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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Practice Planners
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
This timesaving resource features: * Treatment plan components for 40 behaviorally based presenting problems * Over 1,000 prewritten treatment goals, objectives, and interventions--plus space to record your own treatment plan options * A step-by-step guide to writing treatment plans that meet the requirements of most accrediting bodies, insurance companies, and third-party payors * Includes new Evidence-Based Practice Interventions as required by many public funding sources and private insurers PracticePlanners¯® THE BESTSELLING TREATMENT PLANNING SYSTEM FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS The Family Therapy Treatment Planner, Second Edition provides all the elements necessary to quickly and easily develop formal treatment plans that satisfy the demands of HMOs, managed care companies, third-party payors, and state and federal agencies. * New edition features empirically supported, evidence-based treatment interventions * Organized around 40 main presenting problems including child/parent conflicts, depression, abuse, death and loss issues, blended family problems, and loss of family cohesion * Over 1,000 prewritten treatment goals, objectives, and interventions--plus space to record your own treatment plan options * Easy-to-use reference format helps locate treatment plan components by behavioral problem * Designed to correspond with The Family Therapy Progress Notes Planner, Second Edition and the Brief Family Therapy Homework Planner, Second Edition * Includes a sample treatment plan that conforms to the requirements of most third-party payors and accrediting agencies including CARF, The Joint Commission (TJC), COA, and the NCQA Additional resources in the PracticePlanners¯® series: Progress Notes Planners contain complete, prewritten progress notes for each presenting problem in the companion Treatment Planners. Homework Planners feature behaviorally based, ready-to-use assignments to speed treatment and keep clients engaged between sessions. For more information on our PracticePlanners¯®, including our full line of Treatment Planners, visit us on the Web at: www.wiley.com/practiceplanners
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Practice
Planners
®
Series Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
About Practice
Planners
® Treatment Planners
About the
Family Therapy Treatment Planner
Incorporating Evidence-Based Treatment Into the Treatment Planner
How to Use This
Treatment Planner
A Final Note on Tailoring the Treatment Plan to the Client
References
Sample Treatment Plan
Diagnosis
Chapter 1: Activity/Family Imbalance
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 2: Adolescent/Parent Conflicts
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 3: Adoption Issues
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 4: Alcohol Abuse
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 5: Anger Management
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 6: Anxiety
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 7: Blame
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 8: Blended Family Problems
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 9: Child/Parent Conflicts
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 10: Communication
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 11: Compulsive Behaviors
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 12: Death of a Child
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 13: Death of a Parent
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 14: Dependency Issues
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 15: Depression in Family Members
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 16: Disengagement/Loss of Family Cohesion
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 17: Eating Disorder
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 18: Extrafamilial Sexual Abuse
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 19: Family Activity Disputes
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 20: Family Business Conflicts
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 21: Family Member Separation
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 22: Family-of-Origin Interference
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 23: Financial Changes
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 24: Geographic Relocation
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 25: Incest Survivor
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 26: Infidelity
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 27: Inheritance Disputes Between Siblings
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 28: Interfamilial Disputes Over Wills and Inheritance
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 29: Interracial Family Problems
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 30: Intolerance/Defensiveness
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 31: Jealousy/Insecurity
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 32: Life-Threatening/Chronic Illness
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 33: Multiple Birth Dilemmas
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 34: Physical/Verbal/Psychological Abuse
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 35: Religious/Spiritual Conflicts
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 36: Reuniting Estranged Family Members
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 37: Separation/Divorce
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 38: Sexual Orientation Conflicts
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 39: Traumatic Life Events
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Chapter 40: Unwanted/Unplanned Pregnancy
Behavioral Definitions
Long-Term Goals
Diagnostic Suggestions
Appendix A: Bibliotherapy Suggestions
Appendix B: Professional References for Evidence-Based Chapters
Appendix C: Recovery Model Objectives and Interventions
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
PracticePlanners® Series
Treatment Planners
The Complete Adult Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, Fifth Edition
The Child Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, Fifth Edition
The Adolescent Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, Fifth Edition
