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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
This authoritative reference book by one of the most distinguished leaders in the profession features 4,000 commonly used terms and abbreviations in counseling. Since publication of the previous edition, Dr. Samuel Gladding has added 342 new, clear, and concise definitions and has fully updated existing terminology. This exceptional resource also highlights the professional contributions of prominent counselors, both historical and contemporary, and includes a current chronology of the evolution of counseling. In addition, it provides comprehensive contact information for self-help groups and nationally prominent helping organizations. Frequent cross-referencing of terms enhances the reader's understanding of more complex principles.
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CONTENTS
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Dictionary Terms
Chapter A
Chapter B
Chapter C
Chapter D
Chapter E
Chapter F
Chapter G
Chapter H
Chapter I
Chapter J
Chapter K
Chapter L
Chapter M
Chapter N
Chapter O
Chapter P
Chapter Q
Chapter R
Chapter S
Chapter T
Chapter U
Chapter V
Chapter W
Chapter X Y Z
Appendix A: Prominent Names in the Counseling Profession
Appendix B: Marker Events in the History of Counseling and the American Counseling Association
Appendix C: Self-Help Group Organizations
Technical Support
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Chapter 1
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Samuel T. Gladding
The Counseling Dictionary
Fourth Edition
AMERICAN COUNSELINGASSOCIATION6101 Stevenson Avenue ● Suite 600 ● Alexandria, VA 22304www.counseling.org
Copyright © 2018 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
American Counseling Association6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600Alexandria, VA 22304
Associate Publisher Carolyn C. Baker
Digital and Print Development Editor Nancy Driver
Senior Production Manager Bonny E. Gaston
Production Coordinator Karen Thompson
COPY EDITor Beth Ciha
Cover and text design by Bonny E. Gaston
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Names: Gladding, Samuel T., author.
Title: The counseling dictionary / SAMUEL T. GLADDING, Wake Forest University.
Description: Fourth Edition. | Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, [2017] | Revised edition of the author's The counseling dictionary, c2011. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017015985 | ISBN 9781556203725 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Counseling—Dictionaries. | Psychotherapy—Dictionaries.
Classification: LCC BF637.C6 G5332 2017 | DDC 361/.0603—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015985
Dedication
To my graduate students in counseling at Fairfield University, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Wake Forest University, who have taught me to be precise and concise with my words and inspired me to be a better counselor.
Preface
Behind every book there is a story. This dictionary is no exception. The story is simple. Some years ago, one of my students asked me whether I could give her a concise definition of a word often used in counseling. I thought I could provide a definition, but I told her I would consult the glossary of a leading book in the field to make sure the definition was concise. To my surprise, that book did not have a glossary. “No problem,” I thought. “I'll go to another leading book in the field.” However, that book had a glossary but did not include the word for which I was looking. “Well, surely another major book in the field will have what I want,” I thought. I was wrong again!
Not known to give up easily, I decided I would find a dictionary of counseling terms. Surely, going to an authoritative source would solve my problem and save me time. Well, I was incorrect once more. I found a lot of dictionaries for a number of professions, but when it came to counseling, I could locate only three. One had been published in the 1960s, one in the early 1980s, and the most recent one (from the 1990s) contained fewer than 300 terms and not the one I wanted. Wow! The task that I expected would be simple had turned out to be anything but that.
Thus, the idea of my writing a dictionary of counseling was born. The purpose of this book is threefold. First, it is aimed at students and new professionals who are entering or have entered the profession of counseling and wish to better learn the language that goes with it. Second, this dictionary is intended to serve professors and practicing counselors as a quick reference source to commonly used counseling terms and historical contributors to the field. Third, the dictionary is meant to be a resource for the public to help laypersons discern what counselors and other helping professionals mean when they use specific words or refer to someone who influenced the development of counseling.
It is my hope that you will both enjoy as well as benefit from this reference. If so, your frustration in finding concise descriptors of counseling terms may be alleviated. More important, your understanding of counseling and related mental health fields may be enhanced.
New to This Edition
A total of 342 new terms have been added to this edition of The Counseling Dictionary, thus providing basic information on almost 4,000 words and abbreviations often used or referred to in the profession of counseling. Moreover, new examples have been provided to help you as a reader better understand the definitions given. Many words that are defined in the dictionary are italicized when included in the definition of another term. Thus, if you do not understand an italicized word in a definition, it is easy to find an explanation of that word within the confines of the text. This dictionary also contains updated URLs of organizations and associations that can enrich your understanding in selected areas of counseling.
Another new feature of this edition is that more names of prominent professionals who have influenced the development of counseling have been added. They are found in Appendix A. Many of the names in this appendix are of historical figures who influenced counseling and other helping professions, but other names are of contemporary counselors who have made and are still making contributions to the field. Because of the political sensitivity involved with being included in or excluded from a work of this nature, I have purposefully tried to limit the number of my contemporaries listed here. Thus, with a few exceptions, no one still living who is referred to in these pages is younger than 60 years of age, and a great many of them are retired or are historical.
Another feature of this edition of The Counseling Dictionary, found in Appendix B, is an updated, brief version of major events in the development of counseling since the turn of the 20th century. More recent events, such as those that have occurred since 2010, have been added. A final new feature of this book is the inclusion of an expanded and updated list of self-help organizations in the United States in Appendix C. Often professionals wish to make referrals or to find information about such groups. It is sometimes difficult to locate self-help associations, even through an Internet search. The list in this dictionary does not include all self-help groups in the United States because there are dozens of them. However, this appendix gives a representative sample of self-help groups from A (Adult Children of Alcoholics World Service Organization) to W (Workaholics Anonymous).
Overall, this fourth edition of The Counseling Dictionary is the most thorough yet. It should be useful to both students in and new graduates of counseling programs as well as more experienced professionals. It is apolitical and attempts only to supply information on and related to the profession of counseling. This brief volume will be enough for many readers. However, if it is not, resources such as TheACA Encyclopedia of Counseling (American Counseling Association, 2009 World Service Organization) can provide more information.
