that is to say, Venetian) day started with the sunset and its duration varied according to each month.
In any case, what is certain is that the events told actually happened and the debate on dates –which, in any case, are quite close and would still be a little uncertain- is something I gladly leave to others, as there are other things at the centre of this book.
For some of the texts quoted, especially the ancient ones, the website is given, either in the notes or in the bibliography, where their scansions eagerly wait for some visitors. This avoids me giving you bulky books to read and it allows you to look them up whenever you judge fitting for a curious integration of the information in this book. Having said this, and hoping not to behave like Peter Quince in his prologue [1], I invite you to turn the page and immerge in the moving stories and histories you will find in it.
‘THE COMEDY OF ERRORS’
Where a story which becomes history is told with the addition of an idol in a museum
We have to wait for October 14 th, 1814, for a tourist to mention the existence of the tomb of Juliet in Verona in his diary “The Italian journal”.
That was the poet Samuel Rogers (1763-1855), very famous at the time, despite his scarce production, and almost forgotten today. Before this day, some theatrical representations and ballets organised by the city on the theme of the two tragic lovers are mentioned. Rogers’ date is the first attested evidence of some attention to the story by external visitors. It is still uncertain whether previous visitors with a knowledge of Shakespeare’s plays, which at the time were less well known here, recall it in any way in their notes or diaries.
The Veronese productions on this story, though, already presuppose the city’s intention to make use of Romeo and Juliet’s story to appease the travellers’ fascination with Romanticism and their desire to see the places and objects regarding this fancy. This happened with some interesting consequences, such as those described by Charles Dickens in “Pictures from Italy” in 1844, when he tells of the “drama” at Juliet’s tomb or speaks of the alleged Juliet’s house as a hut. Almost as if the people from Verona considered such research an exclusively British fancy, while still envisaging its economic potential.
“It was natural enough, to go straight from the Market-place, to the House of the Capulets, now degenerated into a most miserable little inn. Noisy vetturini and muddy market-carts were disputing possession of the yard, which was ankle-deep in dirt, with a brood of splashed and bespattered geese; and there was a grim-visaged dog, viciously panting in a doorway, who would certainly have had Romeo by the leg, the moment he put it over the wall (…) So I was quite satisfied with it, as the veritable mansion of old Capulet, and was correspondingly grateful in my acknowledgments to an extremely unsentimental middle-aged lady, the Padrona of the Hotel, who was lounging on the threshold looking at the geese; (…) From Juliet’s home, to Juliet’s tomb, is a transition as natural to the visitor, as to fair Juliet herself, or to the proudest Juliet that ever has taught the torches to burn bright in any time. So, I went off, with a guide, to an old, old garden, once belonging to an old, old convent, I suppose; and being admitted, at a shattered gate, by a bright-eyed woman who was washing clothes, went down some walks where fresh plants and young flowers were prettily growing among fragments of old wall, and ivy-coloured mounds; and was shown a little tank, or water -trough, which the bright-eyed woman- drying her arms upon her ‘kerchief, called ‘La tomba di Giulietta la sfortunata.’ (...) It was a pleasure, rather than a disappointment, that Juliet’s resting-place was forgotten. However consolatory it may have been to Yorick’s Ghost, to hear the feet upon the pavement overhead, and, twenty times a day, the repetition of his name, it is better for Juliet to lie out of the track of tourists, and to have no visitors (…)
Dickens was not alone in noticing certain Veronese oddities. Another English woman, Louisa Stuart Costello (1799-1870), a miniaturist, poet, writer and traveller, reports a curious notice in her diary ‘A Tour to and from Venice, by the Vaudois and the Tyrol, John Ollivier, London 1846’: Juliet’s house is one of the few missing a balcony.
‘a row of pretty ancient pointed windows, may have faced the garden, and to one of them Juliet’s balcony might have been attached; thought this is one of the few houses in Verona which has no balcony.’
This absence, though, is quickly compensated: before 1871, along the banks of river Adige and on the façade of a certain “casa Cappelletti”, a modest balcony appears. Some say it is a joke of the elders, but we had rather not believe that for the due respect to a romantic human tragedy. No matter how modest, the balcony is the determining visual element leading to the unfortunate Juliet: amorous feelings, despite their immateriality, cannot be satisfied by words and gestures, but they constantly need a visible and concrete idol. Even better if it can be bought: love’s merchandising (as blind as Cupid) is an important economic resource for many specialists, with some cities dedicating special attention to it, as passion requires the reassurance of some very real identifiable elements: a rose, a key, a heart, rings, a white dress, some lucky sugared almonds (to be sown just like the bones of the dead in antiquity) …
With its fake balcony, between the end of the Nineteenth and beginning of Twentieth century, Verona has a more immediate attraction than Juliet’s tomb, which moreover is better suited to the elegant romance of the tragedy: the scene of the nightly encounter stands as one of the pinnacles of Shakespearean poetry.
As all great attractions, though, even this one has its pros and cons: the blocking of a street to everyday traffic and the need to build some embankments on the river Adige to prevent it from flooding out.
Consequently, there is a rising annoyance towards an increasingly popular attraction, a true goldmine which is no longer reserved to the well-read classes of “Gran Tour” and Romanticism, and the local residents start complaining.
A first solution to the problem is found in the years 1937-1940, when a modest house with some railings becomes the film setting of a site consecrated to a privileged love, with the addition of a fake balcony, probably obtained from a Roman burial, under the direction of the historian Antonio Avena.
Do you really think that, in this way, the people from Verona would stop complaining?
You are so naïve, then. The adventures of Juliet’s house and the proposed solution once again do not seem applicable because of the invasive power of mass tourism, for which Verona’s town council has decided that the so-called Juliet’s house should become a museum.
