Architectural Design with SketchUp E-Book

Alexander C. Schreyer

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 501

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Go beyond the basics: making SketchUp work for you Architectural Design with SketchUp, Second Edition, is the leading guide to this incredibly useful tool for architects, interior designers, construction professionals, and makers. With easy to follow tutorials that first brush up on the basics of the program and then cover many advanced processes, this resource offers both informative text and full-color illustrations to clearly convey the techniques and features you need to excel. The updated second edition has a new chapter that explains how to make things with SketchUp, and covers 3D printing, design to fabrication, CNC milling, and laser cutting. Other chapters also now cover Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 3D web content generation. Additionally, the revised text offers insight into the latest products and plugin extensions, navigation methods, import/export options, and 3D model creation features to ensure you have an up to date understanding of how to make SketchUp help you meet your project goals. A leading 3D modeling application, SketchUp features documentation capabilities through photorealistic renderings and construction drawings. Because of its ease of use and ability to be enhanced with many plugin extensions for project-specific applications, SketchUp is considered the tool of choice for professionals in the architecture, interior design, construction, and fabrication fields. * Access thoroughly updated information in an easy to understand writing style * Increase your efficiency and accuracy when using SketchUp and refresh and supplement your understanding of SketchUp's basics * Explore component-based modeling for assembly, scheduling, collaborative design, and modeling with a BIM approach * Find the right plugin extensions and understand how to best work with them * See how easy it is to generate presentation-ready renderings from your 3D models * Learn how you can use 3D printing, CNC milling, and laser cutting to make things with SketchUp * Use cookbook-style Ruby coding to create amazing 3D objects * Supplement your knowledge with video tutorials, sample files, and Ruby scripts via a robust companion website Architectural Design with SketchUp, Second Edition, is an integral resource for both students and professionals working in the architecture, interior design, construction, and fabrication industries.

Leseprobe

Architectural Design with SketchUp

3D Modeling, Extensions, BIM, Rendering, Making, and Scripting

Second Edition

Alexander C. Schreyer

Cover image: Alexander C. Schreyer Cover design: Wiley

This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞

Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom.

For general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.

ISBN 978-1-118-97881-8 (paperback)—ISBN 978-1-118-97884-9 (pdf)—ISBN 978-1-118-97883-2 (epub)

For my father, Gerhard         (First Edition)         For my mother, Rosemarie         (Second Edition)        

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: Introduction

About This Book

3D for All

How Does SketchUp Fit into the Designer’s Toolbox?

Windows or Mac, Pro or Make?

How This Book Works

Let’s Go!

Chapter 2: A SketchUp Refresher

Let's Get Started!

Interface and Program Setup

Working with Templates

SketchUp's Tool Set

SketchUp Best Practices

Chapter 3: Component-Based 3D Modeling for Efficient and Data-Driven Designs

Group- and Component-Based Modeling

Using Dynamic Components to Your Advantage

Where Does SketchUp Fit into the BIM Workflow?

Chapter 4: Using Extensions Effectively

What Does an Extension Do?

Extensions Overview

Chapter 5: Rendering in SketchUp

Let’s Get Visual!

Overview of Rendering Methods

Rendering Software

Perfecting the Components of a Rendering

Rendering Tips

Making Renderings Presentable

Chapter 6: Making Things with SketchUp

What Can I Make with SketchUp?

Services for Makers

Selecting the Manufacturing Technique

Cutting Prep

Laser Cutting

CNC Milling

3D Printing

For More Information About Making

Chapter 7: Creating Geometry Using Ruby Scripting

Why Computational Geometry?

Setting Up Your Computer

Intro to Ruby and the SketchUp API

Creating Geometry with Ruby

Transformations Change Things Up

Attracted to Attractors

What Else Is Possible with This?

