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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Learn the principles and practice of veterinary nursing for exotic pets and wildlife
The third edition of Veterinary Nursing of Exotic Pets and Wildlife is a revised and expanded update of the essential text for veterinary nurses caring for exotic pets and wildlife species.
Organised into logical sections, the text covers the anatomy and physiology, housing, husbandry, handling, nutrition, diseases, therapeutics, diagnostic imaging, and critical care medicine of a wide variety of exotic species, as well as a an entirely new section on wildlife treatment and rehabilitation.
From small mammals like rabbits and mice to avian species, reptiles, amphibians, and Eurasian wildlife species, the author includes everything you need to succeed as a veterinary nurse studying for the RCVS nursing syllabus, as well as postgraduate and advanced programs in Veterinary Nursing of Zoo, Exotics, and Wildlife species.
Readers will find:
- Information on common exotic pet species, such as rabbits, rodents, African pygmy hedgehogs, lizards, snakes, tortoises and cage birds
- An entirely new section on wildlife species, including chemical restraints, therapeutics, and rehabilitation
- A focus on evidence-based care practice and the latest guidance for veterinary nursing
- Appendices, including nursing care plans for exotic pets and wildlife with filled out example cases
Veterinary Nursing of Exotic Pets and Wildlife is essential reading for both students and practitioners, and the new edition remains the gold standard in the field of veterinary nursing.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 2016
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Foreword
Abbreviations
Part I: Small Mammals
Chapter 1: Basic Small Mammal Anatomyand Physiology
Classification of small mammals
RABBIT
Biological average values for the domestic rabbit
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory anatomy
Respiratory physiology
Digestive system
Urinary anatomy
Renal physiology
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Eyes
Haematology
RAT AND MOUSE
Biological average values for the rat and mouse
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Heart
Lymphatic system
Reproductive anatomy
Male
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Eyes
Haematology
GERBIL AND HAMSTER
Biological average values for the gerbil and hamster
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Eyes
Haematology
GUINEA PIG, CHINCHILLA AND DEGU
Biological average values for the guinea pig, chinchilla and degu
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Eyes
Haematology
CHIPMUNKS AND PRAIRIE DOGS
Biological average values for the chipmunk and prairie dog
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
AFRICAN PYGMY HEDGEHOG
Biological average values for African pygmy hedgehogs
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Haematology
PET MARSUPIALS
Biological average values for some pet marsupials
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Endocrine system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Haematology
FERRET
Biological average values for the domestic ferret
Musculoskeletal system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels including those for sampling
Lymphatic system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Neonatology
Sexing
Skin
Haematology
References
Chapter 2: Small Mammal Housing, Husbandry and Rearing
DOMESTIC RABBIT
Breeds
Cage requirements
House rabbit
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
RAT AND MOUSE
Varieties
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
GERBIL AND HAMSTER
Varieties
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
GUINEA PIG, CHINCHILLA AND DEGU
Breeds
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
CHIPMUNK AND PRAIRIE DOG
Breeds
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
AFRICAN PYGMY HEDGEHOG
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
MARSUPIALS
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Fostering
FERRET
Cage requirements
Social grouping
Behaviour
Management
Fostering
References
Chapter 3: Small Mammal Handling and Chemical Restraint
Handling techniques
Aspects of chemical restraint
Induction of anaesthesia
Maintenance of anaesthesia
Supportive therapy during and after anaesthesia
Monitoring anaesthesia
Recovery and analgesia
References
Chapter 4: Small Mammal Nutrition
Classification
General nutritional requirements
Requirements for young and lactating small mammals
Requirements for debilitated small mammals
References
Chapter 5: Common Diseases of Small Mammals
DISEASES OF THE DOMESTIC RABBIT
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ophthalmic disease
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ocular disease
DISEASES OF THE GERBIL
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
DISEASES OF THE HAMSTER
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Endocrine disease
Reproductive tract disease
Ocular disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
DISEASES OF THE GUINEA PIG
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Endocrine disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ocular disease
DISEASES OF THE CHINCHILLA
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ocular disease
DISEASES OF THE DEGU
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Cardiovascular disease
Endocrine disease
Neurological and ocular disease
DISEASES OF THE CHIPMUNK
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
DISEASES OF THE PRAIRIE DOG
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
DISEASES OF SUGAR GLIDERS AND VIRGINIA OPOSSUMS
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ocular disease
DISEASES OF THE AFRICAN PYGMY HEDGEHOG
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Endocrine disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ocular disease
DISEASES OF THE FERRET
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Endocrine disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Ocular disease
References
Chapter 6: An Overview of Small Mammal Therapeutics
FLUID THERAPY
Maintenance requirements
The effect of disease on fluid requirements
Post‐surgical fluid requirements
Electrolyte balance
Fluid types used in small mammal practice
Calculation of fluid requirements
Equipment for fluid administration
Routes of fluid administration
Drug toxicities in small mammals
TREATMENTS FOR DISEASES IN SMALL MAMMALS
Lagomorph disease therapies
Muridae disease therapies
Cricetidae disease therapies
Hystricomorph disease therapies
Sciuromorph disease therapies
Marsupial disease therapies
African pygmy hedgehog disease therapies
Mustelid disease therapies
References
Chapter 7: Small Mammal Diagnostic Imaging
RADIOGRAPHY
Chemical restraint
Positioning
Interpretation of rabbit radiographs
Interpretation of rodent, hedgehog and marsupial radiographs
Interpretation of ferret radiographs
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Physical/chemical restraint and positioning
Equipment for small mammals
Rabbit ultrasound interpretation
Ferret ultrasound interpretation
Other small mammal ultrasound interpretation
MRI AND CT SCANNING OF SMALL MAMMALS
References
Chapter 8: Small Mammal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
RABBIT EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
Introduction
Emergency airway access and ventilation (A and B)
Cardiovascular support (C) and drugs (D)
Other supportive measures
Diagnostic procedures
Fluid therapy (F)
Other medications and supportive nutrition