The Addiction Treatment Planner, Fifth Edition
The Continuum of Care Treatment Planner
The Couples Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
The Employee Assistance Treatment Planner
The Pastoral Counseling Treatment Planner
The Older Adult Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
The Behavioral Medicine Treatment Planner
The Group Therapy Treatment Planner
The Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy Treatment Planner
The Family Therapy Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
The Severe and Persistent Mental Illness Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
The Mental Retardation and Developmental Disability Treatment Planner
The Social Work and Human Services Treatment Planner
The Crisis Counseling and Traumatic Events Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
The Personality Disorders Treatment Planner
The Rehabilitation Psychology Treatment Planner
The Special Education Treatment Planner
The Juvenile Justice and Residential Care Treatment Planner
The School Counseling and School Social Work Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
The Sexual Abuse Victim and Sexual Offender Treatment Planner
The Probation and Parole Treatment Planner
The Psychopharmacology Treatment Planner
The Speech-Language Pathology Treatment Planner
The Suicide and Homicide Treatment Planner
The College Student Counseling Treatment Planner
The Parenting Skills Treatment Planner
The Early Childhood Intervention Treatment Planner
The Co-occurring Disorders Treatment Planner
The Complete Women's Psychotherapy Treatment Planner
The Veterans and Active Duty Military Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates
Progress Notes Planners
The Child Psychotherapy Progress Notes Planner, Fifth Edition
The Adolescent Psychotherapy Progress Notes Planner, Fifth Edition
The Adult Psychotherapy Progress Notes Planner, Fifth Edition
The Addiction Progress Notes Planner, Fifth Edition
The Severe and Persistent Mental Illness Progress Notes Planner, Second Edition
The Couples Psychotherapy Progress Notes Planner, Second Edition
The Family Therapy Progress Notes Planner, Second Edition
The Veterans and Active Duty Military Psychotherapy Progress Notes Planner
Homework Planners
Couples Therapy Homework Planner, Second Edition
Family Therapy Homework Planner, Second Edition
Grief Counseling Homework Planner
Group Therapy Homework Planner
Divorce Counseling Homework Planner
School Counseling and School Social Work Homework Planner, Second Edition
Child Therapy Activity and Homework Planner
Addiction Treatment Homework Planner, Fifth Edition
Adolescent Psychotherapy Homework Planner, Fifth Edition
Adult Psychotherapy Homework Planner, Fifth Edition
Child Psychotherapy Homework Planner, Fifth Edition
Parenting Skills Homework Planner
Veterans and Active Duty Military Psychotherapy Homework Planner
Client Education Handout Planners
Adult Client Education Handout Planner
Child and Adolescent Client Education Handout Planner
Couples and Family Client Education Handout Planner
Complete Planners
The Complete Depression Treatment and Homework Planner
The Complete Anxiety Treatment and Homework Planner
The Family Therapy Treatment Planner, with DSM-5 Updates, Second Edition
Frank M. Dattilio
Arthur E. Jongsma, Jr.
Sean D. Davis, Contributing Editor
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2014 by Frank M. Dattilio and Arthur E. Jongsma, Jr. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.
For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Dattilio, Frank M.
The family therapy treatment planner, with DSM-5 updates / by Frank M. Dattilio Arthur E. Jongsma, Jr. ; Sean D. Davis, contributing editor.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-1-119-06307-0 (pbk.)
ISBN 978-1-119-06405-3 (eMobi)
ISBN 978-1-119-06406-0 (ePDF)
ISBN 978-1-119-06407-7 (ePub)
1. Family psychotherapy—Planning. 2. Mental illness—Treatment—Planning. I. Jongsma, Arthur E.,
1943- II. Title.
RC488.5.D35 2010
616.89′156–dc22
2009031716
To my wife Maryann, three children, and seven grandchildren, who taught me most of what I need to know about happy families.
—Frank M. Dattilio
To Jennifer Byrne, who, as my thoroughly organized, faithful assistant and perseverant transcriptionist, helped me launch this series of Treatment Planners many years ago. Blessings to you, Jen.
—Arthur E. Jongsma, Jr.
To my wife Elizabeth and children Andrew, Hannah, Rachel, and William—you've taught me more about happiness than anything I've learned in my profession.
—Sean D. Davis
PracticePlanners® Series Preface
Accountability is an important dimension of the practice of psychotherapy. Treatment programs, public agencies, clinics, and practitioners must justify and document their treatment plans to outside review entities in order to be reimbursed for services. The books in the PracticePlanners® series are designed to help practitioners fulfill these documentation requirements efficiently and professionally.
The PracticePlanners® series includes a wide array of treatment planning books including not only the original Complete Adult Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, Child Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, and Adolescent Psychotherapy Treatment Planner, all now in their fifth editions, but also Treatment Planners targeted to specialty areas of practice, including:
Addictions
Co-occurring disorders
Behavioral medicine
College students
Couples therapy
Crisis counseling
Early childhood education
Employee assistance
Family therapy
Gays and lesbians
Group therapy
Juvenile justice and residential care
Mental retardation and developmental disability
Neuropsychology
Older adults
Parenting skills
Pastoral counseling
Personality disorders
Probation and parole
Psychopharmacology
Rehabilitation psychology
School counseling and school social work
Severe and persistent mental illness
Sexual abuse victims and offenders
Social work and human services
Special education
Speech-language pathology
Suicide and homicide risk assessment
Veterans and active military duty
Women's issues
In addition, there are three branches of companion books that can be used in conjunction with the Treatment Planners, or on their own:
Progress Notes Planners
provide a menu of progress statements that elaborate on the client's symptom presentation and the provider's therapeutic intervention. Each
Progress Notes Planner
statement is directly integrated with the behavioral definitions and therapeutic interventions from its companion
Treatment Planner
.