Some Pitfalls and Things to Watch Out For

Appendix A: SketchUp Quick Reference Cards

Appendix B: Ruby Class and Method Reference

Appendix C: SketchUp API Class and Method Reference

Appendix D: Creating Your Own Extensions

Appendix E: Dynamic Component Function Reference

Appendix F: Creating a Simple Custom XML Schema

Index

EULA

List of Tables

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Digital watercolor of a rendering of script-generated panels

Figure 1.2 Infrared photography house model made in SketchUp and physically built using extensions

Figure 1.3 A night rendering of the cover scene

Figure 1.4 A grassy hill modeled and rendered in SketchUp

Figure 1.5 SketchUp’s CNC-cut WikiHouse pavilion for the 2013 New York Maker Faire

Figure 1.6 Rendered 3D QR-code model

Figure 1.7 Architectural design visualization model

Figure 1.8 Trimble's Connect platform for construction collaboration and file exchange

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 SketchUp's Instructor window

Figure 2.2 SketchUp's workspace on Windows

Figure 2.3 SketchUp's workspace on the Mac

Figure 2.4 Working with SketchUp's tools

Figure 2.5 Keyboard shortcut preferences

Figure 2.6 Units settings in the Model Info dialog

Figure 2.7 Text settings in the Model Info dialog

Figure 2.8 Dimension settings in the Model Info dialog

Figure 2.9 Using custom fonts in SketchUp

Figure 2.10 Purging unused components

Figure 2.11 Several preset view tabs

Figure 2.12 Custom template complete with premade tabs, custom fonts, custom dimensions, adjusted styles, and architectural units

Figure 2.13 Workspace with 3D mouse

Figure 2.14 Using a Wii remote to move around in SketchUp

Figure 2.15 Object snapping while drawing a line on a box

Figure 2.16 Line length snaps with preset 1/8” increments

Figure 2.17 Using a constraint on the blue axis together with inferencing to acquire the pyramid's height as the top point for a vertical line

Figure 2.18 Direct value entry for a rectangle

Figure 2.19 Creating a group or component using the context menu

Figure 2.20 Groups are best used when there are objects of many different sizes and configurations (especially if their texture does not tile).

Figure 2.21 Components are best used when there are many identical objects.

Figure 2.22 Using location information for accurate shading studies for an office

Figure 2.23 A gardener's clock, designed using SketchUp's shadows feature

Figure 2.24 Plan view of the sundial with the Shadow Settings window

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 A detailed mock-up of a construction detail

Figure 3.2 Moving the parts of an ungrouped model can destroy it.

Figure 3.3 Exploded view of assembly made of groups and components

Figure 3.4 The Outliner view of frame model

Figure 3.5 The Entity Info window for a group (top) and a component (bottom)

Figure 3.6 The Generate Report dialog

Figure 3.7 Model data imported to Excel (some columns removed)

Figure 3.8 Using a SketchUp component-based model in Synchro, a 4D construction scheduling software

Figure 3.9 Historic timeline renderings using components to separate buildings (original model from 3D Warehouse)

Figure 3.10 Overlapping components (left and middle: simple overlap; right: cutout)

Figure 3.11 Model of four overlapping wood beams

Figure 3.12 Dimensioned single beam, ready for manufacture

Figure 3.13 Finding an unprotected post top in your model lets you fix it before you build it.

Figure 3.14 Detailed model of box girder steel, precast smoke purge ducts, and temporary shoring

Figure 3.15 Dynamic Components in SketchUp

Figure 3.16 A parametric (Dynamic Component) bookshelf

Figure 3.17 Interactive Dynamic Component behavior

Figure 3.18 The Component Attributes window

Figure 3.19 Importing a SketchUp model into Revit (front walls were created in Revit using the Wall by Face tool)

Figure 3.20 Space planning in SketchUp

Figure 3.21 Photo-textured geo-located model

Figure 3.22 Attributes for the Space Dynamic Component

Figure 3.23 Options for the Space Dynamic Component

Figure 3.24 Scaling the space component

Figure 3.25 Using the component to plan building spaces

Figure 3.26 IFC classes in the BIM Classifier toolbar

Figure 3.27 SketchUp’s IFC model of a steel frame in a BIM viewer

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The Extension Warehouse

Figure 4.2 Installing an extension

Figure 4.3 The My Extensions section in the Extension Warehouse window

Figure 4.4 The Install Extension… button

Figure 4.5 Disabling an extension in the Extensions tab

Figure 4.6 Unwrapped infrared house model, ready for fabrication

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Building without and with shadows enabled

Figure 5.2 The Styles window

Figure 5.3 LayOut main screen

Figure 5.4 The watermark layers of the sketchy style (left: resulting style; right: the three watermarks shown in order)