Acknowledgments
In writing this dictionary, I am indebted to my teachers, colleagues, students, and clients, both past and present. They are too numerous to name individually. However, some have been especially helpful in recent years. Anita Hughes, my administrative assistant when I was in the Provost Office at Wake Forest University, read the initial drafts of this text and offered invaluable input and suggestions. Also providing me with excellent preliminary feedback were my colleagues in the Department of Counseling at Wake Forest University—especially Donna Henderson and Pamela Karr—and my graduate students, Mike Ryan, Paige Bentley, Dan Barnhart, Anne McMullan, and Katie Anne Burt. Outside reviewers for this dictionary included Scott E. Gillig, Barry University; Jerry A. Mobley, Fort Valley State University; Jeannette Seaberry, University of Nebraska, Omaha; H. Lori Schnieders, Vanderbilt University; and Stephen R. Wester, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
I am also indebted to my wife, Claire, and our children, Ben, Nate, and Tim. They made many interesting and constructive comments about this text, and they allowed me to use our home computer in between their community correspondence, schoolwork assignments, instant messaging, e-mails, and blogging activities. Finally, I appreciate the fine professionals at Pearson with whom I was associated for the first three editions of this work, especially Meredith Fossell and Kevin Davis, and my current editor at the American Counseling Association, Carolyn Baker. All have been wonderful to work with. Who could ask for more?
About the Author
Samuel T. Gladding, PhD, is a professor in and the former chair of the Department of Counseling at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he has also served as the associate provost and assistant to the president. He has been a practicing counselor in both public and private agencies. His leadership in the field of counseling includes service as president of the American Counseling Association, the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision, the Association for Specialists in Group Work, and Chi Sigma Iota Counseling Academic and Professional Honor Society International.
Dr. Gladding is the former editor of the Journal for Specialists in Group Work and the author of more than 40 books and 100 professional refereed publications. In 1999, he was cited as being in the top 1% of contributors to the Journal of Counseling ' Development from 1978 to 1993. Some of his most recent books include Counseling: A Comprehensive Profession (8th ed.), Groups: A Counseling Specialty (7th ed.), Family Therapy: History, Theory, and Process (6th ed.), The Creative Arts in Counseling (5th ed.), Clinical Mental Health Counseling in Community and Agency Settings (5th ed., with Deborah W. Newsome), and Becoming a Counselor: The Light, the Bright, and the Serious (2nd ed.).
Dr. Gladding's previous academic appointments have been at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and Fairfield University. He also worked as director of children's services in a mental health center and in a private practice counseling group. He received his degrees from Wake Forest University (BA, MEd), Yale University (MAR), and the University of North Carolina–Greensboro (PhD). He is a national certified counselor, a certified clinical mental health counselor, and a licensed professional counselor (North Carolina). Dr. Gladding served as a member of the North Carolina Board of Licensed Professional Counselors and a trustee as well as chair of the American Counseling Association Foundation. He is also a Fellow in the Association for Specialists in Group Work and the American Counseling Association.
Dr. Gladding is married to the former Claire Tillson and the father of three children—Ben, Nate, and Tim. Outside of counseling, he enjoys swimming, poetry, history, and humor.
A
20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling
Also known as
20/20
. In an attempt to unify the profession of
counseling
, 29 out of 30 counseling associations came together to advance the profession. They agreed on seven unifying principles on which counseling is founded and a concise definition of what counseling is. See
counseling
.
a priori questions
Questions raised before an
evaluation
.
AA
See
Alcoholics Anonymous
.
AACC
See
American Association of Christian Counselors
.
AACD
See
American Association for Counseling and Development
.
AADA
See
Association for Adult Development and Aging
.
AAMFT
See
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy
.
AAPC
See
American Association of Pastoral Counselors
.
AARC
See
Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling
.
AARP
Formerly known as the American Association of Retired Persons, AARP is a leading advocacy group for people ages 50 and older. AARP seeks to influence social and political activities that affect the aging and aged. Its address is 601 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20049 (
www.aarp.org
).
AASCB
See
American Association of State Counseling Boards
.
AASECT
See
American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists
.
AAT
See
animal-assisted therapy
.
AATA
See
American Art Therapy Association
.
AB research design
A simple time series
experimental research
design method in which a
baseline
(A) is established before an
intervention
strategy (B) is introduced.
ABAB research design
A more complex and involved
experimental research
design than an AB simple time series
experiment
. In this
method,
a
baseline
(A) is established, followed by an
intervention
(B), which is then discontinued after a time, followed by a second baseline (A) and intervention (B). The ABAB research design is used to confirm that the
treatment
intervention (B) really had an effect on the baseline
behavior
.
abandonment 1.
The act of leaving a child alone, which is considered a form of
child abuse
.
2.
When a
counselor
terminates a
client
without informing the client of this fact.
A-B-C theory of personality
Albert Ellis's
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) method
of conceptualizing the origin of human
feelings
and their resulting
behaviors
. In this model, A stands for an
activating
event or experience, B stands for a person's
thought
(s) or belief(s) about A, and C represents feeling(s) or
emotion
(s) resulting from the thought(s) in B. In this model, the thinking/belief aspect around an event is crucial in regard to the effective
outcome
. For example, if a person thinks he or she will be rejected when asking another person for a date, he or she may avoid asking the other person out.
A-B-C theory of personality
A-B-C-D-E-F paradigm
Albert Ellis's
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) method
of correcting illogical or
irrational thinking
and promoting and maintaining
change
. In this model, the A, B, and C are the same as in the
A-B-C theory of personality
. D is the
counselor disputing
any
irrational thoughts
or beliefs of the
client
. E refers to the presumed
consequences
(or effects) of the counselor's
interventions,
that is, the client gaining a different
perception
of an event. F represents new
feelings
the client has in regard to the event or
situation
in A. To change a negative or nonproductive feeling, individuals need to think differently, such as in either a neutral or positive way. For example, if an individual thinks that going to the dentist is horrible, he or she may be encouraged to think of the experience as just a checkup or as a preventive measure to avoid greater pain later from a toothache. See also
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
.
ABCT
See
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
.
ABCX model of a crisis
An event or situation (A) becomes a crisis depending on the resources (B) and perception (C) of an individual or family and the degree of stress (X), from low to high, generated by the event or situation. An event that is perceived as relatively minor by one individual, such as an independently wealthy person losing his or her job, may be perceived as a crisis by someone else without many skills or financial resources.
ability
A natural tendency to do something well, such as carry out tasks in daily life (e.g., dress or feed oneself), work at a job/attend school, or be physically mobile.
ability test
A
test
that measures the extent to which a person is presently functioning in a particular area, such as math. An ability test provides an estimate of what the person is capable of performing in regard to a certain task.
ableism
A type of discrimination that excludes people who are disabled in any way (e.g., have mental, emotional, behavioral, or physical disabilities).
ABN
See
advance beneficiary notice
.
abnormal
Functioning that is divergent or
maladaptive
from what is considered normal among a
population,
especially if the
behavior
is persistent. Abnormal is a culturally sensitive concept because what is considered appropriate in one society may not be seen as such in another. For example, looking people in the eye when speaking to them may be considered essential in some societies and inappropriate in others.
abreaction
A
psychoanalysis
term for the therapeutic relieving of painful or distressing
emotion
by a
client
through calling into awareness experiences or material that has been repressed. For example, a male client may feel relief after talking to the
counselor
about sexual fantasies he had about his sister when they were both adolescents.
absolutism
A term in Jean Piaget's
stages
of
moral development
for the concern that children, beginning at approximately age 5 years, have about right and wrong and the
rules
of life. At this stage, children have absolute faith in the rules their parents have given them (e.g., “Never talk to a stranger”).
abstract 1.
