Wellness Counseling E-Book

Jonathan H. Ohrt

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

This innovative text presents a comprehensive review of the theoretical and empirical support for a wellness approach to counseling with current techniques for client assessment, case conceptualization, treatment planning, and intervention. The authors provide holistic strategies for wellness promotion with children, adolescents, and young, midlife, and older adults, as well as in counseling with groups, couples, and families. Each chapter includes reflection questions, learning activities, and resources to deepen readers’ understanding of the content and application to practice. Wellness boosters offer quick methods for clients and counselors to increase their domain-specific and overall well-being. In addition, experienced counselors share their personal experiences implementing wellness interventions in "Practitioner Spotlight" vignettes. A chapter on counselor self-care completes the book.

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Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Reference

About the Authors

About the Spotlight Contributors

Acknowledgments

PART I: Foundations of Wellness Counseling

Chapter 1: Introduction to Wellness Counseling

The Value of Wellness

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 2: History and Background

Ancient Wellness

Modern Wellness Movements

Theoretical Wellness Models in Counseling

Research

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 3: Trends in Health and Wellness

Advances in Modern Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases

Social Determinants of Health

Health and Mental Health Disparities

Health Policy, Health Promotion, and Advocacy

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

PART II: The Five Domains of Wellness

Chapter 4: Mind

The Brain

Stress Response

Rewiring the Brain, Retrain the Mind

Neurobiology of Mindfulness

Biology, Cognition, and Behavior Change

Counseling Interventions

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 5: Body

Physical Activity and Health

Nutrition

Body Image

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 6: Spirit

Spirituality

Meaning Making

Barriers to Spirit Wellness

Counseling Interventions

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 7: Emotion

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

Emotion Regulation

Linking Emotions to Health

Emotional Expression/Positivity

Specific Emotional Processes Related to Wellness

Cultivating Positive Emotions and Counselor Interventions

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 8: Connection

Social Support

Supporting Others

Social Isolation

Benefits of Connection Wellness

Navigating Obstacles to Connection Wellness

Social Skills

Social Media

Cultural Considerations in Connection Wellness

Assessment and Intervention

Interconnected Interventions

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

PART III: Wellness Counseling in Action

Chapter 9: Assessment and Case Conceptualization

Co-Creating Definitions of Holistic and Domain-Specific Wellness With Your Client

Critical Concepts in Wellness Psychoeducation During Assessment

Assessing Wellness Strengths and Goals

Wellness Measures

Balancing Wellness and Clinical Assessments

Multicultural Considerations

Wellness-Based Client Conceptualization

Benefits of Wellness Assessment

Applying Wellness Concepts With Clients in Crisis

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 10: Treatment Planning

Wellness Intervention Planning Process

Intervention Planning at the Primary Level

Intervention Planning at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels

Stages of Change

Brainstorming

Goal Setting

S.M.A.R.T. Goals

Selecting Interventions

Case Example

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 11: Interventions

Principles of Wellness Counseling

Solution-Focused Counseling

The Covert Antecedents Model of Relapse: A Foundation for Wellness Intervention

Wellness Self-Assessment Intervention

Wellness Boosters

Wellness Balancers

Daily Wellness Practices (DWPs)

Working Your Wellness Plan

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

References

Chapter 12: Wellness Counseling for Couples, Families, and Groups

The Importance of Wellness for Couples and Families

Couples Counseling Assessment

Understanding Couple Wellness

Wellness-Based Goal Setting With Couples

Wellness Interventions for Couples

Understanding Family Wellness

Wellness-Based Goal Setting With Families

Wellness Interventions With Families

A Note About Technology

Wellness in Groups

Wellness Group: Session 1

Wellness Group: Session 2

Wellness Group: Session 3

Wellness Group: Session 4

Wellness Group: Session 5

Wellness Group: Session 6

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

PART IV: Wellness Counseling Across the Life Span

Chapter 13: Wellness Counseling With Children, Adolescents, and Emerging Adults

Introduction to Child and Adolescent Wellness

Wellness in Primary Care

Wellness in K–12 Schools

Individual Counseling

Recommendations

Postsecondary

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 14: Wellness Counseling With Early, Midlife, and Older Adults

Developmental Considerations for Emerging Adults

The Context of Emerging Adulthood

What Is Emerging Adulthood?