EMERGENCY CARE OF OTHER SMALL MAMMALS
Emergency airway access and ventilation (A and B)
Cardiovascular support (C)
Drugs (D)
Diagnostic procedures
Fluid therapy (F)
Other medications and supportive nutrition
General notes on fluid therapy and blood transfusions
Fluid types suitable for use
Blood transfusions
References
Part II: Avian Species
Chapter 9: Basic Avian Anatomy and Physiology
Classification
Nervous system
Musculoskeletal system
Special senses
Respiratory anatomy
Respiratory physiology
Digestive system
Urinary anatomy
Renal physiology and nephron structure
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Endocrine system
Reproductive anatomy
Reproductive physiology
Incubation
Sex determination and identification
Skin and feathers
Moulting
Haematology: an overview
Biochemistry: an overview
References
Chapter 10: Avian Housing and Husbandry
Cage requirements for Psittaciformes and Passeriformes
Outdoor enclosures: aviary flights
Raptors
Columbiformes
Anseriformes
Quarantine
Hospitalised birds
References
Chapter 11: Avian Handling and Chemical Restraint
Handling the avian patient
Aspects of chemical restraint
References
Chapter 12: Avian Nutrition
Classification of birds according to diet
General nutritional requirements
Fats and essential fatty acids
Specific nutritional requirements
Special nutritional requirements for debilitated birds
Correcting dietary deficiencies
Dietary requirements peculiar to specific families
References
Chapter 13: Common Avian Diseases
Skin and feather disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Haematological disease
Urinary tract
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
References
Chapter 14: An Overview of Avian Therapeutics
FLUID THERAPY
Maintenance requirements
The effect of disease on fluid requirements
Post‐surgical fluid requirements
Electrolyte replacement
Fluids used in avian practice
Calculation of fluid requirements
Equipment for fluid administration
Routes of fluid administration
TREATMENT OF AVIAN DISEASES
Avian dermatological disease therapy
Avian digestive tract disease therapy
Avian respiratory tract disease therapy
Avian reproductive tract disease therapy
Avian urinary tract disease therapy
Avian musculoskeletal system disease therapy
Avian neurological system disease therapy
Miscellaneous conditions
References
Chapter 15: Avian Diagnostic Imaging
Physical restraint
Chemical restraint
Avian patient radiography
References
Chapter 16: Avian Emergency and CriticalCare Medicine
Initial clinical assessment of the avian patient
Detailed examination of the avian patient
Triage
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in birds
Monitoring and treatment of hypotension and hypovolaemia (shock)
Nebulisation
Supportive therapy
References
Part III: Reptiles and Amphibians
Chapter 17: Basic Reptile and Amphibian Anatomy and Physiology
Classification
SNAKES
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive system
Skin
LIZARDS
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Respiratory system (see Figure 17.8)
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive system
Skin
CHELONIA (TORTOISES, TURTLES AND TERRAPINS)
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Respiratory system (see Figure 17.16)
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive system
Skin
CROCODYLIA (CROCODILES, ALLIGATORS, CAIMANS AND GHARIALS)
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive system
Skin
OVERVIEW OF REPTILIAN AND AMPHIBIAN HAEMATOLOGY
AMPHIBIANS
Classification
Musculoskeletal system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Reproductive system
Skin
References
Chapter 18: Reptile and Amphibian Housing, Husbandry and Rearing
Vivarium requirements
Solitary housed versus group housed reptiles and amphibians
Quarantine
Hospitalised reptiles
References
Chapter 19: Reptile and Amphibian Handling and Chemical Restraint
Handling the reptilian patient
Techniques and equipment involved in restraining reptile patients
Principles of chemical restraint
Induction of anaesthesia
Maintenance of anaesthesia
Aspects of gaseous anaesthesia maintenance for reptiles
Additional supportive therapy
Monitoring anaesthesia
Recovery
Analgesia for reptiles
Overview of amphibian anaesthesia and analgesia
References
Chapter 20: Reptile and Amphibian Nutrition
Classification
General nutritional requirements
Specific nutritional problems in reptiles
A general guide to feeding reptiles
References
Chapter 21: Common Reptile and Amphibian Diseases
Skin disease
Digestive disease
Respiratory disease
Cardiovascular disease
Urinary tract disease
Reproductive tract disease
Musculoskeletal disease
Neurological disease
Diseases of amphibians
References
Chapter 22: An Overview of Reptile and Amphibian Therapeutics
FLUID THERAPY
Maintenance requirements
The effect of disease on fluid requirements
Anaesthesia fluid requirements
Electrolyte replacement
Fluids used in reptilian practice
Calculation of fluid requirements
Equipment for fluid administration
Routes of fluid administration in reptiles
Routes of fluid administration in amphibians
TREATMENT OF REPTILIAN DISEASES
Metabolic scaling of drug dosages
Reptile dermatological disease therapy
Reptile digestive tract disease therapy
Reptile respiratory and cardiovascular disease therapy
Reptile urinary tract disease therapy
Reptile reproductive tract disease therapy
Reptile musculoskeletal system disease therapy
Reptile neurological system disease therapy
Treatment of amphibian diseases
References
Chapter 23: Reptile and Amphibian Diagnostic Imaging
RADIOGRAPHY
Physical restraint
Chemical restraint
Positioning
Positive contrast techniques
Normal and abnormal radiographic findings
AMPHIBIANS
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Physical restraint
Equipment
Normal and abnormal ultrasound findings
MRI AND CT SCANNING
RIGID ENDOSCOPY
References
Chapter 24: Reptile and Amphibian Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
Initial assessment of the collapsed reptile
Detailed examination of the collapsed reptile
Triage
Emergency ABC protocol
Monitoring and vital sign assessment
Monitoring and treatment of acute hypovolaemia
Supportive therapy
References
Part IV: Wildlife
Chapter 25: Common Mammalian Wildlife Species Biology, Anatomy and Physiology
Classification
ARTIODACTYLS
Cervidae (deer)
CARNIVORA
Canidae: red fox (
Vulpes vulpes
)
Mustelidae: Badgers
Mustelidae:
Martes
and
Mustela
species
Mustelidae: Otters
PINNIPEDIA
Phocidae (true seals)
CHIROPTERA
Microchiroptera
EULIPOTYPHLA
European hedgehog
LAGOMORPHA
Hares and wild rabbits
RODENTIA
Castorimorpha: Eurasian beaver (
Castor fiber
)
Sciuromorpha: squirrels
References
Chapter 26: Wildlife Species Temporary Captive Husbandry and Nutrition
TEMPORARY HOUSING OF SELECTED WILDLIFE SPECIES
Deer housing during treatment
Red fox housing during treatment
Badger housing during treatment
Small mustelid housing during treatment
Otter housing during treatment
Seal housing during treatment
Bat housing during treatment
Hedgehog housing during treatment
Lagomorph housing during treatment
Squirrel housing during treatment
Other rodent housing during treatment
Wild bird housing during treatment
NUTRITION
Classification
General nutritional requirements
Maintenance energy requirements
Proteins
Fats and essential fatty acids
Carbohydrates
Vitamins
Minerals
Requirements for young and lactating wildlife
Requirements for debilitated wildlife
Critical care preparations useful in wildlife rehabilitation
References
Chapter 27: Wildlife Handling and Chemical Restraint
HANDLING OF THE WILDLIFE PATIENT
Do we need to restrain the wildlife patient?
