Scramjet Propulsion E-Book

Dora Musielak

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Aerospace Series (PEP)
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1028

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Scramjet Propulsion Explore the cutting edge of HAP technologies with this comprehensive resource from an international leader in her field Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction delivers a comprehensive treatment of hypersonic air breathing propulsion and its applications. The book covers the most up-to-date hypersonic technologies, like endothermic fuels, fuel injection and flameholding systems, high temperature materials, and TPS, and offers technological overviews of hypersonic flight platforms like the X-43A, X-51A, and HiFIRE. It is organized around easy-to-understand explanations of technical challenges and provides extensive references for the information contained within. The highly accomplished author provides readers with a fulsome description of the theoretical underpinnings of hypersonic technologies, as well as critical design and technology issues affecting hypersonic air breathing propulsion technologies. The book's combination of introductory theory and advanced instruction about individual hypersonic engine components is ideal for students and practitioners in fields as diverse as hypersonic vehicle and propulsion development for missile defense technologies, launch aerospaceplanes, and civilian transports. Over 250 illustrations and tables round out the material. Readers will also learn from: * A thorough introduction to hypersonic flight, hypersonic vehicle concepts, and a review of fundamental principles in hypersonic air breathing propulsion * Explorations of the aerothermodynamics of scramjet engines and the design of scramjet components, as well as hypersonic air breathing propulsion combustors and fuels * Analyses of dual-mode combustion phenomena, materials structures, and thermal management in hypersonic vehicles, and combined cycle propulsion * An examination of CFD analysis, ground and flight testing, and simulation Perfect for researchers and graduate students in aerospace engineering, Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction is also an indispensable addition to the libraries of engineers working on hypersonic vehicle development seeking a state-of-the-art resource in one of the most potentially disruptive areas of aerospace research today.

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Scramjet Propulsion

A Practical Introduction

Dora Musielak

University of Texas at Arlington

This edition first published 2023© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Musielak, Dora, author.Title: Scramjet propulsion : a practical introduction / Dora Musielak.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2023.Identifiers: LCCN 2022027389 (print) | LCCN 2022027390 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119640608 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119640592 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119640639 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Airplanes--Jet propulsion. | Airplanes--Scramjet engines.Classification: LCC TL709 .M87 2023 (print) | LCC TL709 (ebook) | DDC 629.134/353--dc23/eng/20220812LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022027389LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022027390

Cover image: © NASACover design by Wiley

Preface

Flying at hypersonic speeds will revolutionize travel across the globe. One could fly from Texas and be in Paris within two hours, for example, or the flight time from Frankfurt to Sydney could be reduced from 22 hours to five. To make such progress in flight travel requires an innovative, technologically advanced air‐breathing propulsion system.

The scramjet engine can power such hypersonic cruise aircraft, and it can also integrate with combined cycle propulsion required for innovative reusable spaceplanes and launch vehicles to place people and satellites in Earth orbit. The requirements to operate efficiently and reliably over such a wide range of flight velocity conditions and altitudes make hypersonic air‐breathing propulsion a rather challenging field of study. Powered hypersonic flight received renewed interest after the successful demonstration flight tests carried out in the United States and in Australia in the 2000s. The NASA X‐43A, AFRL/DARPA X‐51A, and U.S. AFRL/Australia DST HIFiRE programs proved that both hydrogen and hydrocarbon fueled scramjet engines can effectively propel a vehicle to hypersonic speed. New programs are now funded to expand the scramjet capability thus demonstrated, focusing on combined cycle engines, maturing the technologies required for sustained air‐breathing hypersonic flight.

Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction is the outcome of a professional development short course that I offered in the autumn of 2018, sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). The main objective of that online course was to provide an up‐to‐date exposition of technical topics related to the scramjet engine, focusing on the R&D that thrust the development of critical technologies. The course attracted students and professionals working in the field, as well as newcomers from many regions of the world.

This book is by no means a comprehensive, descriptive survey of the entire subject of hypersonic air‐breathing propulsion. Just as the short course, this book is a primer to get you ready to tackle hypersonic air‐breathing propulsion, and I hope you use it as a foundations text or a springboard to more advanced study. I focus on some important physical phenomena required to understand, to first order, the behavior of air‐breathing engines, and the technologies that are needed to advance scramjet engine and vehicle development.

Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction provides a personal perception of hypersonic air‐breathing propulsion R&D efforts based on my experience teaching, reviewing, and contributing to research studies and publications. This book is intended as a guide to be of practical value to students, engineers, and professionals engaged in programs that support R&D work related to the field. I tried to provide a general overview of what is feasible based on scramjets already developed rather than present the mathematical derivations underlying the engineering principles found in textbooks. This work, therefore, can be easily read by someone who does not have previous experience in propulsion engineering.

The main objective of this work is to provide an overview of the technologies required for the development and maturing of scramjets, including combined cycle engines to power hypersonic cruise aircraft and transatmospheric reusable spaceplanes. A brief perusal of the contents shows that each chapter is formulated to meet this objective. The important topics of hypersonic vehicle design, structural analysis, flight trajectories, and control systems are omitted. However, the material covered provides the basis for their study.