Homework Planners
include homework assignments designed around each presenting problem (such as anxiety, depression, substance use, anger control problems, eating disorders, or panic disorder) that is the focus of a chapter in its corresponding
Treatment Planner
.
Client Education Handout Planners
provide brochures and handouts to help educate and inform clients on presenting problems and mental health issues, as well as life skills techniques. The handouts are included on CD-ROMs for easy printing from your computer and are ideal for use in waiting rooms, at presentations, as newsletters, or as information for clients struggling with mental illness issues. The topics covered by these handouts correspond to the presenting problems in the
Treatment Planners
.
The series also includes adjunctive books, such as The Psychotherapy Documentation Primer and The Clinical Documentation Sourcebook, containing forms and resources to aid the clinician in mental health practice management.
The goal of our series is to provide practitioners with the resources they need in order to provide high-quality care in the era of accountability. To put it simply: We seek to help you spend more time on patients, and less time on paperwork.
ARTHUR E. JONGSMA, JR.Grand Rapids, Michigan
Acknowledgments
Many thanks go to my fine assistant and expert typist, Carol A. Jaskolka, who spent countless hours in the revision of this second edition. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the outstanding staff at John Wiley & Sons for their guidance and support with this project.
Frank M. Dattilio, Ph.D.
There are times when you just know that the working chemistry is right. Such has been the case working with Sean Davis. Sean took the lead in revising these chapters as part of a team with Frank Datillio, the internationally respected expert in family therapy who wrote the original edition with me 10 years ago. I appreciated Sean's knowledge of the family therapy field and his focus on bringing evidence-based treatment interventions into the content of these chapters. Along with being a knowledgeable marriage and family therapist, he is a kind and thoughtful man. I am proud to be a collaborator with you, Sean.
Although Frank Datillio was not the lead on this revision, he was definitely involved in reviewing suggested revisions and offering insights for the EBT interventions to be included. And, of course, we were building on his very fine original work. Thank you, Frank, for bringing your expertise to bear on this work and for your oversight of this new edition.
Finally, I want to recognize the ongoing expertise brought to the table by my manuscript manager, Sue Rhoda. She is a gift to me and I thank her again for being there for me and my coauthors and for submitting another clean manuscript. Only the Wiley production staff and I know just how good you are at your job!
Arthur E. Jongsma, Jr., Ph.D.
First and foremost, I wish to thank Frank Dattilio for inviting me to collaborate with him on this second edition of the popular Family Therapy Treatment Planner. Frank, it has been an honor to work alongside you on this project. I am grateful for your kindness, friendship, and generosity.
I also wish to thank Art Jongsma, Sue Rhoda, and the staff at John Wiley & Sons for their support during this project. I thank Alliant International University graduate students Nicole Crandall and Jayson Gawthorpe for their invaluable help with editing the manuscript; this project might still be going on without your involvement.
Lastly, I thank my wife Elizabeth and children Andrew, Hannah, Rachel, and William for their patience with me as I have worked on this project. I am humbled by your patience and am excited to be back as a fully present husband and father!
Sean D. Davis, Ph.D.
Introduction
About PracticePlanners® Treatment Planners
Pressure from third-party payors, accrediting agencies, and other outside parties has increased the need for clinicians to quickly produce effective, high-quality treatment plans. Treatment Planners provide all the elements necessary to quickly and easily develop formal treatment plans that satisfy the needs of most third-party payors and state and federal review agencies.
Each Treatment Planner:
Saves you hours of time-consuming paperwork.
Offers the freedom to develop customized treatment plans.
Includes over 1,000 clear statements describing the behavioral manifestations of each relational problem, and includes long-term goals, short-term objectives, and clinically tested treatment options.
Has an easy-to-use reference format that helps locate treatment plan components by behavioral problem or
DSM-IV-TR
diagnosis.
As with the rest of the books in the PracticePlanners® series, our aim is to clarify, simplify, and accelerate the treatment planning process, so you spend less time on paperwork, and more time with your clients.
About the Family Therapy Treatment Planner
This second edition of the popular Family Therapy Treatment Planner comes as a result of the positive response that we received over the past decade with the success of the first planner. The first edition, which ran for almost 10 years, was a bestseller. As a revision, we have included two additional chapters, totaling 40 in all, along with the refortification of evidenced-based treatment interventions throughout the existing text. The existing chapters now reflect the updated research that has become available over the past decade.