Techniques and equipment involved in restraining wildlife patients
Pre‐anaesthetic preparation
Pre‐anaesthetic/anaesthetic medications
Aspects of gaseous anaesthetic maintenance
Additional supportive therapy
Monitoring of anaesthesia
Recovery and analgesia
References
Chapter 28: Common Wildlife Disease
ARTIODACTYLS: CERVIDS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
Other diseases
CANIDAE: FOXES
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Other conditions
FELIDAE: WILDCATS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
MUSTELIDAE: BADGERS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
Other conditions
MUSTELIDAE: MARTENS AND
MUSTELA
SPECIES
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
MUSTELIDAE: OTTERS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Other diseases
Poisoning
PHOCIDAE: SEALS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
CHIROPTERA: BATS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
Other conditions
EULIPOTYPHLA: HEDGEHOGS
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Poisoning
Other diseases
LAGOMORPHA: RABBITS AND HARES
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
RODENTIA: BEAVERS, MICE, RATS, SQUIRRELS AND VOLES
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Bacterial diseases
Fungal diseases
Viral diseases
Trauma
Other diseases
WILD BIRDS
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Other conditions
References
Chapter 29: An Overview of Wildlife Therapeutics
FLUID THERAPY
Maintenance requirements
Disease influence on fluid requirements
Post‐surgical needs
Electrolyte replacements
Fluid types used in wildlife practice
Equipment needed for administration of fluids to wildlife patients
Routes of fluid administration available in the wildlife patient
TREATMENT OF WILDLIFE DISEASES
Artiodactyls: bovids and cervids
Canids and felids
Mustelids
Phocids: common and grey seals
Chiroptera: bats
Eulipotyphla: hedgehogs
Lagomorphs: rabbits and hares
Rodents: mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, etc.
Wild birds
Reptiles and amphibians
References
Chapter 30: Wildlife Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
Assessment of the wildlife patient
Emergency ABC protocol
Monitoring of cardiopulmonary resuscitation responses
Monitoring and treatment of acute hypovolaemia
Supportive therapy
Nursing of wounds, assisted feeding techniques and foods
Euthanasia
References
Chapter 31: Wildlife Rehabilitation and Release Considerations
Welfare and ethics of animal releases
Release considerations
Organisations providing guidance and best practice for wildlife reintroductions
References
Appendix 1: Utilising Nursing Care Plans in the Care of Exotic Pets and Wildlife
Assessment
Plan
Implementation
Assessment
Re‐evaluation
Example case: rabbit presenting with fly strike
References
Appendix 2: Legislation Affecting Exotic Pets and Wildlife in the UK
UK animal welfare acts
UK wildlife specific legislation
Non‐native species
UK veterinary health relevant legislation
Health and safety
Convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES)
Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976
Appendix 3: Useful Resources
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Classification of commonly seen small mammals.
Table 1.2 Biological parameters for the domestic rabbit.
Table 1.3 Biological parameters for the rat and mouse.
Table 1.4 Biological parameters for the gerbil and hamster.
Table 1.5 Biological parameters for the guinea pig, chinchilla and degu.
Table 1.6 Biological parameters for the chipmunk and black‐tailed prairie d...
Table 1.7 Biological parameters for African pygmy hedgehogs.
Table 1.8 Biological parameters for the sugar glider and Virginia opossum....
Table 1.9 Biological parameters for the domestic ferret.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Advantages and disadvantages of injectable anaesthetics.
Table 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of gaseous anaesthetics.
Table 3.3 Normal body temperatures for selected small mammals.
Table 3.4 Normal blood parameters for anaesthetised selected small mammals....
Table 3.5 Analgesics used in small mammals.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Urinalysis results for healthy domestic rabbits.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Maintenance fluid values for selected small mammals.
Table 6.2 Comparison of normal PCV and total proteins for selected small ma...
Table 6.3 The advantages and disadvantages of various fluid therapy routes ...
Table 6.4 Treatment of selected skin diseases in lagomorphs.
Table 6.5 Treatment of selected digestive system diseases in lagomorphs.
Table 6.6 Treatment of selected respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in ...
Table 6.7 Treatment of selected urogenital tract diseases in lagomorphs.
Table 6.8 Treatment of selected musculoskeletal, nervous system and ocular ...
Table 6.9 Treatment of skin diseases in Muridae.
Table 6.10 Treatment of selected digestive, respiratory and cardiovascular s...
Table 6.11 Treatment of selected urogenital tract, musculoskeletal, neurolo...
Table 6.12 Treatment of skin diseases in gerbils.
Table 6.13 Treatment of selected digestive, respiratory and urogenital syst...
Table 6.14 Treatment of selected skin and digestive system diseases in hams...
Table 6.15 Treatment of selected cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive an...
Table 6.16 Treatment of selected skin diseases in guinea pigs.
Table 6.17 Treatment of selected digestive, respiratory and urinary system d...
Table 6.18 Treatment of selected reproductive, ocular and musculoskeletal di...
Table 6.19 Treatment of selected skin and digestive system diseases in chinc...
Table 6.20 Treatment of selected cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous a...
Table 6.21 Treatment of selected skin, digestive, respiratory and cardiovas...
Table 6.22 Treatment of selected urogenital, musculoskeletal and nervous sy...
Table 6.23 Treatment of selected skin, digestive and respiratory system dis...
Table 6.24 Treatment of selected cardiovascular, urogenital, musculoskeleta...
Table 6.25 Treatment of selected skin diseases in African pygmy hedgehogs....
Table 6.26 Treatment of selected digestive system diseases in African pygmy ...
Table 6.27 Treatment of selected respiratory, cardiovascular and urinary sys...
Table 6.28 Treatment of selected reproductive diseases in African pygmy hed...
Table 6.29 Treatment of selected skin diseases in mustelids.
Table 6.30 Treatment of selected digestive system diseases in mustelids.
Table 6.31 Treatment of selected respiratory, cardiovascular and urinary sys...
Table 6.32 Treatment of selected endocrine, reproductive and ocular disease...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Emergency drugs used in rabbits.
Table 8.2 Normal ECG values (lead II) for healthy rabbits.
Table 8.3 Gut motility‐enhancing drugs for rabbits.
Table 8.4 Emergency drugs used in small mammals.
Table 8.5 Normal ECG values in guinea pigs.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Avian family groups commonly encountered in veterinary practice (...
Table 9.2 Typical incubation lengths for selected avian species.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Normal packed cell volume (PCV) and total blood protein for sele...
Table 14.2 Advantages and disadvantages of various avian fluid therapy rout...
Table 14.3 Treatment of avian skin diseases.
Table 14.4 Treatment of avian diseases of the digestive system.
Table 14.5 Treatment of avian respiratory system disease.
Table 14.6 Treatment of reproductive system diseases.
Table 14.7 Treatment of avian urinary tract disease.
Table 14.8 Treatment of avian musculoskeletal system diseases.
Table 14.9 Treatment of avian nervous system diseases.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Biological parameters for selected bird species.
Table 16.2 Commonly used emergency and recovery medications for birds.
Table 16.3 Average plasma biochemistry values for cage birds.
Table 16.4 Maximum volumes that may be safely administered via crop tube.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Basic classification of reptiles.