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of hypersonic flight and describes high‐speed air‐breathing propulsion, highlighting the scramjet engine. After a summary of important R&D programs, brief and pointed summaries of the history of hypersonic air‐breathing propulsion are given along with the current status. Chapter 2 provides technical background, and it introduces the notation, defines important concepts, reviews fundamental formulas, and gives a qualitative glimpse of the vehicle‐integrated propulsion system.

Chapter 3 is devoted to aerothermodynamics of vehicle‐integrated scramjets, reviewing viscous flow phenomena and boundary‐layer transition. The design and performance of the scramjet main components (inlet, combustor, and nozzle) are treated in Chapters 4, 5, and 8, respectively. The presentation is not what a design engineer would consider rigorous, but the material in these chapters conveys the essence of the scramjet flowpath design, and it also provides some ideas on the conditions and limitations associated with the performance relationships under study. Chapter 6 addresses endothermic fuels, while Chapter 7 gives a phenomenological description of dual‐mode combustion, an important topic for scramjet engines that will operate in the low hypersonic flight regime.

Chapter 9 contains information on high‐temperature materials, structures, and thermal management systems. Chapter 10 reviews combined cycle propulsion, including formulations for ideal cycle analysis of turbojets and ramjets. Chapter 11 focuses on ground testing, since sophisticated analysis and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes and methodology are used to obtain solutions to hypersonic air‐breathing propulsion flowfields, Chapter 12 presents results obtained using computer codes of varying degrees of rigor, emphasizing their scope and contribution to the development of scramjet engines. An overview of flight testing is presented in Chapter 13, including the methods pursued, the experience gained during past scramjet demonstration flights, lessons learned, and infrastructure for safe testing of a scramjet‐powered vehicle. The book concludes with an outlook of what the future may bring. Powering the Future of Transcontinental Flight and Access to Space encapsulates the current status of air‐breathing propulsion R&D programs pursuing this future.

Most high‐speed propulsion designs and experimental data are classified ITAR or proprietary and are therefore outside the scope of this book. To compensate for this, the material I include is based on knowledge and research published in books, technical reports, public briefings, conference papers, and journal articles. I made every effort to cite sources and provide full references at the end of each chapter so that readers may obtain further details on the addressed topics. All images used to illustrate hypersonic vehicle concepts have been cleared for public release and most are available through the Internet.

In my own study, I benefited greatly from three excellent textbooks: Hypersonic Airbreathing Propulsion by William H. Heiser and David T. Pratt, Hypersonic Aerothermodynamics by John J. Bertin, and Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics by John D. Anderson, Jr. These texts are the golden standard for learning the subject matter, and I recommend the reader acquire them to complement this book.

I sincerely hope that this work will serve as a source of information and technical insight for the many students, engineers, and program managers involved in the exciting study, R&D, and ultimate application of scramjets for hypersonic flight.

Acknowledgment

First and foremost, I express my deepest appreciation to NASA for the breathtaking discoveries that always inspire me, for the knowledge I acquired from its distinguished researchers, and for the prestigious research fellowships it bestowed on me. This book is only possible thanks to the hypersonic propulsion pioneers and dedicated researchers, brilliant engineers, and scientists all over the world (too many to name individually) who have built the body of work synthetized in the following chapters. Hence, I acknowledge some of them in the citations to recognize their superb contributions. In particular, I wish to express my gratitude to Tom Drozda (NASA LaRC); Phil Drummond (NASA LaRC); Christer Fureby (Lund University, Sweden); Nick Gibbons (The Centre for Hypersonics, University of Queensland); Peyman Givi (University of Pittsburgh); Antonella Ingenito (University of Rome “La Sapienza”); Suppandipillai Jeyakumar (India); Ivan Bermejo‐Moreno (University of Southern California); Sebastian Karl (DLR, Germany); Tobias Langener (ESA‐ESTEC, The Netherlands); Mary Jo Long‐Davis (NASA GRC); Christian Messe (University of Stuttgart, Germany, now at Berkely Lab); Michael Smart (Hypersonix, Australia); and Axel Vincent‐Rondennier (ONERA, France). Of course, this book may not do justice to their technical efforts, but citing some of their work is my way to acknowledge them.

At Wiley, I thank Editor Lauren Poplawski for her enthusiasm and support for this project and Sarah Lemore, Associate Managing Editor, who kept me on track and ensured the manuscript met editorial standards. To the entire Wiley production team, especially Isabella Proietti, Sindujaabirami (Abi) Ravichandiran, and Ramya Vengaiyan a sincere thank you for your excellent work. I also wish to recognize the staff at the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA) Library for their helpfulness and willingness to find special publications required for my research. I also wish to thank the following organizations for permission to use images from their hypersonic propulsion programs: NASA, Hypersonix (Australia), and the Research and Technology Organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO RTO).

To my family, words cannot express enough my gratitude for their steadfast love and encouragement: to my intelligent daughters Dasi and Lauren, thank you for being so wise, fearless, and independent, and to my scholarly husband Zdzislaw, thank you for standing by me always, cheering and loving me when spacetime seemed to suddenly darken. With you all in my life, my universe is limitless and splendorous.

Dora Musielak