The Transition Framework

Wellness Interventions for Emerging Adults

Middle Adulthood

Wellness Interventions for Clients in Middle Adulthood

Older Adulthood

Wellness Interventions With Older Adults

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Chapter 15: Wellness Counseling for Counselors

Counselor Susceptibility to Burnout and Impairment

Self-Care

Wellness Intervention Plan

Cues of Low Counselor Wellness Across the Five Domains

Balancers and Boosters and Suggestions for Counselor Wellness

Wellness in Supervision

Brief Summary of the WELMS

Organizational Wellness

Conclusion

Reflection Prompts

Resources

References

Index

Technical Support

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Hettler’s Six Dimensions of Wellness Model

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Leading Causes of Death in the United States for Years 1914 and 2014

Table 3.2 Healthy People 2020 Approach to Social Determinants of Health

Table 3.3 Wellness Counseling Competencies

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Attribution Examples for Getting a Speeding Ticket

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Benefits of Foods by Color

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Religious Affiliation in the United States (2015)

Table 6.2 Spiritual Practices and Exercises

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Wellness Assessments

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Change Processes and Techniques Emphasized at Each Stage of Change

Table 10.2 Example Interventions

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Resources for Incorporating Wellness in School Counseling

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Burnout Prevention and Wellness Promotion Intervention Outline

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 The Indivisible Self: An Evidence-Based Model of Wellness

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Primm et al.’s (2010) Proposed Model of Interactions Among Social Determinants, Interventions, and Outcomes to Promote Mental Health

Figure 3.2 Wellness and Health Care Cycle

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The Brain in the Palm of the Hand

Figure 4.2 Wellness Triangle

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 ASERVIC Competencies for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Five-Domain Model of Wellness

Figure 9.2 Wellness Pie

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Sample Counseling Plan

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Adaptation of the Covert Antecedents Model

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Model

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Variables Predictive of Depression in Older Adults

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Part I

Chapter 1

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Wellness Counseling

A Holistic Approach to Prevention and Intervention

Jonathan H. Ohrt

Philip B. Clarke

Abigail H. Conley

6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 • Alexandria, VA 22304www.counseling.org

Copyright © 2019 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

American Counseling Association6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 • Alexandria, VA 22304

Associate Publisher • Carolyn C. Baker

Digital and Print Development Editor • Nancy Driver

Senior Production Manager • Bonny E. Gaston

Copy Editor • Tyler Krupa

Cover and text design by Bonny E. Gaston

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Ohrt, Jonathan H., author.Title: Wellness counseling in action : a holistic approach to prevention and intervention / Jonathan H. Ohrt, University of South Carolina, Philip B. Clarke, Wake Forest University, Abigail H. Conley, Virginia Commonwealth University.Description: Fourth edition. | Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2018047344 | ISBN 9781556203749 (pbk. : alk. paper)Subjects: LCSH: Health counseling. | Health promotion. | Alternative medicine.Classification: LCC R727.4 .O37 2019 | DDC 613–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018047344

Preface

Most people are familiar with the term wellness. It is likely that most people you ask would say that wellness is important to them. Unfortunately, individuals who conduct an Internet search in hopes of finding ways of improving their personal wellness will often find a plethora of gimmicks and strategies that are not effective, unsupported by research, potentially harmful, and sometimes expensive. Most helping professionals also acknowledge that wellness is important for their clients. However, various disciplines promote different definitions of wellness. Within the counseling profession, we tend to agree that wellness consists of “a way of life oriented toward optimal health and well-being, in which body, mind, and spirit are integrated by the individual to live life more fully within the human and natural community” (Myers, Sweeney, & Witmer, 2000, p. 252). In our work with clients, we have continuously recognized the importance of viewing their concerns from a holistic perspective. Each area of an individual’s life inevitably affects other areas. We also believe that now, maybe more than ever, it is important to work from a prevention approach. As mental health concerns appear to be on the rise, we can help people work toward optimal wellness in an effort to avert such concerns. At the very least, prevention and wellness promotion efforts can help build coping strategies that can help alleviate or reduce the severity of unavoidable mental health concerns.