Table 17.2 Typical incubation times and temperatures for some commonly kept...
Table 17.3 Typical incubation times and temperatures for some commonly kept...
Table 17.4 Typical incubation times and temperatures for some commonly kept...
Table 17.5 Basic classification of amphibians.
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Some minimum vivarium sizes suggested for reptiles.
Table 18.2 Preferred optimum temperature zones and relative humidity for se...
Table 18.3 ‘Ferguson’ zones describing four groups of reptiles according to...
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Advantages and disadvantages of injectable anaesthetics.
Table 19.2 Advantages and disadvantages of gaseous anaesthetic.
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Species‐specific SMR equations and the temperatures they were me...
Table 20.2 Feeding frequencies and food types for various reptile species....
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Signs of respiratory disease in reptiles.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Examples of normal packed cell volumes (PCV) and total blood pro...
Table 22.2 Advantages and disadvantages of various fluid therapies for rept...
Table 22.3 Treatment of skin diseases.
Table 22.4 Treatment of digestive system diseases.
Table 22.5 Treatment of respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases.
Table 22.6 Treatment for urinary tract diseases.
Table 22.7 Treatment for reproductive system diseases.
Table 22.8 Treatment of musculoskeletal diseases.
Table 22.9 Treatment of nervous system diseases.
Table 22.10 Treatment of diseases of amphibia.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Commonly used emergency and recovery medications for reptiles.
Table 24.2 Broad range plasma biochemistry values for reptiles.
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 Biological characteristics of some typical mustelids.
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin A.
Table 26.2 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin E.
Table 26.3 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
1
.
Table 26.4 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
2
.
Table 26.5 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
3
.
Table 26.6 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
5
.
Table 26.7 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
6
.
Table 26.8 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
7
.
Table 26.9 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
9
.
Table 26.10 Recommended minimum dietary levels of vitamin B
12
.
Table 26.11 Recommended minimum dietary levels of choline.
Chapter 28
Table 28.1 Tapeworms of foxes.
Chapter 29
Table 29.1 Suggested maintenance fluid requirements for wild animals.
Table 29.2 Treatment of selected cervid parasitic diseases.
Table 29.3 Treatment of selected cervid bacterial diseases.
Table 29.4 Treatment of selected red fox and wildcat parasitic diseases.
Table 29.5 Treatment of selected red fox and wildcat bacterial and fungal d...
Table 29.6 Treatment of selected mustelid parasitic diseases.
Table 29.7 Treatment of selected mustelid bacterial and fungal diseases.
Table 29.8 Treatment of selected phocid parasitic diseases.
Table 29.9 Treatment of selected phocid bacterial diseases.
Table 29.10 Treatment of selected bat diseases.
Table 29.11 Treatment of selected hedgehog parasitic diseases.
Table 29.12 Treatment of selected hedgehog bacterial and fungal diseases.
Chapter 30
Table 30.1 Some typical rectal/cloacal temperatures of wildlife.
Table 30.2 Some commonly used emergency drugs in wildlife mammal patients....
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Lateral post‐mortem view of a rabbit with the chest wall removed....
Figure 1.2 Lateral diagram of a normal rabbit skull showing the presence of ...
Figure 1.3 Lateral post‐mortem view of a rabbit skull with the skin removed ...
Figure 1.4 Cephalic vein access in a rabbit using a pre‐heparinised butterfl...
Figure 1.5 Intraoperative view of the uterus and ovaries of a domestic rabbi...
Figure 1.6 Lateral diagram of the skull of a normal chinchilla showing the r...
Figure 1.7 External genitalia of a female chinchilla. Note the prominent uri...
Figure 1.8 External genitalia of a male chinchilla. Note the prepuce towards...
Figure 1.9 The male ferret (hob) has a prepuce located on the ventral abdome...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Traditional wooden rabbit hutch. Care should be taken to ensure t...
Figure 2.2 While an extensive open housing system outside is often positive ...
Figure 2.3 Deep substrate using shavings or paper is important for gerbils t...
Figure 2.4 Prairie dogs are ground‐dwelling species and form considerable co...
Figure 2.5 A typical temporary outside ferret run and housing for the summer...
Figure 2.6 A typical working ferret hacking box to carry the ferret to and f...
Figure 2.7 Environmental enrichment including puzzle feeders, deep substrate...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Method of restraining a tame rabbit for examination.
Figure 3.2 Method of transporting a rabbit from one place to another.
Figure 3.3 Method of restraining a hand tame rat. Note support of hindquarte...
Figure 3.4 Method for restraining a hamster. Note the large amount of loose ...
Figure 3.5 Insertion of a laryngoscope and ET tube in an already anaesthetis...
Figure 3.6 For sufficient sized ET tubes, an endoscope may be inserted throu...
Figure 3.7 v‐gel Advanced Rabbit airway device.
Figure 3.8 Diagram of the v‐gel Advanced Rabbit airway device inserted...
Figure 3.9 A guide wire is a flexible wire that is inserted through the ET t...
Figure 3.10 Spraying the larynx, which is easily visualised, is advised prio...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Cheek teeth in rabbits are elodont or ‘open‐rooted’ and continual...
Figure 4.2 Intraoral view of a chinchilla showing bilateral maxillary cheek ...
Figure 4.3 Intraoral view of a guinea pig showing maxillary cheek tooth elon...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Microscope image of
Cheyletiella parasitivorax
.
Figure 5.2
Psoroptes cuniculi
infection in a rabbit. Note the extensive tan‐...
Figure 5.3 The rabbit flea
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
tends to stay along the ear...
Figure 5.4 Myxoma lesions on the nose of a rabbit with partial immunity to m...
Figure 5.5 Myxomatosis in an unvaccinated rabbit. Note the swelling around t...
Figure 5.6 Tan‐coloured crusting lesions around the nose, mouth and anogenit...
Figure 5.7 T‐cell lymphoma is a common skin neoplasm causing raised plaques ...
Figure 5.8 Adenocarcinomas are sometimes reported in rabbits and may be of p...
Figure 5.9 Ocular disease may be associated with rabbit snuffles but often s...
Figure 5.10 Lateral radiograph of a rabbit with a suspected small intestinal...
Figure 5.11 Adenocarcinomas in the uterus of a 5‐year‐old domestic rabbit.
Figure 5.12 Crusting lesions of the body with pruritus can be seen in a numb...
Figure 5.13 Chromodacryorrhea due to a coronavirus in a domestic rat.
Figure 5.14 Severe bronchopneumonia is common in domestic rats in particular...
Figure 5.15
Demodex
spp. mites from a skin scraping in a domestic Syrian ham...
Figure 5.16 Intraoperative view of cystic ovaries and uterus from a guinea p...
Figure 5.17 Epiphora is commonly associated with cheek tooth dental disease ...