A brief formal summary at the beginning of a
research
study or theoretical paper.
2.
The ability to understand symbolic concepts.
abstract reasoning
The ability to manipulate thoughts that include dealing with
situations
that have not yet occurred, to use logical thought
processes,
and to develop symbolic meaning. For example, abstract reasoning has developed when persons can imagine what will happen if they make certain
choices
in life, such as following particular career paths.
absurdity
A statement that is half truthful and even silly if followed to its conclusion (e.g., “I'll simply fall apart if my son acts that way again”).
Counselors
sometimes work with individuals and families by using absurdities and exaggerating
client
statements to help them recognize realities. The use of absurdities is a favorite
method
of many
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
therapists.
abuse 1.
All forms of
maltreatment
or improper
behavior
of one person or group by another (or on oneself), whether physical, sexual, behavioral, cognitive, economic, or emotional.
2.
The misuse of
substances,
such as alcohol or drugs, to the detriment of a person's physical, mental, spiritual, and moral health and well-being.
ACA
See
American Counseling Association
.
ACAC
See
Association for Child and Adolescent Counseling
.
ACA Code of Ethics
The
American Counseling Association (ACA)
has a
Code of Ethics
that each member of the association is expected to follow. The first
Code
was initiated by Donald Super in 1961. Since that time, the
Code
has been revised six times: in 1974, 1981, 1988, 1995, 2005, and 2014. The
Code
has nine main sections: The Counseling Relationship; Confidentiality and Privacy; Professional Responsibility; Relationships With Other Professionals; Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation; Supervision, Training, and Teaching; Research and Publication; Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media; and Resolving Ethical Issues. See
code of ethics
.
ACA Competencies
These documents contain information on advocacy in a number of
counseling
areas. See the full list at
www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/competencies
. See also
Advocacy Competencies
.
academic enablers
In schools, interpersonal skills, motivation, engagement, and study skills that can improve or hinder academic success.
ACAF
See
American Counseling Association Foundation
.
ACC
See
Association for Creativity in Counseling
.
ACCA
See
American College Counseling Association
.
accent
When the last few words of a
client's
statement are highlighted by a
counselor
to give them emphasis. For example, if a client says, “The
situation
I'm in now is driving me crazy,” the counselor might reply, “Driving you crazy?”
acceptance 1.
Also known as
unconditional positive regard
. A deep and genuine caring for the
client
as a person; a prizing of the person just for being. Carl Rogers stated that acceptance is one of the three
necessary and sufficient conditions for change
. The other two are
congruence (genuineness)
and
empathy
.
2.
A simple acknowledgment by the
counselor
of the
client's
previous statement with a
response
such as “Yes” or “Uh-huh” that encourages the client to continue. See also
minimal encouragers
.
3.
The act of acknowledging what is happening in a
counseling
session as opposed to evaluating it.
4.
The final stage in Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's five stages of
grief
. This stage is one of peace, almost devoid of
feeling
.
accommodation 1.
The ability of a person or group to modify cultural ways to fit in better with a new
environment
or another group.
2.
The
process
in which a
counselor
joins with a
client
to achieve a therapeutic alliance based on the nature of the client. To accommodate, counselors make personal adjustments, such as modifying their speech patterns or
behaviors
.
3.
Jean Piaget's term for the way in which children alter their
thinking
when new experiences cannot be incorporated through assimilation into their intellectual
framework
(e.g., when a child realizes that not all women are his or her mother). The opposite of
assimilation
.
accountability
Documenting effectiveness through the use of measured means such as
outcome research
or
feedback
. To be responsible to their
clients
and the
profession, counselors
must be able to document that the procedures and
methods
they use are effective, such as informing clients that the
treatment
being used has been found to be effective in 80% of similar kinds of cases.
accreditation
An approval
process,
usually involving an academic program of study, in which members of an outside agency authorized by a
profession,
such as
counseling,
inspect and certify that program training standards as well as
practicum
and
internship
site requirements are being met at or above a minimum level. In counseling, approved programs of study are accredited by the
Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
.
acculturation 1.
The ways in which people learn the customs, beliefs,
behaviors,
and traditions of a
culture
.
2.
The degree to which individuals from
minority
cultures identify with or conform to the attitudes,
lifestyles,
and
values
of the
majority culture
. For example, a member of a minority culture may act, dress, and speak like persons from the majority culture in an attempt to fit in.
3.
Cultural adaptation that occurs as a result of contact between multiple cultures.
acculturation stress
The psychological, somatic, and social difficulties that may accompany the acculturation process by a member of a minority group.
ACEG
See
Association for Counselors and Educators in Government
.
ACES
See
Association for Counselor Education and Supervision
.
ACGPA
See
American Council of Guidance and Personnel Associations
.
achievement
The degree of success, accomplishment, attainment, or competence of a person in a particular area. For example, an individual may
score
at the 90th percentile on a
standardized test
.
achievement test
An instrument that measures an individual's degree of competence or
learning
in regard to a given
subject
or skill (e.g., the
National Counselor Examination [NCE]
).
acid
An abbreviated form of
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
.
ACoAs
See
adult children of alcoholics
.
ACPA
See
American College Personnel Association
.
acquired culture
Learned habits picked up from others outside one's own
culture,
such as shaking hands instead of bowing when greeting someone.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
The most advanced phase of the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
. AIDS breaks down the body's immunization
system
and is fatal. Both HIV infection and AIDS are considered to be chronic illnesses and are managed with both pharmaceutical therapies (pharmacy
drugs
) and complementary (alternative) therapies. See also
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
.
acrophobia
An exaggerated fear of being in high places or being up in the air.
ACT
See
American College Testing
.
acting as if
An
Adlerian counseling technique
in which
clients
are instructed to act as if they were the people they want to be, the ideal people they envision. For example, a person may act as if he or she is brave even if scared.
acting out 1.
A
psychoanalytic
term for the direct or indirect
enactment
of
unconscious
tensions or wishes by a
client
in the form of disruptive or irrational
behaviors
. For example, a person may take a step backward every time he or she approaches a door.
2.
A term for the disruptive and inappropriate behavior(s) of children, such as running around a classroom when other children are seated as requested.
action 1.