The bitterness of seeing such a great feeling relegated and constrained remains: for it should instead be an accessible cult object and curiosity, in which many see themselves to the point of experiencing its reality.
‘LOVE LABOURS LOST’
Where a short story is recalled which is a story hiding other stories and histories
Nothing is ever as it seems, or as we believe. Not even in the case of Romeo and Juliet, where an emotional faux preserves a true feeling. If you pay close attention, you will find along the access to the so-called “Juliet’s house” a thin totem recalling a short story written by Earl Luigi da Porto (born in Vicenza, on August 10th, 1458- 10 th May 1529), written around 1524 [1], which is thought to be the background for the tragedy told by Shakespeare. This story is dedicated to a girl, Lucina Savorgnan, who he had met some years before at a fated ball, and had just gotten married, or was about to. It is generally believed that such story contains some hints on the burning passion that there had been among them, and that was eventually cast out by his misfortunes and her deeds. Maybe a passionate token to have her back in his arms.
Before going any further, you should read the version published in 1530. It is agreed that this anonymous version is likely to be the same or the closest to the one da Porto had published, also for the presence of the final tirade [2].
The STORYnewly found, of two noble lovers with their moving death, which took place in the city of Verona at the time of Lord Bartolomeo della Scala.
To the wonderful and graceful Dame Lucina Savorgnana
Given that already some days ago I said, in conversation with you, that I wanted to write some moving story, which I had already heard a few times, and which had happened in Verona, it seemed to me to be fitting to write it down on these few papers. I hope that the way in which it is written does not seem futile to you, and also because it belongs to me, wretched as I am, given the deeds of miserable lovers of which it is full. And to send it to your valuable grace. Should you, in your modesty, identify yourself among the beautiful women, similar to you, then you can read it more clearly, seeing to which risks, which deceiving steps, and which most cruel deaths the unfortunate and miserable lovers are led most times by the Force of Love.
And I’m glad to send it also to your beauty, for I have decided that this should be my last effort in this particular type of art, since I am bored and tired of being on the people’s mouth, so I will have you as the final line of my poetry. And also, as you are a harbour of beauty and fairness, may you be such for the shaft of my creativity which, loaded with much ignorance, steered by Love across the shallowest of the waters of poetry has sailed. As it reaches you, conscious of its wandering, may it give steer, oar, and sails to others, sailing with deeper knowledge and better fortune across this sea, and unarmed come safely into your banks. Take it then, milady, in the most fitting aspect and enjoy its reading both for its subject, as it is wonderful and full of devotion as it seems to me, and for the close bond of kin and sweet friendship between your person and the one who has come upon writing it, who will always search your trust with every due honour.
As you have seen with your eyes, before the Heaven had forsaken me, at the beginning of my youth I committed myself to warfare, and as I followed many great and valiant men, I spent some years busy in your homeland Friuli. Serving here and there, I often needed to travel across it on my own.
As I was riding, I had the habit of taking with me an archer, a man of roughly fifty years of age, very skilled in his trade and particularly amiable: as most people from Verona (where he was born), he enjoyed talking and was called Peregrino. On top of being a valorous and valid soldier, he was also light and always in love with some woman, maybe a bit more than his age would allow, which doubled his amiability.
For this reason he enjoyed telling the best stories, with the best fashion and charm, especially love stories, better than anyone else I had ever heard. So, one day I left Gradisca, where I had my headquarters, and I was coming towards Udine together with this man and two more, maybe carried by the wings of Love. The journey was very lonely and during the time of war the land had been burned and devastated, and as Peregrino saw me rather saddened by this thought and keeping distance from the others, he came up to me and said, as if reading in my mind:
“Do you want to keep living a sad life? To have a cruel beauty love you little, while pretending differently? Even though I do not provide the best example of this, because it is easier to give advice than to keep to it, I’ll tell you, my lord, that for your business and profession, lingering too long in the prison of Love is not fitting, for so sad are the ends to which it leads us that it is dangerous to follow it. In order to prove what I’m saying, whenever you wish, I might tell you a story, which happened in my town, which would make the road less lonely and less unpleasant: in this story you will hear how two noble lovers were driven to a miserable and moving death”.
As I had already signalled that I was willing to hear it, he started like this:
At the time when Bartolomeo dalla Scala, a courteous and most humane lord, held the reins of my city in his power, there were, according to my father, two distinguished families which were enemies, either for opposite belonging or for a particular kind of hatred: one was called Capelletti, the other one Montecchi. Messer Nicolo and Messer Giovanni residing in Udine and currently called Monticoli from Verona are thought to belong to one of these, although they have not brought much from their homeland apart from their courteous kindness.
And so it happens that, as I was reading some old chronicles, I found that these two families were united and supported the same party. Still, I will tell you the story as I have heard it, without changing it in the slightest.
As I was saying, these two families were living in Verona under the lord I have mentioned earlier, made up by brave men and gifted with abundance by the Heaven, by Nature and by Fate. As it is usual among great families, whatever the cause, they were divided by a sharp hatred for one another, which had already been the reason for several deaths on both sides. Both for the weariness of the fight, as it usually happens in these cases, and for the threats of the town lord, who was much sorry of seeing them fighting each other, they had ceased to confront each other and, despite not finding an agreement, they still had found a sort of confidence in the course of time, so that many of their men would talk together.
Having they pacified, there was a Carnival party at the house of Messer Antonio Capelletti, a joyful and jesting man, who was the head of his family. There was much feasting going on, both during day and night: almost the entire city ran to it. To one of these feasts, on one night, went a young man from the Montecchi family, following his woman, as it is customary for lovers to follow their beloved ones wherever they go, both with their heart and, if possible, with their body.