Figure 5.18
Ornithonyssus
spp. mites appear as small red dots due to their b...
Figure 5.19
Ornithonyssus
spp. mite under the microscope.
Figure 5.20 Microscopic image of an
Otodectes cynotis
ear mite from a ferret...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Subcutaneous fluids being administered in the scruff region in a ...
Figure 6.2 Intraperitoneal fluids administered to a rabbit showing positioni...
Figure 6.3 Catheterisation of the lateral ear vein in a rabbit using a butte...
Figure 6.4 Catheterisation of the saphenous vein in a rabbit using a butterf...
Figure 6.5 Intraosseous catheter placement in a guinea pig using the proxima...
Figure 6.6 Mammary neoplasia in rats is often benign but nonetheless rapidly...
Figure 6.7 Cystic ovaries in a guinea pig being drained intraoperatively to ...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Lateral view of a normal rabbit (Fraser and Girling, 2009).
Figure 7.2 Dorsoventral view of a normal rabbit (Fraser and Girling, 2009)....
Figure 7.3 Lateral view of a rabbit with a precardiac shadow due to a thymic...
Figure 7.4 Large intestine and caecal gas associated with clostridiosis in a...
Figure 7.5 Lateral abdomen of a rabbit showing radiodense calculi in left ki...
Figure 7.6 Dorsoventral view of the rabbit in Figure 7.5 showing multiple ra...
Figure 7.7 Lateral view of a normal rabbit's head.
Figure 7.8 Dorsoventral view of a normal rabbit's head.
Figure 7.9 Skyline (rostrocaudal) view of a normal rabbit's head.
Figure 7.10 Lateral oblique head of a rabbit showing both cheek tooth and in...
Figure 7.11 Lateral view of a rabbit skull with a mandibular dental abscess....
Figure 7.12 Lateral view of a normal healthy adult male rat. Note the small ...
Figure 7.13 Dorsoventral view of a normal healthy adult male rat.
Figure 7.14 Lateral view of an adult (overweight) rat. Note the radiodense m...
Figure 7.15 Lateral radiograph of a female guinea pig with gas in the stomac...
Figure 7.16 Dorsoventral view of the female guinea pig in Figure 7.15 showin...
Figure 7.17 Lateral view of a normal chinchilla's skull. Note the radiolucen...
Figure 7.18 Lateral view of an abnormal chinchilla's skull. Note the elongat...
Figure 7.19 Lateral oblique view of an abnormal guinea pig's skull. Note the...
Figure 7.20 Lateral whole‐body radiograph of a healthy degu. Note the capaci...
Figure 7.21 Lateral view of the thorax of a normal ferret. Note the apparent...
Figure 7.22 Lateral view of the thorax of a ferret with cardiomegaly.
Figure 7.23 Lateral radiograph of a ferret with a pleural effusion prior to ...
Figure 7.24 Lateral radiograph of the ferret in Figure 7.23 after the pleura...
Figure 7.25 Dorsoventral view of the abdomen of a ferret. Note the gas in th...
Figure 7.26 A normal rabbit kidney in longitudinal section.
Figure 7.27 Uterine adenocarcinomas in the uterus of a rabbit.
Figure 7.28 Right adrenal gland of a ferret with an adenocarcinoma starting ...
Figure 7.29 Ultrasound image of the liver, stomach and hypoechoic gall bladd...
Figure 7.30 Longitudinal CT scan of a gerbil head with a pseudo‐odontoma of ...
Figure 7.31 Post‐intravenous contrast CT image of the liver in a rabbit pres...
Figure 7.32 Longitudinal CT scan of a chinchilla. The head is to the left an...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Ventral neck of a rabbit with the skin and muscles cut down on to...
Figure 8.2 Endotracheal tube inserted through the incision created in Figure...
Figure 8.3 Circumferential chest compression is more effective than one‐side...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 The head of a male eclectus parrot showing the yellow‐coloured rh...
Figure 9.2 Lateral view of the beak of a wild duck at post‐mortem showing th...
Figure 9.3 Avian (psittacine) skeleton.
Figure 9.4 Ventral aspect of a cockatoo's wing showing the elastic sheet of ...
Figure 9.5 External ear canal of an owl. The ears are asymmetrically located...
Figure 9.6 Avian air‐sac system in a duck: (i) nasal passages; (ii) infraorb...
Figure 9.7 Generalised view of the internal organs of a female bird.
Figure 9.8 View of the opened gizzard (ventriculus) in a granivorous species...
Figure 9.9 Post‐mortem view of the prominent paired, in this case grey‐green...
Figure 9.10 Post‐mortem ventral view of a typical bird with the keel bone an...
Figure 9.11 Post‐mortem ventral view of the kidneys in a parrot. Note the tr...
Figure 9.12 Cross‐sectional view of the avian heart and dorsal view of the c...
Figure 9.13 Post‐mortem ventral view of a female bird showing the single (le...
Figure 9.14 Avian female reproductive tract.
Figure 9.15 Recently hatched domestic turkeys showing the ‘egg tooth’, a yel...
Figure 9.16 Empty eggshell from a successfully hatched chick showing the nea...
Figure 9.17 Post‐mortem view of the ventral carpal and metacarpal area of a ...
Figure 9.18 Uropygial (preen) gland at the dorsal base of the tail in a dome...
Figure 9.19 Avian plumage: differing types of feathers.
Figure 9.20 Dorsal aspect of a parrot's wing showing the primary, secondary ...
Figure 9.21 Dorsal aspect of the wing of a young chicken showing recently em...
Figure 9.22 Pin or blood feathers newly emerged through the skin are covered...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Eagle with anklets and flight jesses attached. Note the absence ...
Figure 10.2 Basic layout of a weathering for raptors: a three‐sided and roof...
Figure 10.3 Wing tip oedema in a bird of prey associated with frost damage....
Figure 10.4 (a) A block perch for falcons, with tether, metal swivel and jes...
Figure 10.5 Bumblefoot (pododermatitis) in an eagle owl (
Bubo bubo
).
Figure 10.6 A hacking box containing a Harris hawk (
Parabuteo unicinctus
). N...
Figure 10.7 Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) in a duck associated with inappropri...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Restraint of larger parrots may be easily performed with a towel...
Figure 11.2 Smaller birds such as this sparrow may be restrained with one ha...
Figure 11.3 Falcon with a hood on as well as restraint jesses attached to a ...
Figure 11.4 Kestrel being restrained for closer examination. Note the handle...
Figure 11.5 The right jugular vein is the largest accessible vein in most ca...
Figure 11.6 The brachial vein is easy to see but it is fragile and ‘blows’ e...
Figure 11.7 The medial metatarsal vein is easy to access in waterfowl and lo...
Figure 11.8 Intubation of a buzzard using a ‘Coles’ endotracheal tube which ...
Figure 11.9 Intubation of some species such as penguins, cranes, storks and ...