In our experience teaching wellness courses and speaking with experienced practitioners, we have received feedback that counselors believe in promoting wellness for their clients; however, they are not quite sure what wellness “looks like,” or they are not interested in learning more concrete strategies to promote client wellness. This book is designed for beginning and experienced counselors who are interested in conceptualizing clients from a holistic wellness perspective and in promoting wellness through prevention and intervention efforts. Each chapter contains up-to-date research and best practices within the wellness domains. We also provide concrete strategies for implementing wellness interventions throughout the book. In addition, we include “Practitioner Spotlights,” where experienced practitioners share their personal experiences implementing wellness interventions. Some additional features of the book include reflection prompts to help the reader process the information, learning activities to help the reader participate in wellness strategies before implementing them with clients, and additional resources for the reader to explore related to the content in each chapter.

This book is divided into four parts. Part I consists of a chapter describing the theoretical foundations, empirical support, and domains of wellness. Part I also contains a chapter discussing the current trends and public policy implications related to wellness. Part II of the book includes wellness domains. We divided this part into five chapters: Mind (e.g., cognitions, intellectual stimulation), Body (e.g., physical wellness, nutrition), Spirit (e.g., religion, spirituality, meaning and purpose), Emotion (e.g., emotion regulation), and Connection (e.g., social support). Part III pertains to wellness counseling in action and contains chapters on assessment and conceptualization, treatment planning, and wellness interventions. Part IV is composed of chapters on wellness with specific populations and settings. Our goal for this section is to provide more depth and specific strategies for implementation. The section includes chapters on wellness across the life span, wellness counseling modalities, wellness counseling in educational settings, and wellness for counselors (i.e., self-care).

Reference

Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The Wheel of Wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning.

Journal of Counseling & Development, 78,

251–266.

About the Authors

Jonathan H. Ohrt is currently an associate professor and counselor education program coordinator at the University of South Carolina. He earned his PhD in counselor education at the University of Central Florida in 2010 and his MA in counselor education at the University of South Florida in 2006. He is a certified K–12 school counselor and has worked for several years providing psychoeducation as well as individual and small group counseling services to high school students in Florida. He has also provided services in a university-based counseling clinic. His current research projects are related to prevention and wellness promotion for children, adolescents, and transitional-age youths; counselor wellness; and group work.

• • •

Philip B. Clarke earned his MS/EdS in counseling in 2004 and his PhD in counselor education in 2012. He has been a licensed professional counselor (North Carolina) since 2006 and a faculty member in the Department of Counseling at Wake Forest University since 2011. He has worked and interned in multiple counseling settings, including a group private practice, a hospital-based intensive outpatient substance abuse program, a treatment research clinic, and a hospital-based counseling program. He has experience counseling clients with substance use and co-occurring disorders. His clinical experience has also centered on providing counseling for people diagnosed with dementia and their family caregivers. He had the privilege of taking a course in wellness counseling from Dr. Jane Myers, which sparked his interest in the subject. He has presented and written about wellness counseling for people with substance use concerns, cancer survivors, and family caregivers of people with dementia. His scholarship also includes developing integrative counseling and experiential teaching approaches. In his classes, he strives to engage students through the use of actors to portray clients.

• • •

Abigail H. Conley is an assistant professor in the Department of Counseling and Special Education and is an affiliate faculty member in the Institute for Women’s Health, at Virginia Commonwealth University. She earned her PhD in counselor education from North Carolina State University in 2012 and her MA in counseling psychology at Lewis and Clark College in 2006. Her clinical experience is in higher education in both community college and university settings, focusing on providing counseling and advocacy services to survivors of sexual assault. Her research interests include interpersonal violence survivorship and healing, violence prevention, and wellness and resiliency. She serves as an associate editor of quantitative research for Counseling and Values, the official journal of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, a division of the American Counseling Association.

• • •

About the Spotlight Contributors

The contributors listed below are mental health professionals, educators, and human services center directors who authored the Practitioner Spotlights found throughout the book. In the Practitioner Spotlights, the contributors impart their knowledge and experience on wellness and wellness counseling with the purpose of illustrating and elaborating on key terms and concepts.

Jamie D. Aten, PhD, is founder and executive director of the Humanitarian Disaster Institute of Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois.

Hannah Bayne, PhD, is an assistant professor of counselor education at Florida State University in Gainsville, Florida.

Michael D. Brubaker, PhD, LICDC-CS, NCC, is an associate professor of counseling at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Craig Cashwell, PhD, LPC, NCC, ACS, is professor of counseling at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro.

Don Davis, PhD, is an associate professor of counseling at Georgia State University in Atlanta, Georgia.

