138,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
The risk of explosion is inseparable from industrial activity, as we are often reminded by the news. In order to avoid an explosion, it is necessary to understand the phenomena surrounding it, and take the necessary preventive measures to protect society if it comes to the worst-case scenario. This book will detail these phenomena. The Mechanisms of Explosions presents theoretical aspects from a physicochemical point of view and proposes various methods adapted to each type of explosion, including ATEX explosions. The author shares his knowledge of the mechanisms of explosions, acquired during numerous investigations. These 27 case studies - detailing circumstances, mechanisms and the nature and intensity of explosive effects - were selected to cover all of the possible physical or chemical phenomena, substances and mechanisms, without limiting themselves to the most common situations. This book, packed full of information, is designed to benefit those who analyze and investigate explosions, particularly insurance and judicial experts, prevention engineers, security managers and trainers.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 407
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
Ähnliche
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Part 1. General Information and Approach
Chapter 1. The Explosion Phenomenon
1.1. Explosion of an ATEX
1.2. Chemical systems other than ATEX
1.3. Hollow body rupture (or bursting)
1.4. Superheated liquid vaporization
1.5. Comparison of E
lib
with the energy E
eff
required to produce theexplosion effects
Chapter 2. Method of Investigating an Explosion
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Establishment of the explosion mechanism
2.3. Search for answers to the questions of HOW MUCH and WHAT
2.4. Identification of the different types of damage produced by an explosion
2.5. Estimation of the energy required to produce the mechanical effects
2.6. Hypothesis on the type of explosion involved
2.7. Estimation of the quantity of the explosive system involved
2.8. Evaluation of the hypothesis on the type of explosion involved
2.9. Search for answers to the question of HOW?
2.10. Representation of the mechanism of explosion by tree of events
Part 2. 27 Case Studies of Domestic or Industrial Explosions
Introduction to Part 2
P2.1. Domestic explosions
Case 1. Discrimination Between NG and Butane
C1.1. Different arguments tentatively used for discrimination
C1.2. Thermal effects of the flame
C1.3. Mechanical effects of the explosion
C1.4. Relevant arguments used for the elimination of a butane leak
C1.5. Identified mechanism
Case 2. Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and an Explosion
C2.1. Circumstances and effects of the explosion
C2.2. Occurrence of a fire prior to the explosion
Case 3. Determination of the Mechanism of an Accident Involving a Fire and Two Explosions
C3.1. Nature of the flammable gases or liquids involved in the first explosion
C3.2. Determination of the explosion mechanism
Case 4. Determination of the Mechanism of an Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate of NG
Case 5. Determination of the Mechanism of a Propane Explosion from the Leak Flow Rate
Case 6. Determination of the Explosion Mechanism, Based on the Location of the Ignition Source of ATEX
C6.1. Circumstances of the explosion
C6.2. Discrimination between the boiler leak and the cooker oven leak
Lessons learned from the investigation of domestic explosions
Case 7. Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in a Pulp Paper Tank
C7.1. Description of facilities, circumstances and effects of the explosion
C7.2. Objectives of the investigation
C7.3. Determination of the composition of the ATEX
C7.4. Conclusion
Lessons learned from the investigation of the explosion of a hydrogenated ATEX
Case 8. Explosion of a Hydrogenated ATEX in an Electrolyzer Cell
C8.1. Description of facilities and explosion circumstances
C8.2. Effects of the explosion
C8.3. Investigation objectives
Lessons learned from Cases 7 and 8
Case 9. Explosion of an Air–Propane ATEX
C9.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 10. Explosion in a Refinery
C10.1. Case presentation
Lessons from the investigation
Case 11. Explosions in Recovery Facilities for Cupola Gases
C11.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from investigation of explosion in cupola facilities
Case 12. Explosion of Acetone Vapor
C12.1. Case presentation
Lessons from investigation of an explosion of acetone vapor
Case 13. Explosion of Vapor of Toluene
C13.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation of an explosion of toluene vapor
Case 14. Explosion of Vapor of Kerosene
C14.1. Case presentation
Lessons from the investigation of an explosion of kerosene vapor in contact with a hot surface
Case 15. Explosion of Volatile Hydrocarbons
C15.1. Case presentation
Lessons to be learned from the investigation of explosion of volatile hydrocarbons
Case 16. Explosion in a Spray Dryer of Powdered Milk
C16.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the expertise of an explosion in a dryer
Case 17. Explosion in a Wood Waste Grinding Facility
C17.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 18. Explosion of a Chloroduct
C18.1. Case presentation
C18.2. Circumstances of the explosion
C18.3. Effects of explosion
C18.4. Determination of the explosion mechanism
Lessons learned from investigation of the explosion of a chloroduct
Case 19. Combustion of Steel in Oxygen
C19.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from investigation of combustion in oxygen