When a
client
translates
insights
gained in
counseling
into a
change
in
behavior
. For example, a client may come to realize that he or she can obtain more of what he or she desires in life by using the
assertiveness skills
learned incounseling.
2.
Slang for the act of gambling or placing a bet.
action bias
The tendency by a
client
to become mired in a
problem situation
because of a preference for reaction and following rather than action and initiation. For example, instead of telling someone before the fact that he or she is upset with the way he or she is usually treated, the person may wait until he or she has been treated that way again and then complain.
action exercises
Sensory awareness
methods
or
guided imagery
used in the
warm-up
phase of a group session or a
psychodrama
to help members discover common themes within the group as well as focus more on individual concerns.
action phase 1.
When
clients
in
counseling
put
insights
into action.
2.
The second part of a
psychodrama process
that involves the
enactment
of a
protagonist's
concerns. For example, the protagonist may tell someone how he or she feels about him or her rather than bottling up the
emotion
.
action research
Experience-near research
and that focuses on resolving practical, relevant
problems
that
counselors
routinely encounter, such as evaluating the effects of a psychoeducational program or
treatment
on
clients
. This type of research may not be as tightly controlled or as easily generalized as other types of research.
action stage
The
working stage
of individual, group, or family
counseling
in which
clients
focus on changing their
behaviors.
For example, clients may work on asking for what they want instead of being passive.
action therapy
A term for
treatment
procedures that are based on direct alterations of
behavior,
such as
behavior modification
.
active imagination
A Jungian
technique
of analysis in which individuals actively focus on experiences or images, such as in dreams or fantasies, and report
changes
in these images or experiences as they concentrate on them.
active listening
Attending to
verbal
and
nonverbal
aspects of a
client's
communication without judging or evaluating to encourage
trust,
client
self-disclosure,
and
exploration
within the
counseling relationship
. Hearing what is being implied as well as what is explicitly stated. For example, when a client says, “It's not the same for me anymore,” he or she may be implying that he or she is discouraged.
active mastery
A concept from the
microcounseling supervision model (MSM)
that is defined as the ability to produce specific and intentional results from chosen
counseling
skills.
activity 1.
Movement or
behavior,
including mental
processes,
on the part of a person.
2.
In
transactional analysis (TA),
a way of structuring time that deals with external reality (e.g.,
work
).
activity group guidance (AGG)
Group guidance
that involves activities that are developmental in nature, for example,
learning
proper etiquette. AGG typically includes coordinated
guidance
topics.
activity theory of aging
The idea that adults who are older should remain as involved in life-satisfying activities as long as they desire. The opposite of the
disengagement theory of aging
.
actors
Also known as
auxiliary i
ndividuals who play the parts of important people or objects in a
psychodrama
play. With prompting from the
protagonist,
actors play the protagonist's
double,
an
antagonist,
or even a piece of furniture. In the same psychodrama, an actor can play more than one part, such as the protagonist's best friend and worst enemy.
actualizing tendency
An innate tendency or
motivation
in human beings toward growth and the fulfilling of their potential—an important concept in the
person-centered counseling
theory of Carl Rogers and in
humanistic
approaches to
counseling
. See also
self-actualization
.
acute
The relatively rapid or sudden onset of a condition, such as a
school phobia,
that is generally of brief duration (i.e., less than 6 months).
ADA
See
Americans With Disabilities Act
.
adaptation
See
adaptive behavior
.
adaptive behavior
Also known as
adaptation
and
adjustment
. A
response
intended to deal positively with
changes
in one's
environment,
for example, working harder instead of complaining at certain times of the day when the workload picks up.
adaptive child
A term in
transactional analysis (TA) theory
for the part of the
child ego state
that learns to adapt to the expectations of others (e.g., being courteous to adults) to gain acceptance and approval.
adaptive coping strategies
Key factors in education and prevention, such as exercise, sleep, meditation, anticipation, and social support.
ADD
See
attention-deficit disorder
.
addiction
Psychological or physiological dependence on a
substance
(e.g.,
alcohol,
tobacco,
cocaine
) or preoccupation with an activity (e.g., gambling, sex) in order to function. Addiction is characterized by increased
tolerance
of the
drug
or
behavior
and
withdrawal symptoms
when the substance or activity is unavailable. Behavior moves from normal to addictive when it both produces pleasure and reduces negative moods and includes two key features: (a) Individuals are unable to control, cut back, or stop the behavior (i.e., they are compulsive in their actions and out of control) and (b) individuals continue to use the behavior despite substantial negative consequences.
addiction counseling
Counseling
that focuses on working with
clients
who have
addictions
.
adding cognitive constructions
The
verbal
component of
structural family therapy
consisting of advice, information, pragmatic fictions, and
paradox
.
additive responses
Empathetic
verbal responses
counselors
give that add to a
client's
understanding of a
situation
(e.g., “and that frustrates you”). Additive responses clarify
thoughts
and
feelings
as well as provide a fresh perspective on meaning.
ADDRESSING
A multicultural model in
counseling
created by Pamela Hays. The letters of the model stand for the following factors: Age and generational influences, Developmental disabilities, Disabilities acquired later in life, Religion (and/or spirituality), Ethnicity (may include race), Social status (or social class), Sexual orientation, Indigenous heritage, National origin, and Gender (and gender socialization).
adequate yearly progress (AYP)
A provision in the
No Child Left Behind Act
that mandates that children make adequate academic progress on specific tests.
ADHD
See
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
.
Adjective Checklist
A pencil-and-paper
personality test
generally used with adults. The test contains 300 adjectives and measures 37 dimensions of
personality
. It is not timed but usually takes from 15 to 20 minutes to complete.
adjourning
Also known as
mourning
and
termination
. The final
stage
in
group development,
when
counseling
comes to an end.
adjustment
The degree of harmony between people and their
environments,
for example, being able to speak the predominant language spoken. Successful adjustment results in
adaptive behavior;
unsuccessful adjustment results in behavior that is
maladaptive
.
adjustment disorders
A
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
category of
diagnosis
for people who are responding to either negative
stressors
(e.g.,
divorce
) or positive stressors (e.g.,
marriage
). Appropriate modifiers, such as “with depressed
mood”
or “with
anxiety,
” must accompany the diagnosis. Impairment of persons under this category should have occurred within 3 months of the stressor(s). The diagnosis itself, which is considered among the mildest in the
DSM
classification, is time limited and must be
changed
after 6 months. Most individuals appropriately diagnosed with adjustment disorders respond well to
counseling
.
adjustment test
A
personality test
that measures the ability of a person to function well in society and achieve personal
needs
.
Adlerian counseling
An approach to
counseling
devised by Alfred Adler. It includes an emphasis on the family
constellation
(especially
birth order
),
fictions
(subjective
evaluations
of oneself or the environment), and an analysis of a
client's lifestyle
.
