Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control E-Book

Wayne Durham

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Aerospace Series (PEP)
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 356

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control addresses airplane flight dynamics and control in a largely classical manner, but with references to modern treatment throughout. Classical feedback control methods are illustrated with relevant examples, and current trends in control are presented by introductions to dynamic inversion and control allocation.

This book covers the physical and mathematical fundamentals of aircraft flight dynamics as well as more advanced theory enabling a better insight into nonlinear dynamics. This leads to a useful introduction to automatic flight control and stability augmentation systems with discussion of the theory behind their design, and the limitations of the systems. The author provides a rigorous development of theory and derivations and illustrates the equations of motion in both scalar and matrix notation.

Key features:

• Classical development and modern treatment of flight dynamics and control
• Detailed and rigorous exposition and examples, with illustrations
• Presentation of important trends in modern flight control systems
• Accessible introduction to control allocation based on the author's seminal work in the field
• Development of sensitivity analysis to determine the influential states in an airplane's response modes
• End of chapter problems with solutions available on an accompanying website

Written by an author with experience as an engineering test pilot as well as a university professor, Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control provides the reader with a systematic development of the insights and tools necessary for further work in related fields of flight dynamics and control. It is an ideal course textbook and is also a valuable reference for many of the necessary basic formulations of the math and science underlying flight dynamics and control.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Aerospace Series List

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Series Preface

Glossary

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Overview

1.3 Customs and Conventions

References

Chapter 2: Coordinate Systems

2.1 Background

2.2 The Coordinate Systems

2.3 Vector Notation

2.4 Customs and Conventions

Problems

References

Chapter 3: Coordinate System Transformations

3.1 Problem Statement

3.2 Transformations

3.3 Transformations of Systems of Equations

3.4 Customs and Conventions

Problems

Reference

Chapter 4: Rotating Coordinate Systems

4.1 General

4.2 Direction Cosines

4.3 Euler Angles

4.4 Euler Parameters

4.5 Customs and Conventions

Problems

Chapter 5: Inertial Accelerations

5.1 General

5.2 Inertial Acceleration of a Point

5.3 Inertial Acceleration of a Mass

5.4 States

5.5 Customs and Conventions

Problems

Chapter 6: Forces and Moments

6.1 General

6.2 Non-Dimensionalization

6.3 Non-Dimensional Coefficient Dependencies

6.4 The Linear Assumption

6.5 Tabular Data

6.6 Customs and Conventions

Problems

Chapter 7: Equations of Motion

7.1 General

7.2 Body-Axis Equations

7.3 Wind-Axis Equations

7.4 Steady-State Solutions

Problems

Reference

Chapter 8: Linearization

8.1 General

8.2 Taylor Series

8.3 Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations

8.4 Systems of Equations

8.5 Examples

8.6 Customs and Conventions

8.7 The Linear Equations

Problems

References

Chapter 9: Solutions to the Linear Equations

9.1 Scalar Equations

9.2 Matrix Equations

9.3 Initial Condition Response

9.4 Mode Sensitivity and Approximations

9.5 Forced Response

Problems

Chapter 10: Aircraft Flight Dynamics

10.1 Example: Longitudinal Dynamics

10.2 Example: Lateral–Directional Dynamics

Problems

References

Chapter 11: Flying Qualities

11.1 General

11.2 MIL-F-8785C Requirements

Problems

References

Chapter 12: Automatic Flight Control

12.1 Simple Feedback Systems

12.2 Example Feedback Control Applications

Problems

References

Chapter 13: Trends in Automatic Flight Control

13.1 Overview

13.2 Dynamic Inversion

13.3 Control Allocation

Problems

References

Appendix A: Example Aircraft

Reference

Appendix B: Linearization

B.1 Derivation of Frequently Used Derivatives

B.2 Non-dimensionalization of the Rolling Moment Equation

B.3 Body Axis Z-Force and Thrust Derivatives

B.4 Non-dimensionalization of the Z-Force Equation

Appendix C: Derivation of Euler Parameters

Appendix D: Fedeeva's Algorithm

Reference

Appendix E: MATLAB® Commands Used in the Text

E.1 Using MATLAB®

E.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

E.3 State-Space Representation

E.4 Transfer Function Representation

E.5 Root Locus

E.6 MATLAB® Functions (m-files)

E.7 Miscellaneous Applications and Notes

Index

Aerospace Series List

Aircraft Flight Dynamics and Control

Durham August

2013

Civil Avionics Systems, Second Edition

Moir, Seabridge and Jukes

August 2013

Modelling and Managing Airport Performance

Zografos

July 2013

Advanced Aircraft Design: Conceptual Design, Analysis and Optimization of Subsonic Civil Airplanes

Torenbeek

June 2013

Design and Analysis of Composite Structures: With applications to aerospace Structures, Second Edition