As stated in the previous preface, the field of family therapy has continued to grow exponentially since its introduction in the 1950s. Virtually all graduate programs in the field of mental health offer some curriculum in family therapy (Piercy, Sprenkle, and Wetchler, 1996), and all 50 states now have licensing laws for marital and family therapists.
With this explosive growth has come the increasing acceptance of family therapy interventions in the mental health service delivery system. In fact, recent research supports family therapy as one of the most effective forms of psychotherapeutic treatment for a wide variety of problems (Shadish and Baldwin, 2002). In addition, recent research has begun to demonstrate that marriage and family therapy treatments have a positive effect on physical health and health care usage (Caldwell, Woolley, and Caldwell, 2007). Hence, it is no surprise that insurance companies and managed care programs have increased their awareness and acceptance of family therapy as a mode of treatment for a number of mental health problems and have included it as a reimbursable intervention. Since millions of patients receive their mental health care through a managed care arrangement, it is essential that clinicians have access to structured treatment plan materials that efficiently meet their needs.
This book also goes hand-in-hand with the Couples Psychotherapy Treatment Planner since very often family conflicts emanate from problems in the spouses' relationship. In such cases, the therapist should refer to the Couples Psychotherapy Treatment Planner (O'Leary, Heyman, and Jongsma, 1998) for more specific suggestions regarding treating the couple's relationship. With this concept in mind, the reader should also expect that there will, at times, be some overlap between the Family Therapy and Couples Psychotherapy Treatment Planners. We acknowledge our indebtedness to Dan O'Leary and Rick Heyman for their thorough work on the Couples Psychotherapy Treatment Planner.
Incorporating Evidence-Based Treatment Into the Treatment Planner
Evidence-based or empirically supported treatment (that is, treatment that has shown efficacy in research trials) is rapidly becoming of critical importance to the mental health community as the demand for quality and accountability increase. Indeed, identified empirically supported treatments (e.g., those of the APA Division 12 [Society of Clinical Psychology], the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's [SAMHSA] National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices [NREPP]) are being referenced by a number of local, state, and federal funding agencies, some of which are beginning to restrict reimbursement to these treatments, as are some managed care and insurance companies.
In this second edition of The Family Therapy Treatment Planner, we have made an effort to empirically inform some chapters by highlighting Short-Term Objectives (STOs) and Therapeutic Interventions (TIs) that are consistent with psychological treatments or therapeutic programs that have demonstrated some level of efficacy through empirical study. Watch for this icon as an indication that an Objective/Intervention is consistent with those found in evidence-based treatments (EBT).
References to the empirical work supporting these interventions have been included in the reference section as Appendix B. For information related to the identification of evidence-based practices (EBPs), including the benefits and limitations of the effort, we suggest the APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2006); Bruce and Sanderson (2005); Chambless et al. (1996, 1998); Chambless and Ollendick (2001); Castonguay and Beutler (2006); Drake, Merrens, and Lynde (2005); Hofmann and Tompson (2002); Nathan and Gorman (2007); and Stout and Hayes (2005). Sprenkle, Davis, and Lebow (2009) provide a review of this literature as it pertains to marriage and family therapy.
In this Planner, we have included STOs and TIs consistent with identified EBTs for family problems and mental disorders commonly seen by practitioners in public agency and private practice settings. It is important to note that the empirical support for the EBT material found in each chapter has not necessarily been established for treating that problem within a family context, but rather is particular to the problem identified in the chapter title. For example, the STOs and TIs consistent with cognitive therapy for anxiety that can be found in the chapter entitled “Anxiety” are based on this treatment approach, which has been well established as an empirically supported individual treatment for anxiety, yet can be easily modified for treatment in a family setting. Furthermore, it is important to remember that an EBT such as cognitive-behavioral family therapy (Dattilio, 2010) can be applied to a wide variety of problems. Therefore, although many chapters present common problems faced by families (e.g., geographic relocation) for which no studies have specifically focused on, an EBT, such as behaviorally based parenting techniques or problem-solving skills, can be utilized to help the family through that particular challenge.
Beyond references to the empirical studies supporting these interventions, we have provided references to therapist- and client-oriented books and treatment manuals that describe the use of identified EBTs or treatments consistent with their objectives and interventions. Of course, recognizing that there are STOs and TIs that practicing clinicians have found useful but that have not yet received empirical scrutiny, we have included those that reflect common best practice among experienced clinicians. The goal is to provide a range of treatment plan options, some studied empirically, others reflecting common clinical practice, so the user can construct what they believe to be the best plan for a particular client. Most of the STOs and TIs associated with the EBTs are described at a level of detail that permits flexibility and adaptability in their specific application. As with all Planners in this series, each chapter includes the option to add STOs and TIs at the therapist's discretion.