Case 20. Explosion in an Aluminum Foundry
C20.1. Case presentation
Lessons from investigation of an explosion in an aluminum foundry
Case 21. Explosion in a Laboratory Nitration Test
C21.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from investigation of a burst vessel
Case 22. Explosion in a Chemical Reactor
C22.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 23. Explosion and Fire Resulting from an Oxidation by KMnO
4
C23.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 24. Explosion Involving Hydrazine
C24.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 25. Burst of a Steel Gas Cylinder
C25.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 26. Explosion in a Foundry of Steel Waste
C26.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from the investigation
Case 27. Explosion in the Boiler of a Household Waste Incinerator
C27.1. Case presentation
Lessons learned from investigation
Conclusion
References
Index
Other titles from ISTE in Systems and Industrial Engineering – Robotics
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
Pages
iii
iv
xiii
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii
xix
xx
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
The Mechanisms of Explosions
27 Case Studies for their Understanding
Jacques Chaineaux
First published 2023 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
First published in French as “Les explosions accidentelles : 27 cas pour comprendre les mécanismes d’une explosion” by CNPP Editions © 2019.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
27-37 St George’s Road
111 River Street
London SW19 4EU
Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK
USA
www.iste.co.uk
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2023The rights of Jacques Chaineaux to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022946011
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78630-886-3
Foreword
Lessons learned is the start of preventing accidents with gases and other substances or materials, mixed with or without air, that can explode and cause serious injury, even fatalities and significant damage to assets and the environment. Explosions all produce a “bang” but the mechanisms of how they occur can be very different. Knowledge of the mechanism is essential for the prevention of an explosion. In his book The Mechanisms of Explosions – 27 Case Studies for Their Understanding, Jacques Chaineaux reports the important feedback from the numerous technical investigations and judicial expertise cases that he has carried out in this field during 40 years of his professional life. In each case, he proposes recommendations that would have avoided the accidents discussed in this book.
In Part 1, he introduces the main concepts needed to characterize the explosion phenomenon and proposes a systematic method for conducting investigations and drafting explosion expert reports.
Then, he describes the successive steps to be followed to determine the mechanism of an explosion. First, the author focuses on identifying the damage to people and property caused by its mechanical and thermal effects. The reader is then led to ask themselves three questions: how much, what and how? The answers lead the reader to evaluate the magnitude of the energy released by the explosion, the quantity of the explosive system involved, its nature and finally the conditions that enabled its formation, in coherence with its circumstances.
In Part 2, he describes in detail the mechanism of 27 representative case studies of accidental explosions, selected from industrial as well as domestic ones, to cover a number of physical or chemical phenomena, substances and mechanisms, without limiting them to common situations but also very specific ones. The comprehensive and relevant lessons learned from each case constitute a real reference guide, the use of which can be instructive to envisage and explain other scenarios of potential accidents and to prevent them effectively.
Certainly, this work allows an approach of the expertise in the field of explosion to a broad audience of engineers, security managers, judicial and insurance experts, technical staff of local authorities, trainers as well as students of universities and colleges. It is therefore very commendable that Jacques has taken the effort to consolidate his experiences and knowledge in this book, and I hope that many readers will benefit from it.
Hans PASMANCollege Station, Texas, USA, September 16, 2022
Professor Dr. Ir. Hans J. Pasman is Emeritus Professor of Chemical Risk Management at the Delft University (NL) and currently Research Professor at Process Safety Center at Texas A&M University. After his PhD, he joined the Dutch organization TNO to perform research in reactive materials, explosions, investigations of industrial accidents and risk analysis. Then he was the former Chairman of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE) Working Party on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries and co-founder of the European Process Safety Center.
Acknowledgments
In the introduction to this book, I indicate that my motivation for writing this book was the desire to pass on the experience I have gained in analyzing explosions. This desire is nothing new, but it has grown over the years. The first people who have benefited from this experience were my young colleagues, whom I accompanied at the end of my professional career: when a new investigation arrived, it was them whom I asked to lead it with me, and the first step was often to discover the site of the explosion together.