Kassapoglou

April 2013

Aircraft Systems Integration of Air-Launched Weapons

Rigby

April 2013

Design and Development of Aircraft Systems, Second Edition

Moir and Seabridge

November 2012

Understanding Aerodynamics: Arguing from the Real Physics

McLean

November 2012

Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach

Sadraey

October 2012

Introduction to UAV Systems, Fourth Edition

Fahlstrom and Gleason

August 2012

Theory of Lift: Introductory Computational Aerodynamics with MATLAB and Octave

McBain

August 2012

Sense and Avoid in UAS: Research and Applications

Angelov

April 2012

Morphing Aerospace Vehicles and Structures

Valasek

April 2012

Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems

MacIsaac and Langton

July 2011

Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics, Third Edition

Seddon and Newman

July 2011

Advanced Control of Aircraft, Spacecraft and Rockets

Tewari

July 2011

Cooperative Path Planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Tsourdos et al

November 2010

Principles of Flight for Pilots

Swatton

October 2010

Air Travel and Health: A Systems Perspective

Seabridge et al

September 2010

Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVS Design, Development and Deployment

Austin

April 2010

Introduction to Antenna Placement & Installations

Macnamara

April 2010

Principles of Flight Simulation

Allerton

October 2009

Aircraft Fuel Systems

Langton et al

May 2009

The Global Airline Industry

Belobaba

April 2009

Computational Modelling and Simulation of Aircraft and the Environment: Volume 1 – Platform Kinematics and Synthetic Environment

Diston

April 2009

Handbook of Space Technology

Ley, Wittmann Hallmann

April 2009

Aircraft Performance Theory and Practice for Pilots

Swatton

August 2008

Aircraft Systems, Third Edition

Moir & Seabridge

March 2008

Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity And Loads

Wright & Cooper

December 2007

Stability and Control of Aircraft Systems

Langton

September 2006

Military Avionics Systems

Moir & Seabridge

February 2006

Design and Development of Aircraft Systems

Moir & Seabridge

June 2004

Aircraft Loading and Structural Layout

Howe

May 2004

Aircraft Display Systems

Jukes

December 2003

Civil Avionics Systems

Moir & Seabridge

December 2002

This edition first published in 2013

© 2013, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Durham, Wayne, 1941-

Aircraft flight dynamics and control / by Wayne Durham.

1 online resource.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.

ISBN 978-1-118-64678-6 (MobiPocket) – ISBN 978-1-118-64679-3 – ISBN 978-1-118-64680-9 (ePub) – ISBN 978-1-118-64681-6 (cloth) 1. Aerodynamics. 2. Flight. 3. Flight control. 4. Airplanes–Performance. I. Title.

TL570

629.132′3–dc23

2013020974

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 978-1-118-64681-6

For Fred Lutze. If I got anything wrong here it's because I didn't listen to him closely enough.

For Hank Kelley. He was right. Sometimes you have to stare at the problem for a very long time before you see it. Sitzfleisch.

Series Preface

The Aerospace Series covers a wide range of aerospace vehicles and their systems, comprehensively covering aspects of structural and system design in theoretical and practical terms. This book offers a clear and systematic treatment of flight dynamics and control which complements other books in the Series, especially books by McClean, Swatton and Diston.

The subject of flight dynamics and control has always been of importance in the design and operation of any aircraft, much of it learned by trial and error in the development of very early aircraft. It developed as an engineering science throughout succeeding generations of aircraft to support increasing demands of aircraft stability and control and it now has a major role to play in the design of modern aircraft to ensure efficient, comfortable and safe flight. The emergence of a need for unstable and highly manoeuvrable combat aircraft, and the dependence on full authority fly-by-wire software based control systems for both military and commercial aircraft together with a demand for economic automatic operation has ensured that the understanding of flight dynamics is essential for all designers of integrated flight systems. Growing trends towards unmanned air vehicles will serve to strengthen this dependency. Modern on-board sensors and computing in integrated systems offers the opportunity to sense aircraft motions and rates and to include aircraft models in the control systems to further improve aircraft performance. Engineers with an interest in these aspects will find this book essential reading.

The book has been built up from a combination of practical flying experience, the evolutionary improvement of a mentor's text and a desire that students should understand the basic concepts underlying modern modelling practices before applying them—an excellent way to evolve a text book to provide a real teaching experience. Much of the content has been validated by use in a teaching environment over a period of years.

This is a book for all those working in the field of flight control systems and aircraft performance for both manned and unmanned flight control as well as auto-flight control for real time applications in aircraft and high fidelity simulation.

Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper and Allan Seabridge

Glossary

Greek symbols

Angle of attack. The aerodynamic angle between the projection of the relative wind onto the airplane's plane of symmetry and a suitably defined body fixed -axis.

The change in load factor resulting from a change in angle-of-attack , or more properly the partial derivative of the former with respect to the latter. A parameter used in the determination of short-period frequency requirements in flying qualities specifications, often called the ‘control anticipation parameter’.

Sideslip angle. The aerodynamic angle between the velocity vector and the airplane's plane of symmetry.

As a vector (bold), usually signifies angular velocity. As a scalar, often subscripted, a component of such a vector.