Criteria for Inclusion of Evidence-Based Therapies
The EBTs from which STOs and TIs were taken have different levels of empirical evidence supporting them. For example, some have been well established as efficacious for the problems that they target (e.g., exposure-based therapies for anxiety disorders). Others have less support, but nonetheless have demonstrated efficacy. We have included EBPs the empirical support for which has either been well established or demonstrated at more than a preliminary level as defined by those authors who have undertaken the task of identifying them, such as the APA Division 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology), Drake and colleagues (2003, 2005), Chambless and colleagues (1996, 1998), and Nathan and Gorman (2007).
At minimum, efficacy needed to be demonstrated through a clinical trial or large clinical replication series with features reflecting good experimental design (e.g., random assignment, blind assignments, reliable and valid measurement, clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, state-of-the-art diagnostic methods, and adequate sample size or replications). Well-established EBTs typically have more than one of these types of studies demonstrating their efficacy, as well as other desirable features such as demonstration of efficacy by independent research groups and specification of client characteristics for which the treatment was effective.
Lastly, all interventions, empirically supported or not, must be adapted to the particular client in light of his/her personal circumstances, cultural identity, strengths, and vulnerabilities. The STOs and TIs included in this Planner are written in a manner to suggest and allow this adaptability.
Summary of Required and Preferred EBT Inclusion Criteria
Required
Demonstration of efficacy through at least one randomized controlled trial with good experimental design, or
Demonstration of efficacy through a large, well-designed clinical replication series.
Preferred
Efficacy has been shown by more than one study.
Efficacy has been demonstrated by independent research groups.
Client characteristics for which the treatment was effective were specified.
A clear description of the treatment was available.
How to Use This Treatment Planner
Use this Treatment Planner to write treatment plans according to the following progression of six steps:
Problem Selection.
Although the client may discuss a variety of issues during the assessment, the clinician must determine the most significant problems on which to focus the treatment process. Usually a primary problem will surface, and secondary problems may also be evident. Some other problems may have to be set aside as not urgent enough to require treatment at this time. An effective treatment plan can only deal with a few selected problems or treatment will lose its direction. Choose the problem within this
Planner
which most accurately represents your client's presenting issues.
Problem Definition.
Each client presents with unique nuances as to how a problem behaviorally reveals itself in his or her life. Therefore, each problem that is selected for treatment focus requires a specific definition about how it is evidenced in the particular client. The symptom pattern should be associated with diagnostic criteria and codes such as those found in the
DSM-IV-TR
or the
International Classification of Diseases
. This
Planner
offers such behaviorally specific definition statements to choose from or to serve as a model for your own personally crafted statements.
Goal Development.
The next step in developing your treatment plan is to set broad goals for the resolution of the target problem. These statements need not be crafted in measurable terms but can be global, long-term goals that indicate a desired positive outcome to the treatment procedures. This
Planner
provides several possible goal statements for each problem, but one statement is all that is required in a treatment plan.
Objective Construction.
In contrast to long-term goals, objectives must be stated in behaviorally measurable language so that it is clear to review agencies, health maintenance organizations, and managed care organizations when the client has achieved the established objectives. The objectives presented in this
Planner
are designed to meet this demand for accountability. Numerous alternatives are presented to allow construction of a variety of treatment plan possibilities for the same presenting problem.
Intervention Creation.
Interventions are the actions of the clinician designed to help the client complete the objectives. There should be at least one intervention for every objective. If the client does not accomplish the objective after the initial intervention, new interventions should be added to the plan. Interventions should be selected on the basis of the client's needs and the treatment provider's full therapeutic repertoire. This
Planner
contains interventions from a broad range of therapeutic approaches, and we encourage the provider to write other interventions reflecting his or her own training and experience.
Some suggested interventions listed in the Planner refer to specific books that can be assigned to the client for adjunctive bibliotherapy. Appendix A contains a full bibliographic reference list of these materials. For further information about self-help books, mental health professionals may wish to consult The Authoritative Guide to Self-Help Resources in Mental Health, Revised Edition (2003) by Norcross et al. (available from Guilford Press, New York).
Diagnosis Determination.
The determination of an appropriate diagnosis is based on an evaluation of the client's complete clinical presentation. The clinician must compare the behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal symptoms that the client presents with the criteria for diagnosis of a mental illness condition as described in
DSM-IV-TR
. Despite arguments made against diagnosing clients in this manner, diagnosis is a reality that exists in the world of mental health care, and it is a necessity for third-party reimbursement. It is the clinician's thorough knowledge of
DSM-IV-TR
criteria and a complete understanding of the client assessment data that contribute to the most reliable, valid diagnosis.
Congratulations! After completing these six steps, you should have a comprehensive and individualized treatment plan ready for immediate implementation and presentation to the client. A sample treatment plan for anger management is provided at the end of this introduction.