Treatment
involves both the promotion of
insight
and reeducation with accompanying behavioral
changes
. See also
individual psychology
.
administrative model
A model of providing student activities in which professionals in college administration (e.g., admissions,
records,
food, health, financial aid) are put in charge of offering services.
administrative (regulatory) law
Specialized regulations passed by authorized government agencies that pertain to certain specialty areas, such as the
profession
of
counseling
.
adolescence
A term originated by G. Stanley Hall at the beginning of the 20th century for the age span between
childhood
and
adulthood
beginning at
puberty
. Adolescence is characterized as a period of transitions, a time of unevenness and
paradoxes
marked by physical, emotional, moral, and intellectual
change
. The basic challenge of adolescence according to Erik Erikson is to develop a
self-identity
. Failure to do so leads to
role confusion
and an
identity crisis
.
Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA)
The first federal program devoted exclusively to addressing concerns about adolescent pregnancy. AFLA programs promote abstinence as a
primary prevention
.
ADTA
See
American Dance Therapy Association
.
adult children of alcoholics (ACoAs)
Adults who, as children, spent part or all of their
childhood
in a stressful
family environment
in which one or more
caregivers
abused
alcohol
. Many ACoAs have special issues to resolve through
counseling,
such as establishing
trust
and establishing a clear
identity
. Many ACoAs suffer from similar emotional disorders, including
depression, anxiety,
low
self-esteem,
and
anger
.
adult ego state
A term in
transactional analysis (TA)
for the
objective
part of the
personality
that functions rationally in a planned and organized way. The
adult ego state
receives and
processes
materials from the
parent ego state
and the
child ego state
as well as the
environment
and makes decisions based on available information.
adulthood
A developmental stage of life of being fully grown. Adulthood encompasses physical, mental, social, and emotional factors. Adulthood encompasses a wide
range
of ages, from 18 years and older. It is usually broken down into early, middle, and late periods. According to Erik Erikson, the challenge of
young adulthood
is to achieve
intimacy
(i.e., a sharing of
self
in a close
relationship
with others). A failure to do so leads to
isolation
. The challenge of
middle adulthood
is to become generative (i.e., to create and become productive through one's
career, family,
or
leisure
time). A failure to achieve
generativity
leads to
stagnation
. Finally, according to Erikson, the task of late adulthood is to achieve a sense of
integrity
(i.e., an acceptance of life in all its multiple dimensions). A failure to do so leads to
despair
.
advance beneficiary notice (ABN)
A written notice that a physician must give a
Medicare patient
before materials or services are provided.
advanced empathy
A
process
in which the
counselor
gets at
feelings
and meanings in the
client's
life that are hidden or beyond the immediate awareness of the client. Advanced empathy goes beyond what has been stated to what is implied. Sometimes advanced empathy is expressed in the identification of and/or
linking
of
themes
in the client's life, such as
anxiety
. See also
primary empathy
.
adverse
Unfavorable, unfortunate, negative, or harmful.
advice
A suggestion or recommendation (e.g., “I think you should take the
job
and move”).
advice giving
Instructing or providing someone with information or recommendations about what to do in a particular
situation
. Advice giving was one of the main
techniques
of E. G. Williamson and his
directive counseling
approach of the 1930s. Advice giving was challenged as a technique by Carl Rogers because of its tendency to promote
client dependency
and interfere with the client's growth. Advice is used sparingly in most counseling approaches today. It is used mainly in
crisis
situations in which it either prevents clients from engaging in destructive acts or gives clients something beneficial to do when they are not able to generate constructive plans of action because of being overwhelmed by
trauma
. Advice giving, if not used judiciously, prevents clients from struggling with their own
thoughts, feelings,
and
behaviors
.
advocacy
Organized actions that support or espouse a cause or person(s), such as lobbying, writing, petitioning, speaking, or politicking. Advocacy occurs on many levels (e.g., local, state, national).
Counselors
advocate for the welfare of their
clients
and the
profession
of
counseling
.
Outreach, empowerment, social justice,
and
social action
are all terms associated with advocacy.
Advocacy Competencies
This document (
https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/advocacy_competencies.pdf?sfvrsn=9
) contains information on advocacy in a number of
counseling
areas, including client/student empowerment, community collaboration, systems advocacy, public information, and social/political advocacy.
advocacy counseling
Counseling
that includes
outreach,
empowerment,
and
social action
.
Advocates for Youth
A national organization that champions efforts to help young people make informed and responsible decisions about their reproductive and sexual health (
www.advocatesforyouth.org
).
affect
Pertaining to
emotion, feeling, mood,
or a person's overt emotional state. Affect is a primary emphasis of some
counseling
approaches.
affect blocks
Rollo May and Irvin Yalom's term for places where a
client
gets emotionally stuck, for example, not being able to get over his or her anger. Affect blocks are like roadblocks in the journey of life.
affect disorder
Also known as
mood disorder
. A
disorder
associated with inappropriate expression of
emotion
(e.g.,
depression
).
affectional orientation
An alternative term for sexual or romantic orientation. The reason this alternative term is used is that sexual orientation is but one part of a larger dynamic. See
sexual orientation
.
affective experiencing
Ways of
feeling
.
affective-oriented counseling
Theories in
counseling,
such as
gestalt therapy,
that focus on making an impact on
clients'
emotions
to bring about
change
. The
objective
is to arouse, handle, and/or modify emotional
responses
in clients.
affiliation
A positive emotional
relationship
with someone (e.g., smiling and talking) but without attachment.
affirmation
When a
counselor
affirms the correctness of information or encourages a
client's
efforts at self-determination. For example, the counselor might state, “That's helpful new information” or “You seem to be gaining more control.”
AFLA
See
Adolescent Family Life Act
.
African Americans
People in the United States whose ancestors came from Africa. African Americans constituted approximately 13.3% of the total
population
of the United States in 2015.
AFTA
See
American Family Therapy Academy
.
aftercare
Any
follow-up
or continued care services given to
clients
after their release from
counseling
. For example, individuals released from
mental health
facilities are often seen in aftercare groups periodically.
age
The number of years a person has been alive.
age discrimination
The unfair
treatment
of individuals based on their age.
age norms
Scores
or
values
on
tests
that represent the typical or average
performance
of individuals at certain chronological ages, for example, age 12 years.
age of majority
The age when a young person is considered to be an adult. The age of majority depends on state laws and is usually between 18 and 21 years.
ageism
A form of prejudice exhibited when people are categorized and judged on the basis of their chronological age.
