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- Herausgeber: Pocket Essentials
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
Who is Holmes? The world's most famous detective? A drug addict with a heart as cold as ice? A millstone around the neck of his creator? He's all of these things and much, much more. Sherlock Holmes was the brainchild of Portsmouth GP Arthur Conan Doyle. A writer of historical romantic fiction, Doyle became unhappy that the detective's enormous success eclipsed his more serious offerings. But after attempting to wipe him out at the Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland, Doyle was faced with a vociferous backlash from the general public and eventually he had no choice but to bring his sleuth back from the grave to face more puzzling mysteries. While not strictly speaking 'canonical', Holmes' deerstalker, curved pipe and cries of 'Elementary, my dear Watson!' have been immortalised in countless stage, film, television and radio productions. An iconic fictional creation, inseparable from his partner-in-crime Dr John Watson, Sherlock Holmes has charmed and fascinated millions of people around the world since his first appearance over a century ago. He is one of English literature's finest creations.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012
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Who is Holmes? The world's most famous detective? A drug addict with a heart as cold as ice? A millstone around the neck of his creator? He's all of these things and much, much more.
Sherlock Holmes was the brainchild of Portsmouth GP Arthur Conan Doyle. A writer of historical romantic fiction, Doyle became unhappy that the detective's enormous success eclipsed his more serious offerings. But after attempting to wipe him out at the Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland, Doyle was faced with a vociferous backlash from the general public and eventually he had no choice but to bring his sleuth back from the grave to face more puzzling mysteries.
While not strictly speaking 'canonical', Holmes' deerstalker, curved pipe and cries of 'Elementary, my dear Watson!' have been immortalised in countless stage, film, television and radio productions. An iconic fictional creation, inseparable from his partner-in-crime Dr John Watson, Sherlock Holmes has charmed and fascinated millions of people around the world since his first appearance over a century ago. He is one of English literature's finest creations.
Sherlock Holmes
MARK CAMPBELL
POCKET ESSENTIALS
for Reg Gadney and Peter Haining, both guiding lights
Acknowledgements
For providing much needed information I am indebted to Richard Lancelyn Green, Roger Johnson, Roy Tunley, Peter Basham, Andy Lane, Paul Duncan, Iain Jarvis, Annick Barbery, Jean Barnham, Brett Nicholson, Craig Bowlsby and the friendly staff of the Slade Library, Plumstead. Thanks especially to thefirst three named, together with Jason Tomes, John Smart, my mum and my wife Mary, who proofread the manuscript and pointed out all my mistakes. And of course I mustn’t forget Jesus, because he never forgets me.
Contents
Foreword
by Richard Lancelyn Green
1: Please Continue Your Most Interesting Statement
An introduction to the consulting detective of Baker Street
2: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
A survey of the facts surrounding his life and death
3: The Canon
Being an examination of the 60 stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
4: Literary Pastiches and Parodies
Being a leisurely stroll through the Great Detective’s rich literary legacy
5: An A-Z of Sherlock Holmes Actors
Being a list of thespians who have donned the deerstalker
6: Reference Materials
The game is afoot – where to find out more
Foreword
by Richard Lancelyn Green
The fame of Sherlock Holmes goes beyond the known universe into the galaxies beyond, for the battered tin dispatch box which Watson left in the vaults of his bank and from which from time to time he extracted notes has produced a welter of new cases which show the Great Detective to be equally at home in the past, the present and the future. It is, however, the original cases which Dr Watson chronicled on which his fame rests and to which all readers shouldfirst turn. The ‘canon’ appeals on many levels. It is read by young and old and is uniquely the subject of ‘higher criticism’ which approaches the texts with all the care (if not the seriousness) which was once bestowed upon sacred books and classical authors. There are journals and societies devoted to Holmes, there are parodies and pastiches, and there have been numerous plays,films and other adaptations. It is a vastfield, and yet Holmes remains a citizen of the world and is accessible to all.
This elegantly concise volume will serve as an excellent introduction and may be regarded as the modern equivalent of the old Baedeker Guide. If it leaves the reader anxious to visit Baker Street for thefirst time, or to revisit it for the umpteenth time, it will have served its purpose. It provides details of Holmes’ creator and offers a critique of the Sherlock Holmes stories; it provides a sampler of the innumerable parodies and pastiches which they have inspired, and it breaks new ground by listing in alphabetical order the large number of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes, with the minor actors alongside the major ones, and the earliest with the latest.
Sherlock Holmes had with him a ‘pocket Petrarch’ in The Boscombe Valley Mystery, and he would beflattered to know that he was being honoured in the same way.
Richard Lancelyn Green
March 2001
Richard Lancelyn Green was a former chairman of the Sherlock Holmes Society of London and one of the foremost world experts on Conan Doyle and Sherlock Holmes. He edited the 1901 burlesque of William Gillette’s play, Sheerluck Jones, Penguin’s The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes and Letters to Sherlock Holmes, and the Oxford World Classics Sherlock Holmes titles. With John Michael Gibson he wrote A Bibliography of Arthur Conan Doyle. Following his death in 2004, his extensive collection of Sherlockiana was bequeathed to the City of Portsmouth, where a permanent display was opened in June 2007.