Figure 11.10 Endoscopy or any breach of an air sac or pneumonised bone is li...
Figure 11.11 A cockatoo attached to a small animal ventilator after intubati...
Figure 11.12 Orthopaedic surgery clearly requires good analgesia and birds w...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Amino acid deficiencies may lead to feather growth abnormalities...
Figure 12.2 Excessive amounts of high‐oil‐based seeds can lead to atheroscle...
Figure 12.3 Preen gland impaction has been associated with a deficiency in e...
Figure 12.4 Hypovitaminosis A may lead to decreased respiratory system funct...
Figure 12.5 Cataract development can occur of course with age but has also b...
Figure 12.6 Gout crystals may form in joints (articular gout) as in this coc...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Feather plucking may have many causes.
Figure 13.2 Red mite (
Dermanyssus gallinae
) around the top of a water feeder...
Figure 13.3
Ornithonynssus
spp. is a blood‐sucking mite, but unlike
D. galli
...
Figure 13.4 Image of
Anaticola
spp. louse on a flamingo.
Figure 13.5 Microscope image of a
Holomenopon
spp. louse from a mute swan.
Figure 13.6 PBFD infection leading to abnormal feather development. Loss of ...
Figure 13.7 A large benign adenoma of the preen gland in a budgerigar.
Figure 13.8 Squamous cell carcinoma development on the feet of a barn owl (
T
...
Figure 13.9 Microscope view of
Capillaria
spp. egg in an avian faecal sample...
Figure 13.10 Typical thick‐walled egg of
Ascaridia
spp. nematode in the faec...
Figure 13.11 Post‐mortem of a case of atoxoplasmosis. Note the enlarged live...
Figure 13.12 Post‐mortem of the liver of a crane with widespread avian tuber...
Figure 13.13 Post‐mortem of a bird lung with aspergillosis showing the funga...
Figure 13.14 Romanowsky‐stained blood smear from a bird with aspergillosis. ...
Figure 13.15 Endocardiosis with secondary heart failure is also seen in olde...
Figure 13.16 Nephritis with renal failure in a parrot. Note the swollen natu...
Figure 13.17 Perosis resulting in slipping of the Achilles tendon in the rig...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Trauma such as limb fractures may result in shock and significan...
Figure 14.2 Diagram of the method of inserting a crop tube. Approach from le...
Figure 14.3 Crop tubing an Amazon parrot.
Figure 14.4 A jugular catheter placed in the right jugular of a parrot. Note...
Figure 14.5 Method of inserting an intraosseous catheter into the distal uln...
Figure 14.6 Simple method of giving a bolus of fluids via the distal ulna in...
Figure 14.7 Application of a ball bandage to the feet of a raptor with bumbl...
Figure 14.8 Radiograph of an egg‐bound parrot. Note the significant size of ...
Figure 14.9 A light padding and elasticated bandage support for a toe amputa...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Positioning for a right lateral view radiograph in a bird.
Figure 15.2 Positioning for a standard ventrodorsal view radiograph in a bir...
Figure 15.3 Ventrodorsal view of a bird's wing. Note the pneumonised humerus...
Figure 15.4 Craniocaudal view of the wing of the bird in Figure 15.3 demonst...
Figure 15.5 Lateral barium digestive tract study in an African grey parrot 1...
Figure 15.6 Right lateral view of a normal African grey parrot.
Figure 15.7 Ventrodorsal view of a normal African grey parrot.
Figure 15.8 Lateral view of a rhea showing the lack of a keel to the sternum...
Figure 15.9 Lateral view of a kestrel's skull showing the prominent hooked b...
Figure 15.10 Dorsoventral view of a parrot's feet (ventrodorsal view of the ...
Figure 15.11 Lateral view of a heron showing the numerous and mobile cervica...
Figure 15.12 Lateral view of the lower limb of a Galliformes bird showing th...
Figure 15.13 Ventrodorsal view of an owl with a tibiotarsal fracture with an...
Figure 15.14 Ventrodorsal view of a parrot chick with severe metabolic bone ...
Figure 15.15 Lateral view of a small psittacine bird with polyostotic hypero...
Figure 15.16 Dorsoventral view of a duck's foot showing septic arthritis and...
Figure 15.17 Ventrodorsal view of an Amazon parrot with hepatomegaly. Note t...
Figure 15.18 Ventrodorsal positive contrast view of a parrot with proventric...
Figure 15.19 Lateral view of a duck with severe parasitic intestinal disease...
Figure 15.20 Lateral view of a macaw with psittacosis/chlamydiosis showing a...
Figure 15.21 Ventrodorsal view of a Galliformes with lead poisoning. Note th...
Figure 15.22 Ventrodorsal view of an Amazon parrot with advanced chronic asp...
Figure 15.23 Lateral view of a duck with systemic avian tuberculosis. There ...
Figure 15.24 Liver structure should be homogeneous. Note the blood vessel cr...
Figure 15.25 Ultrasound image of a parrot heart using the liver as an acoust...
Figure 15.26 Ultrasound image of a toucan with iron storage disease and seco...
Figure 15.27 Cross‐section CT image of an African grey parrot with atheroscl...
Figure 15.28 Site and positioning of the avian patient for standard rigid en...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Area prepared for insertion of an avian air‐sac tube typically j...
Figure 16.2 Commercially available air‐sac tubes (Cook Veterinary Products
®
...
Figure 16.3 Normal lead II annotated ECG trace for a bird.
Figure 16.4 Normal lead II annotated trace for pigeons and some psittacine b...
Figure 16.5 A curved, stainless steel crop tube attached to a disposable syr...
Figure 16.6 Crop tubing a kestrel with support formula.
Figure 16.7 When applying an Elizabethan collar to birds, make sure it is po...
Figure 16.8 Fractures of the wing require stabilisation before surgical fixa...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Schematic diagram of a male snake from the ventral aspect.
Figure 17.2 Female garter snake (
Thamnophis sirtalis
) post mortem. The ovidu...
Figure 17.3 Insertion of a sterile metal probe into the inverted hemipene of...
Figure 17.4 Insertion of a probe into the hemipene of a male snake at post‐m...
Figure 17.5 Ecdysis in a snake. Note the blueing of the eyes due to the pres...
Figure 17.6 Regrowth of the tail is possible in many species of lizard such ...
Figure 17.7 Post‐mortem view of the dorsal surface of the brain of a leopard...
Figure 17.8 Diagram of male green iguana (ventral aspect).
Figure 17.9 View of the nasal and oral cavity in a tegu demonstrating the pr...
Figure 17.10 Intraoral view of a bearded dragon (
Pogona vitticeps
). Note the...
Figure 17.11 Ventral aspect of the pelvic area in a male bearded dragon show...
Figure 17.12 Ventral aspect of the pelvic area in a female bearded dragon sh...
Figure 17.13 Lateral aspect of the tail base and vent in a male bearded drag...