AGG
See
activity group guidance
.
aggression
Any
behavior
—verbal, physical, or relational—directed at an individual or group with the intention of causing harm.
aging
A biological and psychological
phenomenon
composed of physiological
changes
as well as a mental
process
of considering oneself older. See also
gerontology
.
aging family
A family in which the head or heads of the household is age 65 years or older.
agoraphobia
An exaggerated and irrational fear of being in an unfamiliar place or of leaving one's home.
AGPA
See
American Group Psychotherapy Association
.
aha reaction
A sudden
insight
into one's
situation
or
environment;
it may be accompanied by the exclamation “Aha!”
AHC
See
Association for Humanistic Counseling
.
AHEAD
See
Association for Humanistic Education and Development
.
ahistorical counseling
Theories
or
techniques
of
counseling
that focus on the present and not the past.
AIDS
See
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
.
airtime
The opportunity and amount of time given to speak and express one's concerns during a
group
.
Al-Anon
A voluntary
mutual-help group
organization founded in 1951. It is composed of relatives of alcohol abusers who meet regularly to discuss common
problems
. The Al-Anon World Service Office is located at 1600 Corporate Landing Parkway, Virginia Beach, VA 23454 (
www.al-anon.alateen.org
).
Alateen
A similar program to
Al-Anon
but for younger people, usually ages 12 to 19 years.
Albert Ellis Institute
Formerly known as the Institute for Rational Living and later the
Institute for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
. A not-for-profit educational organization founded in 1959 to promote
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
. The institute is located at 145 East 32nd Street, New York, NY 10016 (212-535-0822;
www.albertellis.org
).
alcohol
Also known as ethyl alcohol (ethanol). A clear liquid with a bitter taste that acts as a
depressant,
to which someone can become physically addicted. Alcohol is the most widely used
drug
in the United States. When abused, it can detrimentally affect almost every organ in the body.
Withdrawal symptoms
are often severe. See also
alcoholism
,
delirium tremens
.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
An organization that helps alcohol abusers gain and maintain control of their lives by remaining sober. Established in the late 1930s, there is a dependence within the AA program on a higher power outside oneself. Much of the work of AA is carried out in
self-help groups
. AA's address is PO Box 459, Grand Central Station, New York, NY 10163 (212-870-3400;
www.aa.org
). See also
self-help group
.
alcoholism
The chronic abuse of and compulsive increased use and
tolerance
of
alcohol
. Alcoholism is considered a progressive disease in which the
client
becomes physically and psychologically dependent on drinking alcohol.
alexia
The loss of ability to understand written words and/or sentences.
ALGBTIC
See
Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling
.
ALGBTIC Competencies for Counseling LGBQIQA
This document (
www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/algbtic-competencies-for-counseling-lgbqiqa.pdf?sfvrsn=14
) contains competencies for working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, intersex, questioning, and ally (LGBQIQA) individuals,
groups
, and communities.
ALGBTIC Competencies for Counseling Transgender Clients
This document (
www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/algbtic_competencies.pdf?sfvrsn=12
) contains suggested competencies for use in
counseling
with
transgender
clients.
alienation
Feelings
of being estranged or cut off from a
group;
a term often used to describe the separation of persons from their cultural groups.
alignments
The ways in which
family
members join together or oppose one another in carrying out a family activity; for example, siblings may band together against their parents.
alloplastic approach
Adjustment
to a culturally different
environment
through confronting obstacles in the environment and changing them. The opposite of the
autoplastic approach
.
all-or-nothing thinking
A type of
cognitive distortion
characterized by assuming that things are absolutely perfect or absolutely terrible.
alone time
An intentional practice in which
counselors
devote periods in their lives to silence, solitude, and reflectivity to improve self-awareness, renew
self-care
, and practice gratitude.
alpha error
See
Type I error
.
alter ego
A
psychodrama
term for another version of oneself, usually the opposite of oneself.
alternate form
A different but comparable form of a
standardized test,
such as an
achievement test
or
aptitude test
. If a person is tested twice, the second test can consist of the alternate form of the first test.
alternative hypothesis
A possible
outcome
in
research
not covered by the
null hypothesis
.
alternative narratives
A
process
in
narrative therapy
of exploring strengths, special abilities, and aspirations to construct a positive story with good
outcomes
rather than a
problem
-saturated story.
altruism
Selflessness; concern for and dedication to the well-being of others (the opposite of egoism).
Alzheimer's disease
An organic mental disease, occurring mostly in older people, characterized by disorientation, forgetfulness, confusion, and
mood
swings.
ambivalence
When an individual experiences two opposite
feelings
at the same time, for example, wanting help and being afraid to ask for it.
AMCD
See
Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development
.
American Art Therapy Association (AATA)
The primary association promoting the visual arts therapies in the United States. AATA is located at 1202 Allanson Road, Mundelein, IL 60060 (847-949-6064;
www.arttherapy.org
). See also
art therapy
.
American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD)
The name of the
American Counseling Association (ACA)
from 1984 to 1992.
American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT)
The oldest and largest association for couples and
family counseling
in the United States, established in 1942. AAMFT is located at 112 South Alfred Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3061 (703-838-9808;
www.aamft.org
).
American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC)
An interdisciplinary association of professional helpers, religious leaders, and lay counselors committed to integrating biblical truth with practical
counseling
principles. AACC's address is PO Box 739, Forest, VA 24551 (800-526-8673;
www.aacc.net
).
American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC)
An association that represents and sets professional standards for pastoral
counselors
and
pastoral counseling
centers in the United States. Founded in 1963, AAPC is nonsectarian in nature and practice. AAPC is located at 9504-A Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031-2303 (703-385-6967;
www.aapc.org
).
American Association of Retired Persons
See
AARP
.
American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists (AASECT)
A multidisciplinary organization dedicated to informing the public about and promoting healthy expressions of human sexuality and setting standards for
counseling
professionals who treat sexual dysfunction. AASECT's address is PO Box 1960, Ashland, VA 23005-1960 (804-752-0026;
www.aasect.org
).
American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB)
An association of state
counseling
boards whose members meet regularly to coordinate efforts at uniformity and discuss issues pertaining to the regulation of counseling (
www.aascb.org
).
American College Counseling Association (ACCA)
A division of the
American Counseling Association (ACA)
that fosters student development in higher education (
www.collegecounseling.org
).
American College Personnel Association (ACPA)
An association of professionals employed in the field of
student affairs
. ACPA is located at 1 Dupont Circle, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036 (202-835-2272;
www.myacpa.org
).
American College Testing (ACT)
An independent, nonprofit organization that provides educational services to students and their parents, to high schools and colleges, to
professional associations
and government agencies, and to business and industry. ACT is best known for its college admissions testing program. The address is PO Box 168, 2201 North Dodge Street, Iowa City, IA 52243-0168 (319-337-1028;
www.act.org
).
