Small Animal Radiographic Techniques and Positioning E-Book

Susie Ayers

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 226

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Small Animal Radiographic Techniques and Positioning is a practical, clinically applicable manual designed to aid veterinary technicians and nurses in correcting common artifacts in both film and digital radiography and in positioning the small animal patient for clear and consistent radiographs. Detailed positioning techniques are provided for each commonly radiographed body segment, including positioning aids, alternative restraint methods, and examples of the corresponding correct or incorrect radiographs. Species covered include dogs, cats, birds, and common exotics. The book begins with an overview of radiographic technique, darkroom maintenance, digital and film-screen imaging, then offers a section on small animal positioning, including some exotic species positioning techniques, with the final section presenting information on contrast media and special contrast enhanced procedures. A companion website provides the images from the book in PowerPoint and study questions and answers at href="http://www.wiley.com/go/ayers">www.wiley.com/go/ayers. Highly illustrated, Small Animal Radiographic Techniques and Positioning is a complete resource for any veterinary technician or student to quickly find imaging information and improve the clarity of small animal radiographs.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Companion website

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Section 1: Theory and Equipment

1 Introduction to Digital Imaging

Definition and Principles of Digital Imaging

Digital Radiography

Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine

Picture Archiving and Communication System

Workstation Monitors

Computed Radiography

Direct and Indirect Conversion Radiography

Digital Image Processing

2 Principles of Film-Screen Radiography

X-ray Film Construction

Intensifying Screens

Common Principles of Film-Screen and Digital Radiography

3 The Radiographic System

Basic Component Overview

X-ray Tube

Fluoroscopy

Secondary or Scatter Radiation

Grids

Milliamperage and Kilovoltage

Technique Chart

Overexposure vs. Underexposure

Patient Log

4 Darkroom Maintenance and Film Processing

Darkroom Setup

Manual Film Processing

Automatic Film Processing

Automatic Film Processor Maintenance

Silver Recovery Cartridges

Safelights

Film Storage and Handling

Patient Identification Labeling

Care and Maintenance of Film Cassettes

5 Film-Screen and Digital Imaging Artifacts

Exposure Artifacts

Darkroom Processing Artifacts

Film Storage Artifacts

Digital Imaging Artifacts

6 Positioning Aids and Alternative Restraint

Safe Use of Restraint Devices

Sedated Patient Restraint

7 Radiation Safety

Health Physics

Radiologic Units

ALARA Concept

Section 2: Radiographic Positioning

8 General Principles and Terminology

Positioning Terminology

Room Setup

Patient Preparation

Horizontal Beam Views

9 Small Animal Positioning—Forelimb

10 Small Animal Positioning—Pelvis and Hind Limb

OFA Imaging

PennHIP Information

11 Small Animal Positioning—Spine

12 Small Animal Positioning—Thorax, Soft Tissue Neck, and Abdomen

13 Small Animal Positioning—Skull

14 Exotic Pet Imaging

Section 3: Contrast Media and Special Procedures

15 Radiopaque Contrast Media

Types of Radiopaque Contrast Media

Ionic and Nonionic Contrast Agents

Barium Sulfate

16 Special Imaging Procedures

Special Procedure—Esophagram (Static)

Esophagram—Fluoroscopic/Dynamic

Special Procedure—Upper GI

Special Procedure—Gastrogram

Special Procedure—Lower GI—Barium Enema

Special Procedure—Excretory Urogram

Special Procedure—Cystography

Special Procedure—Urethrography

Special Procedure—Vaginography

Special Procedure—Myelography

Special Procedure—Myelography—Avian

Special Procedure—Myelography—Rabbit

Special Procedure—Fistulography

Special Procedure—Arthrography

References

Webliography

Index

Companion website

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/ayers

The website includes:

• More than 100 Multiple-Choice Questions

• Powerpoints of all figures from the book for downloading

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

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Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ayers, Mary H.

 Small animal radiographic techniques and positioning / Mary H. (Susie) Ayers ; illustrations by L. Ashley Marlowe.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-8138-1152-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)

 ISBN 978-1-1183-5990-7 (epdf)

 ISBN 978-1-1183-5991-4 (epub)

 ISBN 978-1-1183-5996-9 (mobi)

 I. Title.

 [DNLM: 1. Radiography–veterinary. 2. Animal Diseases–diagnosis. 3. Diagnostic Imaging–methods. 4. Patient Positioning–veterinary. 5. Technology, Radiologic–veterinary. SF 757.8]

 632'.9–dc23

2011035810

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Disclaimer

The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

To my husband, Gene, for all of his love and support, today and every day.