A Final Note on Tailoring the Treatment Plan to the Client
One important aspect of effective treatment planning is that each plan should be tailored to the individual client's problems and needs. Treatment plans should not be mass-produced, even if clients have similar problems. The individual's strengths and weaknesses, unique stressors, social network, family circumstances, and symptom patterns must be considered in developing a treatment strategy. Drawing upon our own years of clinical experience, we have put together a variety of treatment choices. These statements can be combined in thousands of permutations to develop detailed treatment plans. Relying on their own good judgment, clinicians can easily select the statements that are appropriate for the individuals whom they are treating. In addition, we encourage readers to add their own definitions, goals, objects, and interventions to the existing samples. As with all of the books in the Treatment Planners series, it is our hope that this book will help promote effective, creative treatment planning—a process that will ultimately benefit the client, clinicians, and mental health community.
References
APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology.
American Psychologist, 61
, 271–285.
Bruce, T. J., & Sanderson, W. C. (2005). Evidence-based psychosocial practices: Past, present, and future. In: C. Stout & R. Hayes (Eds.),
The Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Behavioral Healthcare: Applications and New Directions.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Caldwell, B. E., Woolley, S. R., & Caldwell, C. J. (2007). Preliminary estimates of cost-effectiveness for marital therapy.
Journal of Marital and Family Therapy
, 33(3), 392–405.
Chambless, D. L., Baker, M. J., Baucom, D., Beutler, L. E., Calhoun, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., … Woody, S. R. (1998). Update on empirically validated therapies: II.
The Clinical Psychologist, 51
(1), 3–16.
Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological interventions: Controversies and evidence.
Annual Review of Psychology
, 52, 685–716.
Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Johnson, S. B., Pope, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., … McCurry, S. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies.
The Clinical Psychologist, 49
(2), 5–18.
Castonguay, L. G., & Beutler, L. E. (2006).
Principles of Therapeutic Change that Work.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Dattilio, F. M. (2010).
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Couples and Families: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians.
New York: Guilford Press.
Drake, R. E., & Goldman, H. (2003).
Evidence-based Practices in Mental Health Care.
Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
Drake, R. E., Merrens, M. R., & Lynde, D. W. (2005).
Evidence-Based Mental Health Practice: A Textbook.
New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Hofmann, S. G., & Tompson, M. G. (2002).
Treating Chronic and Severe Mental Disorders: A Handbook of Empirically Supported Interventions.
New York: Guilford Press.
Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (Eds.).
(2007).
A Guide to Treatments That Work (Vol. III). New York: Oxford University Press.
O'Leary, K. D., R. E. Heyman, and A. E. Jongsma (1998).
The Couples Psychotherapy Treatment Planner.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Piercy, F. P., D. H. Sprenkle, J. L. Wetchler, and Associates. (1996).
The Family Therapy Sourcebook (2nd ed.).
New York: Guilford Press.
Shadish, W. R., & Baldwin, S. A. (2002). Meta-analysis of MFT interventions. In D. H. Sprenkle (Ed.),
Effectiveness research in marriage and family therapy
(pp. 339–370). Alexandria, VA: American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy.
Sprenkle, D. H., Davis, S. D., & Lebow, J. (2009).
Common Factors in Couple and Family Therapy: The Overlooked Foundation of Effective Practice.
New York: Guilford Press.
Stout, C., & Hayes, R. (1995).
The Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Behavioral Healthcare: Applications and New Directions.
New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Sample Treatment Plan
Primary Problem: Anger Management
Definitions:
Expressions of anger that include threats, breaking objects, violating others' individual space, and refusal to speak to certain family members.
Expressions of anger that are perceived by others as demeaning, threatening, or disrespectful.
Disagreement among family members about the threat created by the angry member.
Goals:
Terminate expressions of anger that are demeaning, threatening, disrespectful, or violent.
Get in touch with feelings of emotional pain and express them verbally in appropriate ways rather than through angry outbursts.
Objectives
Interventions
1.
Each family member identifies the destructive effects that his/her uncontrolled anger has had on all family members, including self.
1.
Have each family member describe how his/her respective uncontrolled expression of anger is counterproductive to himself/herself and to other family members; assist them in identifying the negative effects of uncontrolled anger (e.g., fear, withdrawal, guilt, revenge, etc.) on others.
2.
Identify any secondary gain that has been derived through expressing anger in an intimidating style.
1.
Assist family members in identifying what secondary gain (acquiescence to demands, fear‐based service, etc.) is derived from uncontrolled anger.
3.
Family members sign a contract stipulating that they will attempt to manage their anger with the support and guidance of family therapy.
1.
Urge family members to sign a contract agreeing to accept responsibility for containing their own anger and managing it effectively.
4.
Implement assertiveness as a replacement for angry aggression to declare independence.
1.