While writing, I often thought of them and I want to thank them here because they often told me that they appreciated my willingness to share my experience with them, which encouraged me to synthesize it into a book.
In 2020, I published a French version of this book entitled Les explosions accidentelles – 27 cas pour comprendre les mécanismes d’une explosion and I greatly appreciated my collaboration with the CNPP editorial board (www.cnpp.com). I especially want to thank them because I could not have published this English version if they had not given me back their rights.
Finally, my warmest thanks go to Hans Pasman, who agreed to write the Foreword to this book.
Jacques Chaineaux
Introduction
An explosion is characterized by the release of a large amount of energy, in an extremely short amount of time. The occurrence of this very brief phenomenon involves a process (a mechanism), the beginning and the end of which can be defined. As a result of the release of this energy, two types of effects are produced, mechanical ones, by gas expansion (air pressure wave and debris projection), and possibly thermal ones.
It is essential to determine the phenomenon or the sequence of phenomena involved in an explosion, with a triple objective:
– to identify all the elements of the cause of the explosion and to establish its mechanism, based on its circumstances and the effects it has produced;
– to define appropriate measures to prevent the occurrence of a new explosion and also to protect against the effects of those that would occur, despite the measures taken to prevent them;
– to generalize these measures by eventually translating them into regulatory constraints, recommendations or good practices.
I call “investigation of accidental explosions” the work required to achieve the first objective; the results obtained thus increase knowledge of the situations that may lead to the occurrence of explosions, as well as of the various possible mechanisms. Achieving the second objective is a logical follow-up to the first one and this work is one part of the more comprehensive activity of feedback (REX) of accidents. Finally, the mechanism of certain explosions has a generality character, which must be taken into account in order to achieve the third objective.
I practiced the activity of “investigation of accidental explosions” for almost 40 years, first at CERCHAR (Centre d’études et recherches de Charbonnages de France) and then at INERIS (Institut national de l’environnement industriel et des risques), and this led me to work on a few hundred cases. In this book, I report on this investigation activity by detailing 27 case studies, chosen to describe the broadest spectrum of possible mechanisms.
I propose a classification of these mechanisms, according to the different physical phenomena involved, the different substances involved in each phenomenon and the initial conditions of each explosion (circumstances, confined or unconfined explosion, observed effects, etc.). Each case was chosen by the concern to treat at least one explosion within each class of mechanism and by emphasizing the generality of each case as well as its particularities.
It should be noted that there are many accidental explosions in which some elements of the cause are the result of human error, and the prevention of human errors is of course an important part of explosion prevention. In some of the cases presented, human errors are identified as real elements of cause, but are not considered in detail.
The risk of explosion is present in any industrial activity, since experience shows that accidental explosions occur in a wide range of industrial types, during the operation of different types of installations and as a result of the implementation of various hazardous substances in different processes which may give rise to an explosion under certain conditions. In the domestic environment, explosions are almost exclusively due to gas.
The term “accidental explosions” reflects the fact that there are also situations in which “voluntary” explosions are produced under conditions that are both sought-after and controlled (use of explosives, so-called “thermal” engines, fireworks, etc.).
In addition to causing human damage by killing or injuring people who are subject to their effects more or less severely, explosions also cause damage of a mechanical or thermal nature, the severity of which varies depending on the nature and quantity of the substances used. An explosion at an industrial facility can cause such serious economic damage (loss of operations, repair/reconstruction costs) that it can even jeopardize the survival of the plant, or even the activity at the industrial site (this was the case for the explosion of the AZF site in Toulouse in 2001). In the domestic environment, a traditional construction is weak since it is not able to sustain the level of overpressure that an explosion develops and it is common for the destruction to be significant and the persons present in the destroyed premises to be fatally or seriously injured.
On the whole, the objective of this book is to pass on my experience and to help anybody who is called upon to practice this activity of investigation. This book is divided into two parts:
– Part 1 provides general information about the explosion phenomenon, including simple theoretical aspects, necessary for understanding the classification of the different mechanisms identified (see Chapter 1), before moving on to present the general approach that I propose: to carry out the investigation of an accidental explosion (see Chapter 2).
– Part 2 then presents each of the 27 case studies.