Allison M. Forti, PhD, LPC, NCC, is an assistant teaching professor at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Matthew Fullen, PhD, MDiv, LPCC, is an assistant professor of counselor education at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia.

Jessie Guest, MA, RPT, LPC, is a doctoral student and counselor in private practice in Shelby, North Carolina.

Linda Hancock, FNP, PhD, is director of Virginia Commonwealth University’s Wellness Resource Center, in Richmond, Virginia.

J. Robert Nations, DMin, is an assistant teaching professor and associate director of counseling department online programs at Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Therese L. Newton, PhD, LPCA, NCC, is an assistant professor at Augusta State University in Augusta, Georgia.

Jacy Rader, LPC, is in private practice in Dallas, Texas.

Laura Shannonhouse, PhD, LPC, NCC, is an assistant professor of counseling and psychological services at Georgia State University in Atlanta, Georgia.

Matt Shenker, MEd, is a school counselor in Hanover, Virginia.

Julia V. Taylor, PhD, is an assistant professor of counselor education at at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Cirecie A. West-Olatunji, PhD, is an associate professor of counseling at Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Brooke Wymer, LISW, is a doctoral student and counselor in private practice in West Columbia, South Carolina.

• • •

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, we thank our students who have inspired this book and taught us so much about wellness. We are grateful for the practitioners who volunteered their time and were willing to share their experiences to greatly enhance this book through our Practitioner Spotlight sections. We appreciate Carolyn Baker, Nancy Driver, the American Counseling Association staff, and the reviewers for their work on this text. We are also grateful for the foundational work in our field by Jane Myers, Tom Sweeney, Melvin Witmer, and Mark Young. We are so honored to know and learn from you all.

Jonathan: I thank my advisor Dr. Mike Robinson for his mentorship and guidance. I am also grateful for Dr. Mark Young, who was the first person to introduce me to wellness from a professional perspective. I am grateful for my coauthors, Philip and Abigail. It is amazing that this book, that we first imagined at an American Counseling Association conference 6 years ago, will now be published. Thank you both for your hard work, flexibility, and persistence. Finally, I am grateful for my wife, Dodie, and my sons, Hayden and Maren, who all bring me great happiness and contribute to my own personal wellness.

Philip: I am appreciative of the opportunity to work with my coauthors Jonathan and Abigail. This was truly a thoughtful writing process and involved many long discussions because we care deeply about the topic of wellness counseling. I want to thank my parents (Ray and Lynn) and sister (Jessica) who were my first wellness role models. I thank my wife, Rebecca, for all her love and support and my son, Andrew, for teaching me so much. I am grateful to Dr. Donna Henderson for her support in my growth as a counselor educator and Dr. Sam Gladding for his advice and listening ear in regard to the writing of this book. A debt of gratitude is owed to Sara Oberle for developing the image for the five-domain wellness model. I thank Taylor Pisel and Rachel Powell for their work on developing images for the book. I thank all of my students and clients. My writing in this book has been largely inspired by you. Special thanks to the great mental health professionals and counselor educators who wrote or were interviewed for Practitioner Spotlights in the book. My biggest inspiration in writing this book was Dr. Jane Myers—thanks for the mentorship that you provided to me and many others and for pioneering counselors’ understanding of wellness.

Abigail: I want to thank my amazing students and colleagues at VCU who make space for me to grow, and provide feedback on many of the ideas in this book. And, I have so much gratitude for my partner and husband, Joe; my parents, Gayle and Norm; my children, Miles and Polly; and my amazing coauthors, Jonathan and Philip, for their support and encouragement while writing this book. It was truly a labor of love. At times, late nights spent writing did not seem like the best example of wellness. However, having support to cultivate the inevitable ebb and flow of writing has given me a new appreciation for what work–life balance can look like. The word “balance” in this sense is a misnomer, really, because a fulfilling work–life ratio is anything but balanced—it’s finding a way to make time for the things that need attention (sometimes that is writing, sometimes that is rocking a teething baby all night), leaning on others to help pick up the slack during the transition, being okay with asking for help, and finding ways to create space for joy and replenishment in between it all.

PART IFoundations of Wellness Counseling

Chapter 2History and Background

A people without the knowledge of their past history, origin, and culture is like a tree without roots.