Clearly define examples of nonassertive, assertive, and aggressive expressions of anger and then have each family member give personal examples of each to demonstrate their understanding of the concept (see
Your Perfect Right
by Alberti and Emmons).
2.
Use role‐playing and modeling to teach assertiveness as an alternative to angry aggressiveness used to declare independence.
5.
Identify the various cues for anger as it escalates.
1.
Teach family members how to identify the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological cues of anger and how to differentiate low, moderate, and high ranges; recommend the book
Angry All the Time
by Potter‐Efron.
6.
Verbalize an understanding of the steps in using time‐out as an anger control technique.
1.
Teach family members the five steps in using time‐out to control anger: (1)
self‐monitoring
for escalating feelings of anger and hurt; (2)
signaling
to another family member that verbal exchange is not a good idea; (3)
acknowledgment
of the need for the other family members to back off; (4)
separation
to cool down and use cognitive self‐talk to regain composure; and (5)
returning
to calm verbal exchange.
7.
Report on the use of time‐out at home to control anger.
1.
Assign family members to implement the time‐out technique at home; review results, reinforcing success and redirecting for failures.
8.
Implement the use of the “turtle” technique of retreat to control anger escalation.
1.
Suggest the use of the “turtle” technique, in which family members imagine themselves individually retreating into their shells until they cool down.
Diagnosis
ICD-9-CM
ICD-10-CM
DSM-5
Disorder, Condition, or Problem
312.34
F63.81
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Chapter 1Activity/Family Imbalance
Behavioral Definitions
Tension develops in the family as a result of one of the family members' excessive time given to outside activities (parent's job or sport, a child's activity, etc.).
Family members question the issue of priorities because of the unusual amount of time that is dedicated to the outside activities.
Conflict and tension arise over the fact that certain duties and responsibilities are being shifted onto other family members unfairly due to the time absorbed by the external activity.
Jealousy and envy brew between family members unfairly due to the time absorbed by the external activity.
Family members compete over time with the often-absent family member, leading to disagreements (e.g., children arguing over time with parent).
A family member's excessive involvement with external activities is due to a mental illness (e.g., bipolar disorder).
Long-Term Goals
Eliminate family tension by encouraging family members to acknowledge the excessive outside activity and willfully give more time to family matters.
Find an acceptable balance between the competing demands of external activities and family responsibilities.
Implement a fair and equal system for assignment of chores and responsibilities among family members.
Family members strive to spend an equal amount of time with each other.
Obtain treatment for mental illness in order to restore balance and proper priorities to the allocation of time.
Successfully resolve family tension by dealing with issues directly rather than avoiding them through outside pursuits.
Short‐Term Objectives
Therapeutic Interventions
1.
Define the external activity that is contributing to family disharmony. (1, 2, 3, 4)
1.
Allow each family member to have his/her say about who is frequently absent from the family and for what activity (e.g., dad and work, sibling and sports); discuss any differences in perception.
2.
Facilitate the ventilation of feelings as experienced by each family member over a particular family member's absence(s).
3.
Have each family member take ownership of his/her feelings and behaviors.
4.
Help the family identify the problem and define the specifics (e.g., mom works too much and does not have enough time for us).
2.
Trace the history of the activity/family imbalance problem and what contributed to its origin. (5, 6, 7)
5.
Trace how the activity/family imbalance problem evolved (e.g., due to financial need, learned behaviors from family of origin)
6.
Utilize assessment techniques to help define the problem and its historical roots (e.g., genograms, Family‐of‐Origin Scale [Hovestadt, Anderson, Piercy, Cochran, and Fine], or Family of Origin Inventory [Stuart]).
7.
Solicit each family member's opinion on why the excessive energy is directed outside of the family.
3.
Each family member lists his/her time allocation priorities in a rank‐ordered fashion. (8, 9)
8.
Have each family member express his/her priorities for how time is spent (family time, work, recreation, friends, Internet, etc.); request that they rank order them according to what each perceives as being most important.
9.
Have family members compare their lists of priorities and discuss how and why they are different; explore how the priorities have come to be so different.
4.
Agree on a list of activity priorities that all members can endorse. (10, 11, 12)
10.
Develop a joint family list of priorities by attempting to facilitate agreement between members on what the ranking of priorities in the family should be.
11.
Explore issues that may be interfering with the cohesive, rank‐ordered list of priorities (e.g., need for attention, avoidance of conflict, or fear of not having enough income).
12.
Assist family members in finding a healthy way (e.g., using assertive rather than aggressive or passive‐aggressive communication and using active listening techniques) to address issues that interfere with the rank‐ordered list of priorities.
5.
Each member identifies the expectations he/she believes the family holds for him/her. (13)
13.