American Council of Guidance and Personnel Associations (ACGPA)
A loose confederation of organizations that was concerned with educational and vocational
guidance
as well as other personnel activities. ACGPA operated from 1935 to 1952 and was a forerunner of the
American Counseling Association (ACA)
. See also
Council of Guidance and Personnel Associations
.
American Counseling Association (ACA)
The largest professional
counseling
association in the world, founded in 1952. ACA is located at 6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22304 (703-823-9800;
www.counseling.org
).
American Counseling Association Foundation (ACAF)
A foundation that focuses on preserving and enhancing the
counseling profession
through work in
advocacy,
research,
and professional standards. ACAF is located at 6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600, Alexandria, VA 22304 (703-823-9800;
www.acafoundation.org
).
American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA)
The primary association in the United States working to establish and maintain high standards of professional education and competence in the field of
dance/movement therapy
. ADTA is located at 2000 Century Plaza, Suite 108, 10632 Little Patuxent Parkway, Columbia, MD 21044 (410-997-4040;
www.adta.org
). See also
dance/movement therapy
.
American Family Therapy Academy (AFTA)
An association formed in 1977 by Murray Bowen and identified as an academy of about 1,000 advanced professionals interested in the exchange of ideas in the field of
family therapy
. AFTA is located at 1608 20th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20009 (202-483-8001;
www.afta.org
).
American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA)
A psychoanalytically oriented organization established by Samuel R. Slavson in 1943. AGPA is located at 25 East 21st Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10010 (212-477-2677;
www.agpa.org
).
American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
A division of the
American Counseling Association (ACA)
that represents and advocates for
mental health counselors
in many behavioral health settings. AMHCA is located at 801 North Fairfax Street, Suite 304, Alexandria, VA 22314 (800-326-2642;
www.amhca.org
).
American Music Therapy Association (AMTA)
Founded in 1998, AMTA's purpose is the progressive development of the therapeutic use of music in
rehabilitation,
special education, and community settings. Predecessors of AMTA include the
National Association for Music Therapy
(founded in 1950) and the
American Association for Music Therapy
(founded in 1971). AMTA's address is 8455 Colesville Road, Suite 1000, Silver Spring, MD 20910 (301-589-3300;
www.musictherapy.org
). See also
music therapy
.
American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)
Formed in 1952 as an interest group of the
American Council of Guidance and Personnel Associations (ACGPA),
APGA operated from 1952 to 1984 as an evolving professional
counseling
association. APGA was later renamed the
American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD;
1984–1992) and the
American Counseling Association (ACA;
1992 to present).
American Psychiatric Association (APA)
An association of medical specialists that includes physicians who specialize in the
diagnosis
and
treatment
of mental and emotional illnesses and
substance
use
disorders
. APA is located at 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1825, Arlington, VA 22209-3901 (703-907-7300;
www.psych.org
).
American Psychoanalytic Association (APA)
A professional organization of
psychoanalysts
located throughout the United States and a regional association of the International Psychoanalytical Association. APA is located at 309 East 49th Street, New York, NY 10017 (212-752-0450;
www.apsa.org
).
American Psychological Association (APA)
Founded in 1892, APA is the largest professional group for
psychologists
in the world. APA's address is 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002 (202-336-5500;
www.apa.org
).
American Red Cross
Founded in 1881 by Clara Barton, the American Red Cross is the premier emergency response organization in the United States. Its aim is the prevention and relieving of suffering. It provides assistance in five areas: community services that help the needy; support and comfort for members of the military and their families; the collection, processing, and distribution of life-saving blood and blood products; educational programs that promote health and safety; and international relief and development programs. The national headquarters of the American Red Cross is at 2025 E Street NW, Washington, DC 2000 (202-303-5000;
www.redcross.org
).
American Rehabilitation Counseling Association (ARCA)
A division of the
American Counseling Association (ACA)
that is devoted to enhancing the development of people with disabilities and promoting excellence in
rehabilitation counseling
(
www.arcaweb.org
).
American School Counselor Association (ASCA)
A division of the
American Counseling Association (ACA)
that promotes excellence in professional
school counseling
and the development of all students. ASCA's address is 801 North Fairfax Street, Suite 310, Alexandria, VA 22314 (800-306-4722;
www.schoolcounselor.org
). See also
school counseling
.
American School Counselor Association national model
A model that defines what a
school counselor
is and clarifies the roles of school counselors for the profession and for the public. Services of school counselors revolve around academic achievement,
career
planning, and social/personality development.
American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP)
A professional
group
association established by Jacob L. Moreno in 1942. ASGPP is located at 301 North Harrison Street, Suite 508, Princeton, NJ 08540 (609-452-1339;
www.asgpp.org
). See also
psychodrama
.
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
A
law
enacted by Congress in 1990 that heightened awareness of the
needs
of the millions of people in the United States with disabilities. The ADA increased national efforts toward providing multiple services for those with mental, behavioral, and physical disabilities. This act extended to people with a
disability
the same protection and guarantees given to minorities in the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
AMHCA
See
American Mental Health Counselors Association
.
amnesia
The
loss
of memory, either total or partial.
amphetamines
Also known as
beans, bennies, speed,
and
uppers
. A class of
stimulant
drugs that temporarily energize, increase mental alertness, produce a sense of euphoria, ward off sleep, and reduce fatigue. Amphetamines are addictive and can cause
anxiety,
restlessness, headaches, rapid heartbeat, and difficulty breathing.
amplify
To emphasize statements made by the
protagonist
in a
psychodrama
. Examples include verbalizing
nonverbal
communications,
questioning
one's
self,
interpreting statements for what is being said and not said, contradicting
feelings,
self-observing, and engaging in
denial
.
AMTA
See
American Music Therapy Association
.
anal stage
The second
stage
of Sigmund Freud's stages of
psychosexual development
. In this stage, children (between the ages of 18 months and 3 years) obtain erotic pleasure from withholding and eliminating feces. Toilet training is a major experience during this time, and children's personalities are influenced by the ways in which their parents respond to them as they master this task.
analogies test
A type of
test
that requires respondents to complete sentences that compare different
situations
or things with each other (e.g., “A rose is to a bush as a leaf is to a _____”). The
Miller Analogies Test (MAT)
is the best known of this type of test.
analysis 1.
An abbreviated form of
psychoanalysis
.
2.
An
evaluation
of a concern in
counseling,
such as of a
client's problem
.
3.
The
interpretation
of
data
through the use of statistical
tests
.
4.