Figure 17.14 Dorsal view of carapace.
Figure 17.15 Ventral view of plastron.
Figure 17.16 Section through the midline of a female tortoise.
Figure 17.17 Phallus of an alligator snapping turtle (
Macrochelys temminckii
Figure 17.18 The male Hermann's tortoise (
Testudo hermanni
) has a long tail ...
Figure 17.19 The integument of crocodilians is composed of thickened scales ...
Figure 17.20 A blue poison dart frog (
Dendrobates azureus
).
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Vivarium made of moulded fibreglass.
Figure 18.2 Thai water dragons (
Physignathus cocincinus
) are easily startled...
Figure 18.3 Species such as this leopard tortoise (
Stigmochelys pardalis
) ha...
Figure 18.4 Example of suitable housing for tree frogs with a misting system...
Figure 18.5 In order to maintain water quality for semi‐aquatic species that...
Figure 18.6 Preovulatory stasis, as seen here, may be more commonly seen in ...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 The iguana should be approached from above grasping over the pec...
Figure 19.2 Support of the atlanto‐occipital joint is important to prevent i...
Figure 19.3 Smaller species of snake such as this garter snake can be held b...
Figure 19.4 Larger species of snake over 1.5–2 m in length such as this Burm...
Figure 19.5 Even in small examples of herbivorous chelonia it is wise to hol...
Figure 19.6 Intravenous administration of propofol via the ventral tail vein...
Figure 19.7 Intraoral view showing the rostral position of the glottal openi...
Figure 19.8 Intraoral view of a tegu showing the glottis at the base of the ...
Figure 19.9 A mouth gag may be needed in larger species such as this black a...
Figure 19.10 Manual bagging of a tortoise. Note Doppler probe to monitor hea...
Figure 19.11 Mechanical IPPV using a ventilator in a bearded dragon (
Pogona
...
Figure 19.12 Doppler probe monitoring heart sounds in an anaesthetised royal...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Many tropical species of reptiles (unlike this skink) that requi...
Figure 20.2 Hypovitaminosis A can result in squamous metaplasia of many epit...
Figure 20.3 Hyperkeratosis of the ‘beak’ of chelonians can occur due to a nu...
Figure 20.4 Post‐mortem of a leopard gecko (
Eublepharis macularius
) with hep...
Figure 20.5 Corneal lipidosis is seen in many amphibians and reptiles where ...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 During the process of ecdysis in snakes, the eyes appear to go c...
Figure 21.2 Dysecdysis in a leopard gecko (
Eublepharis macularius
). Note the...
Figure 21.3 SCUD in a red‐eared terrapin (
Trachemys scripta elegans
). Note t...
Figure 21.4 Skin infection with
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
causing ulceration an...
Figure 21.5 Caseous abscess in a leopard gecko (
Eublepharis macularius
) asso...
Figure 21.6 Generalised erythema associated with bacterial septicaemia in a ...
Figure 21.7
Nannizziopsis guarroi
fungal infection in a green iguana (
Iguana
...
Figure 21.8 Full skin thickness burns can be seen where heaters are incorpor...
Figure 21.9 Oral ulceration in a spur‐thighed tortoise (
Testudo graeca
) asso...
Figure 21.10 Periodontal disease is common in species fed inappropriate diet...
Figure 21.11 Ascarid eggs such as
Angusticaecum
spp. are typically thick‐wal...
Figure 21.12 Oxyurid nematode infections are common in reptiles such as bear...
Figure 21.13 Infections with
Isospora amphiboluri
and atadenovirus can lead ...
Figure 21.14 Post‐mortem view of the liver and gastrointestinal tract of a l...
Figure 21.15 Post‐mortem view of the heart within its pericardium of a snake...
Figure 21.16 Visceral gout is the deposition of uric acid crystals on body o...
Figure 21.17 Preovulatory stasis is common and a potentially life‐threatenin...
Figure 21.18 Autotomy followed by regrowth of the tail in a green iguana (
Ig
...
Figure 21.19 Environmental mycobacterial disease can gain access through ski...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Placement and depth of insertion of a stomach tube in a chelonia...
Figure 22.2 (a) An oesophagostomy tube in place in an anorectic leopard tort...
Figure 22.3 Slow bolus intravenous fluid administration may be performed in ...
Figure 22.4 Placement of a jugular catheter in a chelonian. Note the taping ...
Figure 22.5 Distal femoral intraosseous fluid administration in an inland be...
Figure 22.6 Abscesses are generally solid and fibrous in nature and so requi...
Figure 22.7 Dysecdysis and skin infections can be part of a wider septicaemi...
Figure 22.8 Bandaging a forelimb to the body wall as a conservative method o...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Horizontal beam radiography is necessary in lizards and chelonia...
Figure 23.2 Radiographic image of the bearded dragon shown in Figure 23.1 us...
Figure 23.3 Dorsoventral view of a bearded dragon undergoing an iodine‐based...
Figure 23.4 Right lateral horizontal beam view of the bearded dragon in Figu...
Figure 23.5 Dorsoventral view of a corn snake undergoing gastrointestinal io...
Figure 23.6 Left lateral view of the corn snake in Figure 23.5. Note the hea...
Figure 23.7 Right lateral horizontal beam radiograph of a tortoise with a di...
Figure 23.8 Dorsoventral view of a female chelonian showing the outlines of ...
Figure 23.9 Horizontal beam lateral view of the tortoise in Figure 23.8. Not...
Figure 23.10 Craniocaudal horizontal beam view of the tortoise in Figures 23...
Figure 23.11 Dorsoventral view of a Standing's day gecko (
Phelsuma standingi
Figure 23.12 Dorsoventral view of a skink showing the presence of widespread...
Figure 23.13 Lateral view of the skink in Figure 23.12. The stomach and inte...
Figure 23.14 Dorsoventral view of a lizard with metabolic bone disease. Note...
Figure 23.15 Dorsoventral view of a leopard gecko (
Eublepharis macularius
) s...
Figure 23.16 Dorsoventral view of a green iguana (
Iguana iguana
) with an ost...
Figure 23.17 Right lateral view of a rat snake with evidence of spinal osteo...
Figure 23.18 Right lateral radiograph of a corn snake with cardiac enlargeme...
Figure 23.19 Right lateral view of a kingsnake with pneumonia. The heart is ...
Figure 23.20 Dorsoventral view of an axolotl. Note the very simple skeletal ...
Figure 23.21 Dorsoventral view of a tree frog. Note the elongated hindlimbs ...
Figure 23.22 Lateral horizontal beam view of the tree frog in Figure 23.21. ...
Figure 23.23 Approach to imaging the heart in chelonians using the thoracic ...
Figure 23.24 Two‐dimensional echocardiogram, sagittal view from the right si...
Figure 23.25 Two‐dimensional echocardiogram, short axis view demonstrating t...