Foreword

Susie Ayers has been teaching veterinary students the science and art of veterinary radiography for many, many years. She has witnessed a remarkable evolution in how veterinarians and veterinary technicians practice our profession, especially in the imaging sciences. Her experiences and, perhaps more importantly, her passion for her career have brought us an enjoyably readable handbook, Small Animal Radiographic Techniques and Positioning. It blends the new with the old, provides helpful tips and words of caution, supported with color photography, illustrative line drawings, and excellent quality radiographic images. Students especially will embrace the friendly, non-“textbook” style and find the “how-to” special procedures section very useful in practice.

John S. Mattoon, DVM, Dipl ACVR

Professor and Chief of Radiology

Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences

Washington State University

Pullman, Washington

Preface

It has been such a privilege to work in veterinary imaging for 23 years with veterinary students and veterinary technicians. The veterinary technician’s role has grown as technology and advancements in medicine have progressed over the years. Today, the veterinary technician scope of practice includes not only nursing care but also anesthesia, laboratory, and diagnostic imaging responsibilities. Small animal practices are growing and purchasing more advanced imaging equipment and their techs are expected to expand their roles to become proficient in operating the equipment. When veterinary technicians graduate and enter the workplace, they may work in a practice still manually processing film or be expected to know how to operate digital imaging equipment. This handbook is written for both the veterinary technician and the small animal practitioner to assist them with the varied imaging challenges they may encounter in today’s working environment.

The book is divided into three sections, covering an overview of radiographic technique, darkroom maintenance, digital and film-screen imaging in the first section; small animal positioning, including some exotic species positioning techniques, in the second section; and contrast media and special contrast enhanced procedures in the last section. The intent of the text is to provide a one-stop handbook to quickly find needed imaging information, whether it is the correct contrast media dose for a special procedure or a quick lookup for positioning.

Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge some very special people at the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Virginia Tech for their support and contributions over the past year. Many thanks go to my friend Carolyn Sink, who suggested I should write this text. I would also like to thank Dr. F. William Pierson, the VTH Hospital Director, for access to our digital image files. I also appreciate the advice, suggestions, and support given by our radiologists, Dr. Gregory Daniel, Dr. Martha Larson, and Dr. Reid Tyson. Special thanks to Dr. Reid Tyson and his family pet, Kona, for the alternative restraint demonstration pictures. I would also like to thank three other special radiologists for their contributions, Dr. Donald L. Barber, Dr. Jeryl Jones, and Dr. Colin Carrig. Also, I appreciate the imaging cases contributed by department staff technologists Valerie and Becki.

I want to especially thank Dr. Richard Bryant, owner of Salem Animal Hospital and VT alumni, for generously allowing me access to his practice to take darkroom and radiographic room pictures. I would like to thank my illustrator, Ashley Marlowe, for doing such a terrific job on this project. She juggled her studies while doing my illustrations, using her dog, Charley, as her model. I am truly blessed to have met her years ago in church and have watched her grow to become such a talented artist. I would also like to thank my sister, Erma Chambers, for her assistance and advice in helping me navigate the publishing unknowns. Another very important person to acknowledge is my husband, Gene. He has continuously provided encouragement and support throughout the process.

Lastly, I cannot leave out my pets, feathered and furry, for their contributions to this book. Some of them were adopted from the vet school and have been cared for by some terrific clinicians, senior veterinary students, and veterinary technicians while being patients at the VTH. They have never complained when taken to work with me to allow students to practice handling and imaging. Special thanks to Valerie’s Reuben, who unknowingly contributed some great images for the text. Also, I must acknowledge my beloved pet and companion of 13 years, Charley, who passed away in 2011. His image file provided material for the text and he faithfully sat next to me while I was writing. You will always be in my heart.

Section 1: Theory and Equipment

1

Introduction to Digital Imaging

Small animal radiography has changed dramatically in the past decade with the appearance of digital radiography in veterinary medicine. Many small animal practices that were hand developing x-ray film have taken the next step to automatic x-ray film processing due to the availability of affordable used and new tabletop x-ray film processors and faster x-ray film-screen cassette combinations. Switching to 400 speed rare earth film-screen combinations has decreased radiation exposure to technical staff and the patient, as well as improved the quality of the images due to shorter x-ray exposure times.

As digital radiography (DR) has become more affordable, an increasing number of small animal practices have switched from film-screen imaging to digital radiography. The list of vendors marketing veterinary digital radiographic systems is growing, so a variety of options are available from an economic perspective. Some vendors have products utilizing older digital technology; therefore it is important for small animal practitioners and their technical staff to have a basic understanding of digital radiography to assist in choosing the right digital radiographic system for their practices and also to have the needed knowledge to improve the quality of the digital radiographic images being taken.