Tracking angle. One of three angles that define a 321 rotation from inertial to the wind reference frames.

A generic control effector that generates rolling moments . It is often taken to be the ailerons, .

The ailerons, positive with the right aileron trailing-edge down and left aileron trailing-edge up.

The elevator, positive with trailing-edge down.

A generic control effector that generates pitching moments . It is often taken to be the elevator, , or horizontal tail, .

A generic control effector that generates yawing moments . It is often taken to be the rudder, .

The rudder, positive with trailing-edge left.

Thrust, or throttle control.

Indicates a change from reference conditions of the quantity it precedes. Often omitted when implied by context.

Flight-path angle. One of three angles that define a 321 rotation from inertial to the wind reference frames.

An eigenvalue, units s.

Latitude on the earth.

A diagonal matrix of a system's eigenvalues.

Longitude on the earth.

Wind-axis bank angle. One of three angles that define a 321 rotation from inertial to the wind reference frames.

Damped frequency of an oscillatory mode.

Natural frequency of an oscillatory mode.

Every combination of control effector deflections that are admissible, i.e., that are within the limits of travel or deflection.

Bank attitude. One of three angles that define a 321 rotation from inertial to body-fixed reference frames.

The effects, usually body-axis moments, of every combination of control effector deflections in . Sometimes called the Attainable Moment Subset.

Heading angle. One of three angles that define a 321 rotation from inertial to body-fixed reference frames.

Density (property of the atmosphere).

Pitch attitude. One of three angles that define a 321 rotation from inertial to body-fixed reference frames.

Damping ratio of an oscillatory mode.

Acronyms, abbreviations, and other terms

·

Placed above a symbol of a time-varying entity, differentiation with respect to time.

^

Placed above a symbol to indicate that it is a non-dimensional quantity.

A vector that is some feature of (position, velocitiy, etc.) relative to and represented in the coordinate system of .

A vector of scalar functions, or a function of a vector.

A vector usually signifying force. See and .

A vector usually signifying angular momentum.

A vector usually signifying body-axis moments. See .

As a vector (bold), usually signifies the transformed states of a system, such transformation serving to uncouple the dynamics. As a scalar, a component of such a vector.

As a vector (bold), usually signifies position. As a scalar, often subscripted, a component of such a vector.

A vector usually signifying thrust.

Vector of control effector variables.

As a vector (bold), usually signifies linear velocity. As a scalar, often subscripted, a component of such a vector.

A vector usually signifying weight.

Vector of state variables.

Aspect ratio.

LaPlace transform operator.

Placed above a symbol to indicate that it is an approximation or an approximate quantity.

Matrices of the linearized equations of motion, as in . is the system matrix, is control-effectiveness matrix.

The non-dimensional stability or control derivative of with respect to . It is the non-dimensional form of , q.v.

The th column, th row of a matrix.

Complementary. A superscript to certain dynamic responses.

Controllable. A superscript to certain dynamic responses.

Non-dimensional differentiation.

The characteristic polynomial of a system. The roots of the characteristic equation, , are the systems eigenvalues.

Desired. A subscript to a dynamical response.

Subscript identifying the Dutch roll response mode.

Subscript identifying the Dutch roll response mode. In flying qualities specifications the subscript is .

Body-fixed reference frames.

Earth-fixed reference frame.

Earth-centered reference frame.

Local-horizontal reference frame.

Inertial reference frame.

Principal axes.

Stability-axis system.

Wind-axis system.

Zero-lift body-axis system.

A matrix of transfer functions.

Acceleration of gravity. As a non-dimensional quantity is the load factor , q.v.

Identity matrix.

With subscripts, moment of inertia.

Imaginary number, . Preference for rather than often stems from a background in electrical engineering, where is electrical current.

Kinematic. A superscript to certain dynamic responses.

Lift, side force, and drag. Wind-axis forces in the -, - and -directions, respectively.

Body-axis rolling, pitching, and yawing moments, respectively.

Lift, or rolling moment, depending on context.

Lateral–directional. Sometimes –.

Longitudinal.

A matrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of a system.

Mach number.

Mass.

Number of cycles to half or double amplitude.

Load factor, the ratio of lift to weight, . Measured in s.

Wind-axis roll rate, pitch rate, and yaw rate, respectively.

Body-axis roll rate, pitch rate, and yaw rate, respectively.

A pseudo-inverse of a matrix . and , with appropriate dimensions.

Subscript identifying the phugoid response mode.

Euler parameters.

The pitch rate is . The dynamic pressure is , Kevin.

Subscript identifying the roll subsidence response mode.

Subscript, ‘evaluated in reference conditions’.

Subscript identifying the coupled roll–spiral response mode.

Wing area, chord, and span, respectively.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background

This book grew out of several years of teaching a flight dynamics course at The Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, more commonly known as Virginia Tech, in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. That course was initially based on Bernard Etkin's excellent graduate level text Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight (Etkin, 1972). There is a newer edition than that cited, but the author prefers his copy, as it can be relied on to fall open to the desired pages.