Figure 5.5 Comparison of different default SketchUp display styles (left to right: textured, x-ray, solid color, conceptual, hidden line, wireframe)

Figure 5.6 Various reflections in real materials (brushed metal, coated wood, natural stone, shiny metal)

Figure 5.7 Ray-tracing light particles from the viewer’s eye

Figure 5.8 Various surface textures (rusty metal, wood, paper, canvas, rubber, solid colors)

Figure 5.9 Material bumpiness: patterned rubber, natural stone, canvas

Figure 5.10 Materials with subsurface light scattering: milk, soap, candle

Figure 5.11 Caustics behind a glass of water

Figure 5.12 Depth-of-field effect from an open camera aperture

Figure 5.13 Twilight user interface

Figure 5.14 Shaderlight user interface

Figure 5.15 Room setup in SketchUp (box for walls and floor, sofa, window, and plant from the sample components, custom-modeled mirror)

Figure 5.16 Room in SketchUp with materials applied and shadows turned on

Figure 5.17 Room in Kerkythea after importing

Figure 5.18 Kerkythea rendering with default parameters

Figure 5.19 Rendering with window glass and sunlight visible

Figure 5.20 Rendering with reflective materials

Figure 5.21 Rendering with fuzzy shadows

Figure 5.22 SketchUp model of a tension-fabric structure with guy wire and post

Figure 5.23 Number of faces after extrusion (left: default circle extruded along line; middle: default circle along arc; right: triangle along line)

Figure 5.24 Rendering with guy wire modeled as extruded triangle

Figure 5.25 Combination image with rendering and hidden-line export

Figure 5.26 Smoothing of tessellated surfaces (left: SketchUp model; middle: no edge softening; right: full edge softening)

Figure 5.27 Option in the DAE Export dialog to use two-sided faces

Figure 5.28 How similarly sized shapes triangulate upon exporting

Figure 5.29 Physical sky (top: late morning light; bottom: sunset light)—the sky color is based on the time of day

Figure 5.30 Two renderings of the same scene at the same time (top: low turbidity; bottom: high turbidity)

Figure 5.31 Rendering with uniform sky color

Figure 5.32 Rendering with background image of a sky stretched to fit the rendering size

Figure 5.33 Studio setup with backdrop and lights

Figure 5.34 Two rendered views from inside the room (note the background shift)

Figure 5.35 Night rendering (top: only artificial lights and dark blue sky color; bottom: gradient background, light blue low-intensity sun to simulate moonlight)

Figure 5.36 Sky probe (top left); planar, spherical sky image (top right); hemispherical sky (bottom)

Figure 5.37 Scene with spherical sky image and image-based illumination

Figure 5.38 Ocean scene with water plane

Figure 5.39 Ambient occlusion

clay

rendering of Notre Dame (model from 3D Warehouse)

Figure 5.40 The same scene illuminated with different HDR environments (you can see them in the sphere’s reflection)

Figure 5.41 Solar studies on shading devices and windows using sun illumination and physical sky

Figure 5.42 Sun illumination to enhance facade detail

Figure 5.43 The sun’s shadows: (1) close shadows are sharp; (2) distant shadows are soft; (3) shaded areas in shadows are also soft.

Figure 5.44 Studio setup for evaluation of light rendering

Figure 5.45 Setup with three similar omni lights

Figure 5.46 Modified setup (reduced light intensity and added light color)

Figure 5.47 Setup with added light source in front of model

Figure 5.48 Light attenuation in spotlights (top: none; middle: inverse linear; bottom: inverse squared)

Figure 5.49 Setup with three similar spotlights

Figure 5.50 The same setup with some light colors changed

Figure 5.51 Examples with different hotspot and falloff properties

Figure 5.52 Spotlight properties

Figure 5.53 IES light data (left: data visualization; right: rendering—created with IES Generator 4)

Figure 5.54 Applying IES light data to a spotlight

Figure 5.55 Our standard scene illuminated with two different IES lights

Figure 5.56 “Flat” recessed light without illuminated light source

Figure 5.57 Three methods to create recessed lights (left: spotlight; middle: light-emitting face; right: IES light)