Figure 23.26 CT image of a female tortoise with preovulatory stasis. The tor...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Intubation to secure an airway is important in any reptile where...
Figure 24.2 Underlying cardiac disease may be severe, including those affect...
Figure 24.3 Dog‐attack wounds in terrestrial chelonians are common and may r...
Figure 24.4 Severe respiratory infections may go unnoticed until the final s...
Figure 24.5 Post‐ovulatory stasis can become an emergency as it is often ass...
Figure 24.6 Reproductive tract infections can result in post‐ovulatory stasi...
Figure 24.7 Nutritional support is essential for recovery of the debilitated...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Skull of a male muntjac deer. Note the significant maxillary can...
Figure 25.2 Right lateral radiograph of a deer showing the significant exten...
Figure 25.3 Fallow deer stag in ‘velvet’. The covering of the growing antler...
Figure 25.4 Skull of a red deer male showing reduced maxillary canines, chee...
Figure 25.5 Skull of a European badger (
Meles meles
). Many badgers have a re...
Figure 25.6 The polecat (
Mustela putorius
) is the wild‐type of the domestic ...
Figure 25.7 The European otter (
Lutra lutra
) has a long body form with a str...
Figure 25.8 Grey seals (
Halichoerus grypus
) have a longer head and their nos...
Figure 25.9 Grey seal pups have a white coat and are land‐bound for the firs...
Figure 25.10 The underside of the right wing of a bat. Note the first digit ...
Figure 25.11 Lateral radiograph of a European hedgehog in typical curled up ...
Figure 25.12 Skull of a Eurasian beaver (
Castor fiber
). Note the diastema co...
Figure 25.13 Hind foot of a Eurasian beaver demonstrating the double claw on...
Figure 25.14 Skull of a squirrel showing the diastema and significant pigmen...
Figure 25.15 Red squirrels have prominent ear tufts and their colouring is c...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 Temporary housing for a debilitated pipistrelle bat made from a ...
Figure 26.2 Temporary housing for a few days for hedgehogs can be made out o...
Figure 26.3 Longer‐term housing for hedgehogs should provide bedding materia...
Figure 26.4 Fine mesh is commonly used for smaller rodents to allow good ven...
Figure 26.5 For rehabilitation and longer‐term housing of wild birds, aviary...
Figure 26.6 For neonates and chilled birds, the use of incubators available ...
Figure 26.7 Feather abnormalities in wild birds can be due to amino acid def...
Figure 26.8 Syringe feeding juvenile swallows. Attention should be paid to h...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Juvenile red fox with tape muzzle applied.
Figure 27.2 Restraint of seals is potentially hazardous. Smaller debilitated...
Figure 27.3 Smaller birds of prey such as this kestrel can be restrained man...
Figure 27.4 Blocking the ear canals and covering the eyes are important comp...
Figure 27.5 Deer should never be actively chased as they are highly likely t...
Figure 27.6 Endotracheal intubation in canids such as the red fox or felids ...
Figure 27.7 Induction of long‐beaked birds, such as this grey heron with a w...
Figure 27.8 Intravenous fluid therapy can be administered via intravenous bo...
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Pneumonia due to
Mannheimia haemolytica
is frequently reported i...
Figure 28.2 Road traffic collisions are common in deer, particularly in the ...
Figure 28.3 Oocyst of the northern hookworm
Uncinaria stenocephala
from a re...
Figure 28.4 Dental disease with fractured teeth and dental loss are commonly...
Figure 28.5 Intraspecific and extraspecific fight wounds may be seen in any ...
Figure 28.6 Renal, ureteral and bladder calculi in wild otters are relativel...
Figure 28.7 Wing defects in bats that do not extend to the wing edge tend to...
Figure 28.8 Strimmer injuries to the dorsum of wild hedgehogs are not uncomm...
Figure 28.9 Myxomatosis in a European rabbit. Note the periorbital oedema an...
Figure 28.10 The rabbit flea
Spilopsyllus cuniculi
(white arrow) the princip...
Figure 28.11 The beaver beetle
Platypsyllus castoris
less than 5 mm in lengt...
Figure 28.12 The adult trematode
Neostichorchis subtriquetrus
is non‐pathoge...
Figure 28.13 An oocyst of the non‐pathogenic
Neostichorchis subtriquetrus
fr...
Figure 28.14 Bird nests and feeders can attract squirrels and wild birds and...
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 Dehydration is common in debilitated seal pups and can be accomp...
Figure 29.2 The subcutaneous route can be used around the edge of the ‘skirt...
Figure 29.3 Old wounds are often infected and will need to be debrided under...
Figure 29.4 Mites such as
Caparinia tripilis
and dermatophytosis such as
Tri
...
Figure 29.5 The eggs of blowflies (e.g.
Lucilia
and
Phormia
spp.) are often ...
Figure 29.6 Bloat in hedgehogs can be seen with multiple infections of the g...
Figure 29.7 Lagomorphs often present in a state of decompensatory shock and ...
Figure 29.8 Fractures of the wing are common in wild birds such as this tawn...
Figure 29.9 Primary fixation techniques such as external fixators, commonly ...
Figure 29.10 Oiled seabirds require intensive therapy before their return to...
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 Many wild animals can carry zoonoses, particularly rodents.
Figure 30.2 Ticks, such as
Ixodes ricinus
, are commonly found on wildlife an...
Figure 30.3 Evidence of blowfly strike is never a good sign as it suggests n...
Figure 30.4 Radiography of the wildlife patient is always advisable as many ...
Figure 30.5 Indirect blood pressure assessment may be possible where the pat...
Figure 30.6 Blood smear from a deer showing sickling of some erythrocytes wh...
Figure 30.7 Dog attacks on hedgehogs are not uncommon and result in signific...
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Grey squirrels (
Sciurus carolinensis
), while common in the UK si...
Figure 31.2 Although non‐native, red‐legged partridge (
Alectoris rufa
) are a...
Figure 31.3 Non‐native species such as this wall lizard (
Podarcis muralis
) a...
Figure 31.4 Ospreys are a migratory species and so when considering release ...
Figure 31.5 Radiograph of the osprey in Figure 31.4 with evidence of lead sh...
Figure 31.6 Juvenile birds and mammals should be released ideally at the sit...
Figure 31.7 Pre‐release assessment should always be critical of their abilit...
Figure 31.8 Pre‐release assessment should be thorough and include a full bod...
Figure 31.9 Hard release is best suited to adult animals released to the exa...
Figure 31.10 Tracking devices may be applied via collars or, as in this beav...
Appendix 1
Figure A1.1 Example exotics nursing care checklist.
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Foreword
Abbreviations
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Appendix 1 Utilising Nursing Care Plans in the Care of Exotic Pets and Wildlife
Appendix 2 Legislation Affecting Exotic Pets and Wildlife in the UK
Appendix 3 Useful Resources
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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