The first step in E. G. Williamson's
directive counseling
approach. It involves the collection of data on a
client
.
analysis of variance (ANOVA)
An
inferential statistics
procedure used to
test
the
null hypothesis
that the
means
of two or more populations are equal to each other. Often these groups represent
performance
on a
dependent variable
as a result of
treatment
by one or more
independent variables
. ANOVA can be used to
test
the significance of mean differences among several groups simultaneously.
analyst
A practitioner of
psychoanalysis
.
analytical psychology
Carl Jung's approach to
therapy
that begins with an
exploration
of a client's
conscious
state and proceeds to explore and interpret a client's
unconscious
mind (e.g., dreams, fantasies).
androcentricism
The practice of placing the masculine view or men at the center of one's view of the world, culture, and history.
androgyny
The coexistence and display of what are considered male and female characteristics in the same person. The flexible
integration
in a person of traditional masculine and feminine characteristics, for example, strong and gentle.
anecdotal record
An informal notation about a person,
group, family,
or
situation
in which a standard record reporting form is not used.
angel dust
See
phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP)
.
anger 1.
A strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, antagonism, irritation, or rage.
2.
The second stage in the grief process as outlined by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross.
angst
A German word meaning “anxiety” or “psychic pain.”
anima
A Jungian
archetype
term for the feminine component of the male
personality
.
animal-assisted therapy (AAT)
The integration of qualified animals, most commonly dogs and horses, into
counseling
sessions as therapeutic agents. Many
clients,
especially children, relate positively to animals and make significant progress in their presence. Boris Levinson is credited with discovering the therapeutic effects of AAT.
Animal-Assisted Therapy in Counseling Competencies
This document (
www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/competencies/animal-assisted-therapy-competencies-june-2016.pdf?sfvrsn=14
) contains information on the use of animals when incorporated as an integral part of
counseling,
specifically in the areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes
counselors
need.
animus
A Jungian
archetype
for the masculine component of the female
personality
.
anomie
A state of normlessness or the elimination or reduction of
values,
mores,
norms,
and codes of conduct. Anomie usually occurs in rapidly changing societies that are subject to much
stress
.
anonymity
Protecting participants in a study from risk of harm by ensuring that their identities or any identifying information about them is not revealed.
anorexia nervosa
An
eating disorder
that primarily affects young women; it involves an avoidance of food and severe weight loss based on a distorted
perception
of one's
self
as being fat or overweight. Physical harm such as malnutrition or even death results from untreated anorexia.
ANOVA
See
analysis of variance
.
Antabuse
The trade name for the
drug
disulfram. Antabuse causes nausea when introduced into the bloodstream of someone who has consumed
alcohol
. It is used in recovery programs to discourage drinking in recovering alcohol abusers.
antecedent
An event that precedes a
behavior
and is thought to influence it.
antecedent–response–consequence (A-R-C) model of behaviorism
A behavioral model that proposes that
behavior
is functionally related to its
antecedent
and
consequent
events. Behaviors become more frequent or are suppressed depending on what precedes or follows them.
anticathexes
A Freudian term for the control or restraint exercised by the
ego
over the
id
to keep id impulses out of
consciousness
.
anticipated transitions
Normative events that are expected to occur in a somewhat predictable sequence across the life span. Leaving home, starting a job, getting married, having children, becoming an empty nester, and retiring are examples of anticipated life events.
antidepressant
A drug such as Zoloft, Imipramine, or Prozac or an herb such as St. John's Wort that helps to reduce or eliminate
depression
and improve a person's mood. Antidepressant medications contain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
antideterministic
A
humanistic
approach that proposes that each person is able to
change
and become responsible for his or her own life. This view is the opposite of the
psychoanalytic
view that
psychosexual
influences determine people's
behaviors
.
antisocial personality disorder
A
disorder
characterized by irresponsible
behavior,
low
tolerance
for
frustration,
frequent
conflicts,
lack of remorse or acknowledged responsibility for one's actions, and a low level of
socialization
. Someone with this disorder is sometimes referred to as a
psychopath
or
sociopath
.
antiwork group
See
“BA” (basic assumption) activity
.
ANWC
See
Association for Non-White Concerns
.
anxiety
Mental and physical nervousness and uneasiness, often resulting in increased tension, usually associated with pressure to please, fear of failure, or fear of the unknown. Anxiety may be connected with concrete events or free floating and not attached to any one particular thing.
anxiety disorders
Disorders
characterized by a chronic state of tension, uneasiness, worry, and fear that is reoccurring and has no known source or cause. Anxiety disorders take on a number of forms, and generalized anxiety (characterized by at least 6 months of persistent and excessive anxiety or worry), social anxiety (characterized by emotional discomfort or apprehension over social situations that require interaction with others), and
panic disorder
(characterized by intense and unexpected fear that something bad will happen, usually accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, or dizziness) are among the most common.
anxiolytics
Anti-
anxiety
drugs.
APA
See
American Psychiatric Association
,
American Psychoanalytic Association
,
American Psychological Association
.
apathy
Indifference, a lack of emotion; a common symptom of
depression
.
APGA
See
American Personnel and Guidance Association
.
applied behavior analysis
The use of
reinforcement, punishment, extinction, stimulus control,
and other procedures derived from laboratory
research
to human interactions in a pragmatic way.
applied research
Research
conducted for the purpose of applying or testing a
theory
and evaluating its usefulness in solving specific
client
or
system
problems
. The opposite of
basic research
.
appraisal
Assessing or evaluating an individual,
group,
family, or
situation
.
approach reaction
The tendency of an individual to move toward a
situation
or issue regardless of whether it is positive or negative. An approach reaction is a positive sign; people who display it tend to work through difficulties.
approach–approach conflict
When a person must choose between two equally attractive options, for example, getting married or taking an exciting
job
in a new, exotic location.
approach–avoidance conflict
When a person must choose between an option that is attractive and one that is not, for example, eating a dessert or going to the dentist.
appropriateness 1.
Behavior
or conduct that is at an expected age or
stage
level.
2.
When
factors
extraneous to the purpose and nature of a
test,
such as testing conditions, have no influence on a
client's
performance or
response
to the test.
approval
Support, usually given in a
verbal
way by a
counselor,
of a
client's
behavior
or action.
Approved Clinical Supervisor
A specialty credential in
supervision
given by the
National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC)
.
APT
See
Association for Play Therapy
.
aptitude
Specific capacities and abilities required of an individual to learn or adequately perform a
job
or task; the potential for acquiring a skill.
aptitude test
A type of ability test; a standardized
measurement
device used to assess the readiness of someone to learn and become proficient in a given area in the future. The
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB),
the
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB),
and the
Miller Analogies Test (MAT)
are examples of aptitude tests.
Arab Americans