—Marcus Garvey

• • •

Although modern conceptualizations of wellness are relatively new, attention to wellness dates back to ancient times, and current trends are greatly influenced by previous movements throughout Asia, Europe, and the United States. As you read later chapters in this book, you will likely notice that many of the current wellness models and counseling interventions share similar concepts with ancient movements. In fact, ancient healing systems include many practices that are thought to be “new wave” in the mental health field today. After reviewing ancient traditions more closely, it appears many current practices have been rediscovered rather than newly developed. In the following sections, we review some of the previous movements that appear to have influenced our current views of wellness.

Ancient Wellness

Ayurveda

Ayurveda originated in India more than 5,000 years ago and is considered by many to be the oldest healing system known. The system began in ancient Vedic culture and was passed down through oral tradition. Ayurveda is a holistic system that emphasizes synchrony among the mind, body, and spirit. Ayurveda emphasizes health maintenance and prevention through balance of body, mind, and consciousness. One’s balance is achieved through diet, lifestyle, and right thinking. The system maintains that each individual is unique and has their own constitution. A constitution consists of an individual’s energy pattern, which is a combination of emotional, mental, and physical characteristics. A variety of sources can contribute to disruption in balance for one’s constitution (e.g., relationships, physical trauma, dietary choices). Through insight and understanding, individuals can understand the causes of disruption and work to reestablish their balance and order.

Ayurveda asserts that there are three energies in the body that need to be balanced to maintain optimal health. Vata is associated with movement, Pitta is associated with metabolism, and Kapha is associated with body structure (Lad, 1984). To maintain balance in one’s constitution, Ayurvedic physicians emphasize a daily routine that includes attention to personal hygiene, prayer, breathing, and exercise. Additionally, diet, cleansing, yoga, and meditation are strongly emphasized within the Ayurvedic tradition. The Ayurvedic Institute, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, is one of the leading Ayurveda schools and spas outside of India. The institute provides resources, seminars, education, and consultations. For more information, you can visit the institute website at http://www.ayurveda.com.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

TCM dates back more than 2,000 years and stems from the ancient Chinese philosophy Taoism. In the United States today, TCM is primarily used as complementary therapy in conjunction with modern Western medicine. The four foundational principles of TCM include the following:

Your body is an integrated whole.

You are completely connected to nature.

You were born with a natural self-healing ability.

Prevention is the best cure.

The mind and body connection is strongly emphasized in TCM. A primary goal is to help individuals integrate the body, mind, and spirit to create balance, harmony, and wellness. According to TCM, our bodies interact with nature, and our bodily processes all affect each other. This concept is embedded within the Five Element Framework, which includes a depiction of the five major internal organs (i.e., liver, heart, spleen, kidney, and lungs) and their interrelationships with one another and the environment. Within TCM, the framework is used to identify imbalances among one’s emotions, body, mind, and spirit. The theory suggests a reciprocal relationship between various emotions and organ functioning. For example, lung is connected to grief, spleen is connected to worry, heart is connected to joy, kidney is connected to fear, and liver is connected to anger.

Another important component of TCM is the idea that energy, known as Qi, flows throughout various channels in the body, known as meridians. Regulating the energy flow is a key aspect of understanding health and healing. A related concept is the Yin and Yang theory. Within TCM, Yin and Yang are two opposing, yet complementary, energies in the body that must be balanced for an individual to experience a sense of harmony. Practitioners of TCM use a variety of healing methods. Each of the methods is based on Qi and the notion that we have the ability to self-heal. By using a specific healing approach, we can balance our Qi, which, in turn, helps our body regain healthy functioning. The TCM focus is holistic and includes attention to diet, exercise, and spirituality. Some of the specific approaches in TCM include acupuncture, acupressure, herbal medicine, eating, qigong, and tai chi. These approaches have now become popular even within Western medical practices (https://www.tcmworld.org).

Greek and Roman Medicine

Hippocrates, known as the “father of modern medicine,” introduced a focus on disease prevention rather than just treating illness. The Greek medical community believed that illness was related to diet, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Humoral theory was prominent because the belief was that individuals needed a balance among the four humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) to maintain health. The patient’s contribution to illness was acknowledged during this time, and the relationship between mental and physical health became an important focus (Bendick, 2002).

Ancient Romans adopted many of the philosophies from ancient Greece related to disease prevention through lifestyle choices. Additionally, ancient Rome placed an emphasis on public health and personal hygiene by creating aqueducts, developing sewage systems, and building public toilets. They also created public baths with pools, and some had gyms and massage rooms.

Modern Wellness Movements