Please Continue Your Most
Interesting Statement
It’s difficult to imagine a world without Sherlock Holmes. But what if Arthur Conan Doyle had had a busier medical practice? Would he have had the time to write? And if he had, and hisfirst major success had come with Micah Clarke, would he have even thought to create Holmes? Doyle was never as enamoured of the detective as he was of his historical stories, and it’s unlikely the Baker Street sleuth would exist were it not for the doldrums he experienced at his Southsea practice.
Alternatively, what if Doyle was ill and never went to dinner with the editor of Lippincott’s Magazine? The Sign of Four might never have been written and Micah Clarke would stand alone as a mildly interesting example of nineteenth century sensationalistic prose, a footnote in academic textbooks. And if neither of these two novels had been published, what would Doyle have written for The Strand? Brigadier Gerard a few years before his time? Professor Challenger two decades early? Perhaps we would have got Sherlock Holmes, perhaps not.
But this book is about what we have got. Four novels. Fifty-six short stories. The so-called ‘sacred texts’. The Penguin editions sit next to me as I write this, in a little pile 11cm high, and I think Doyle would laugh if he knew the reverence people show to them. He was as good as he could be, but he was, when all is said and done, just a jobbing writer. A highly professional writer, but a jobbing one nonetheless. His Holmes was an entertainment, a diversion, a character he devoted just enough time to, and no more. His real interests lay elsewhere. He loved his romanticised historicalfiction, exemplified by Rodney Stone. He loved his wives. He loved his country. He cared passionately about social justice and parity between the sexes. He championed the underdog. He believed in fairies.
If Doyle was still alive and you happened to mention Sherlock Holmes to him, I imagine that he would raise his eyebrows and say, ‘Oh yes, him. Now, let’s talk about something interesting.’ Which should make us all the more grateful that we have such a rich legacy to look back on. The stories are (for the most part) beautifully crafted little tales, full of character, incident and revelation. Holmes is not an identikit set of characteristics, as has sometimes been claimed, and Watson is far from boring. Quite simply, they are real people caught up in real dramas. What is more, the bond of friendship between them is utterly believable, utterly right. Holmes needs Watson as much as Watson needs Holmes. They are mutually dependent – as all real friendships should be. One tense, intellectual, artistic; the other quiet, stable, sensible. They are like a comfortably married couple – only without the sex. Yes, even though they strolled along arm in arm once, please note their relationship is purely platonic; don’t let anyone tell you otherwise.
There have been many attempts to fathom why these stories are so popular. Reading them again in one fell swoop for this guide I was struck by the number of similar themes:
Holmes and Watson are rarely in danger (neither is ever imprisoned, tied up, kidnapped etc.).
The good guys are obvious from the start (except, oddly enough, in the four novels).
Holmes invariably says, ‘I have never seen such a singular case,’ or words to that effect.
The gender of letter writers is always obvious.
Most of the crimes boil down to relationship problems (usually involving a ménage à trois).
The murders are often hastily covered-up accidents or the result of crime passionel.
The obvious culprit is always innocent.
Holmes invariably takes the law into his own hands.
The criminal, once discovered, normally says, in effect, ‘It’s a fair cop’, and explains all.
These elements are part of a formula that makes the Sherlock Holmes stories so engaging. Familiarity breeds contempt, but it can also equally engender affection. Who but a robot does not feel a warm glow as Holmes stares out of the window at the glowering clouds, Watson glances through a medical journal, and the soft footfall of their next client is heard upon the stair? Who does not feel a strange thrill as the aforesaid client describes the mystery and Holmes interrupts to ask one of his peculiar questions? Ah, you think, he’s onto it already. You sit back and let the story unfold around you, safe in the knowledge that the Great Detective is never wrong. (Well, hardly ever.)
Odd, then, that so much controversy rages over such gently absorbing stories. Sherlock Holmes aficionados have been debating for decades the dating of the stories, the precise location of 221B Baker Street, the number of Watson’s marriages, the Christian names of the (three?) Moriartys, the cause of Holmes’ misogyny, the disappearance of Watson’s dog… the list of niggling inconsistencies goes ever on. Papers have been written, books published, speeches made. And we’re still no closer to the truth. Which is, as I’ve said, that Doyle was a jobbing writer and the internal continuity of stories written over a period of forty years just did not interest him. And why should it?