Explore the perceived expectations the family members hold for one another (e.g., dad's belief of what his wife and children expect of him, an oldest child's perception of his family's expectation of him); compare these to actual expectations.
6.
Using “I” statements, express disagreement with each other over the activity/family imbalance issue in a respectful, constructive manner. (14)
14.
Suggest some appropriate, more constructive means of expressing disagreement over the activity issue (e.g., using “I” statements rather than “you” statements, staying calm and respectful in tone); use role‐playing and modeling to demonstrate this skill to the family.
7.
Cooperate with completing an inventory to assess family relationships. (15, 16)
15.
Use an assessment inventory to define the nature of relationships within the family (e.g., the Index of Family Relations [IFR] in the
Walmyr Assessment Scales Scoring Manual
by Hudson).
16.
Discuss with the family the results of the assessment inventory and the implications for family relationships.
8.
List the home‐based duties, chores, and responsibilities that are assigned to each family member. (17, 18)
17.
Open up a forum for the discussion of what home‐based duties and responsibilities have been assigned to individual family members; poll each family member on what he/she believes would be a fair distribution of duties and responsibilities and why.
18.
Bring to the surface any underlying beliefs about how the delegation of chores should be based on income earners versus non‐income earners, adults versus children, males versus females, and so on.
9.
Agree on an assignment of chores that all find equitable. (19)
19.
Assist the family in developing a fair method for assigning chores to various family members (e.g., suggest using a lottery drawing to randomize assignment of chores).
10.
Each family member acknowledges a responsibility to work on behalf of the family unit, not just self‐interest. (20)
20.
Help family members confront those who appear to be attempting to shirk their responsibilities; discuss the need to take responsibility for their own behavior and to work for the good of the family unit, not just themselves.
11.
Acknowledge and resolve feelings of jealousy over time and attention given to various family members. (21, 22)
21.
Explore the issue of jealousy and envy and how this plays into the conflicts between family members over the activity/family imbalance issue.
22.
Focus on specific arguments over time allocation within the family and how these have developed.
12.
Verbalize feelings and beliefs over the lack of quality time family members spend together. (23, 24)
23.
Facilitate family members in ventilating their feelings about the lack of time they have with each other or the unequally great amount of time spent with a specific family member.
24.
Probe whether certain family members may be avoiding each other or avoiding intimacy by remaining overly involved in the external activities.
13.
Each family member lists the pros and cons about being close with one another. (25)
25.
Ask each family member to list the pros and cons of being a part of a close family unit; assess whether the family has a problem with being closely knit.
14.
Participate in activities that build family unity and bonding. (26)
26.
Suggest ways to build family intimacy, such as social or recreational activities, using such strategies as playing the UnGame [Zakich] or an equivalent activity together.
15.
Identify symptoms of a mental illness in the too‐often‐absent family member or in his/her family of origin. (27, 28, 29)
27.
Investigate whether or not there is a history of mental health problems in the family of origin of the frequently absent member.
28.
Determine whether the family member who is spending excessive time outside the home may be struggling with a mental health issue (e.g., obsession, addiction, or a more serious psychiatric problem, such as bipolar disorder).
29.
Suggest a more in‐depth evaluation via referral of the frequently absent member to another mental health professional (e.g., clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, etc.).
16.
Accept referral for psychological treatment of the mentally ill family member. (30, 31, 32)
30.
Discuss the various treatment options for the mentally ill family member (e.g., outpatient, inpatient, etc.).
31.
Assist the family in identifying methods for supporting the mentally ill family member (e.g., intervention, support groups, etc.).
32.
Discuss using a buddy system for family members both within and outside of the family (e.g., local chapter of Families of the Mentally Ill or the American Red Cross) to gain support in coping with mental illness in the family.
17.
Verbalize acceptance of the presence of a mental illness and the need to obtain treatment. (33, 34)
33.
Confront the issue of denial of mental illness on the part of any family member, including the one with the diagnosed illness.
34.
Attempt to uncover any enabling process within the family system that may be reinforcing the denial of mental illness.
Diagnostic Suggestions
ICD-9-CM
ICD-10-CM
DSM-5
Disorder, Condition, or Problem
309.0
F43.21
Adjustment Disorder, With Depressed Mood
300.02
F41.1
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
296.2x
F32.x
Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode
V61.20
Z62.820
Parent-Child Relational Problem
296.xx
F31.xx
Bipolar I Disorder
296.89
F31.81
Bipolar II Disorder
301.81
F60.81
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
301.50
F60.4
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Chapter 2Adolescent/Parent Conflicts
Behavioral Definitions
Parents experience conflicts with adolescent child that begin to interfere with the family's overall functioning.
Parents argue with each other over how to respond to the adolescent's disruptive, nonconforming behaviors.
Family members resent the adolescent-centered conflict, increasing tension in the home.