If you visit Baker Street, you’llfind a block of luxury apartments now straddling the famous 221B address, where the former Abbey National building once stood (it covered 215–229). But just down the street is the Sherlock Holmes Museum at thefictional 221B (actually 239). There you can curl up in front of a roaringfire with a deerstalker perched on your head while a young and attractive Mrs Hudson snaps your picture. And opposite you’llfind a bright, friendly shop selling Sherlock Holmes memorabilia. You can witness atfirst hand the genuine props from the Granada TV series, guided by a chap in a grey ulster and deerstalker. It’s all so damned… British. So whether you’re new to the whole business, whether you’ve only seen a few Basil Rathbonefilms (and there’s nothing wrong with that) or whether you’re one of those who play ‘The Great Game’ and think Sherlock Holmes is real, I hope this short book provides a decent introduction to this quintessentially British phenomenon.
Sixty stories, millions of readers, three centuries of enjoyment.
Cheers, Sir Arthur. Thank goodness you weren’t very busy.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle (‘Conan’ derived from his great-uncle Michael Conan, a distinguished journalist) was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, the son of Charles Altamont Doyle and Mary (née Foley) and the second of ten children, of whom seven survived. Doyle’s father was a civil servant and artist, and his grandfather John Doyle was known as the caricaturist ‘HB’. His brothers were also creative: Henry became the manager of the National Gallery in Dublin, James wrote The Chronicle of England and Richard, better known as ‘Dicky Doyle’, was a cover designer for Punch magazine.
In 1868 Doyle attended the Jesuit preparatory school of Hodder in Lancashire for two years, before spending a further seven at Stonyhurst. It was here that he rejected Catholicism in favour of agnosticism. At 16 he did a further year in a Jesuit school at Feldkirch in the Austrian Tyrol (where he lapped up tales by Edgar Allan Poe) before returning to his birthplace to study medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881.
Hisfirst published piece, a letter entitled Gelseminum as a Poison, appeared in the British Medical Journal of 20 September 1879. It detailed the effect of the drug on his own system. Hisfirst (uncredited) short story, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley,was published in the popular Chambers Edinburgh Journal in October that year.
In 1880, Doyle sailed to the Arctic Circle as an unqualified surgeon on the 400-ton Greenland whaling ship Hope. A year later he graduated from Edinburgh University as Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery, and attempted to replicate the success of his Arctic journey by cruising the west coast of Africa on the steamship Mayumba. But he suffered badly from seasickness and decided it was not the life for him. It was during this time that his father Charles began to receive treatment for alcoholism and epilepsy. (He began as a fee-paying patient and was later committed to an asylum until his death in October 1893.)
Eccentric university colleague George Turnavine Budd engaged Doyle to share his medical practice in Plymouth, but later acrimoniously sacked him. Doyle (along with his brother Innes) sailed to Southsea, a suburb of Portsmouth, and started his own general medical practice at 1 Bush Villas, Elm Grove, in June 1882. Business was quiet, and he turned to writing to keep himself occupied. He joined the Portsmouth Literary and Scientific Society in winter 1883. On 6 August 1885 Doyle married Louise (‘Touie’) Hawkins, the sister of a patient who had died at his premises the year before. In 1887, Beeton’s Christmas Annual published hisfirst Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet. Two years later hisfirst child was born, Mary Louise, and his historical novel Micah Clarke was published. Doyle’s second Holmes novel, The Sign of Four, appeared in 1890.
After a brief spell in Vienna in 1891, the Doyles moved to 23 Montague Place, London, where he practised as an oculist at 2 Upper Wimpole Street, just off Harley Street. He received very few patients and decided to write short Sherlock Holmes stories for the new monthly magazine The Strand. With the success of these and the publication of his novel The White Company, he decided to give up medicine in favour of writing.
Three months later, the Doyles rented a large house at 12 Tennison Road, South Norwood. Doyle’sfirst son Alleyne Kingsley was born in 1892. A year later Louise, who had earlier contracted tuberculosis, was declared incurably consumptive and went to the Swiss resort of Davos to convalesce. In November 1893, Doyle joined the Society for Psychical Research, the president of which was Arthur J Balfour (who would later become prime minister), but it would be another 23 years before he began proselytising Spiritualism seriously.
Tired of Sherlock Holmes’ effect on his ‘serious’ literary career, Doyle killed him off in The Final Problem in December 1893. The following year he went on an American lecture tour with his brother Innes. Doyle and his wife then spent most of 1895 in Europe before moving on to a tour of Egypt. Whenfighting broke out between the British and the Dervishes he volunteered as a war correspondent for The Westminster Gazette, giving a good account of the preparations for the campaign.
In October 1897, he and Louise moved into ‘Undershaw’, a house he had built in Hindhead, Surrey. Because of its height Hindhead (known as the ‘English Riviera’) was considered to have clean, healthy air, and Doyle hoped it would aid in Louise’s recovery. But that year he met and fell in love with Jean Leckie.
The following year, he wrote two relatively unknown short stories for The Strand in which Holmes makes off-stage appearances. In The Man With the Watches (July 1898), ‘a well-known criminal investigator’ sends an ingenious solution to the Daily Gazette, while in The Lost Special (August 1989, later serialised by Universal in 1932) it is implied that Moriarty is the villain and Sherlock Holmes the ‘amateur reasoner of some celebrity’.