Figure 5.58 Rendered potlights from Figure 5.57

Figure 5.59 Neon light rendering

Figure 5.60 Model of a CF lightbulb with light-emitting material illumination

Figure 5.61 Using an image texture as a light-emitting surface (left: rendering; right: photo of neon light fixture)

Figure 5.62 Three renderings with different lights are combined in Photoshop using “screen” layer blending

Figure 5.63 Two images created using various combinations of the base images

Figure 5.64 Light intensity analysis in the LightUp rendering software

Figure 5.65 The SketchUp Materials window

Figure 5.66 Problems with some default SketchUp materials (left: repeating pattern; right: low texture resolution)

Figure 5.67 Various rendered materials

Figure 5.68 Two texture types (single image and tiled)

Figure 5.69 Reflectivity of a walkway’s stones

Figure 5.70 Comparison of flat and reflective floor materials

Figure 5.71 Refraction in water

Figure 5.72 Refraction in three transparent materials (from left: glass, diamond, and frosted glass)

Figure 5.73 The same texture rendered without bump (left) and with bump (right)

Figure 5.74 Brick walls—a classic case where bump is warranted

Figure 5.75 Two different bump maps (left: texture; middle: inverted black-and-white map; right: high-contrast black-and-white map created in image editor

Figure 5.76 Emitting materials used for light globes and text-logo display

Figure 5.77 Three candles with subsurface-scattering wax materials

Figure 5.78 Three different texture-positioning methods in SketchUp (1st image: no end texture, 2nd: sample and paint; 3rd: paint projected texture; 4th: adding an additional end-grain texture)

Figure 5.79 Placing a projected texture onto a curved object

Figure 5.80 Texturing a sphere (left: sphere showing hidden faces; middle: default mapping in SketchUp; right: spherical mapping using UV Tools plugin

Figure 5.81 3D Warehouse main screen

Figure 5.82 Building models loaded into SketchUp

Figure 5.83 People models available from the 3D Warehouse

Figure 5.84 Different perspective renderings of people

Figure 5.85 Adding a person and her shadow using Photoshop

Figure 5.86 2D and 3D trees in the same scene

Figure 5.87 Adjusting a tree for rendering

Figure 5.88 Grass rendering methods (left to right: SketchUp’s grass texture, same with bump, individual blades, 2D image patch)

Figure 5.89 Using transparent images for grass

Figure 5.90 A grassy hill

Figure 5.91 Finished face-me tree component in SketchUp

Figure 5.92 Raw rendered image

Figure 5.93 Sketchy view exported from SketchUp

Figure 5.94 Layer arrangement in Photoshop

Figure 5.95 Combination of sketchy and rendered image

Figure 5.96 The same scene with an added “expressive brushstroke” underpainting

Figure 5.97 Layering of two pencil sketch types

Figure 5.98 Combination of a watercolor underpainting with sketchy linework

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Examples of what can be made with SketchUp

Figure 6.2 Some materials available from Shapeways (small samples at left) and common PLA (polylactic acid) plastic (right)

Figure 6.3 A scale paper model of a shell from Chapter 7 and concrete formwork, made using cutting prep techniques

Figure 6.4 Examples of laser-cut and laser-engraved pieces

Figure 6.5 CNC-milled examples from Trimble’s Maker Faire booth

Figure 6.6 Some 3D-printed examples (left to right): vase, rotation shape (can you see the face?), house model

Figure 6.7 The common (manual) tools of the trade

Figure 6.8 The modeled treads and risers for the stair

Figure 6.9 Dimensioned treads in LayOut

Figure 6.10 A paper model of the stair

Figure 6.11 :Transferred cut outlines at 1:1 scale

Figure 6.12 Laser-cutter

Figure 6.13 A simple, two-level mobile

Figure 6.14 Dimensioned mobile items, ready for calculations

Figure 6.15 Finished mobile with all outlines and holes

Figure 6.16 Linework in Adobe Illustrator

Figure 6.17 A CNC toolpath and resulting kerf

Figure 6.18 :Milling reentrant (inside) corners

Figure 6.19 A typical CNC router table and its smaller benchtop cousin

Figure 6.20 The cutting toolpath in VCarve Pro

Figure 6.21 Nesting imported SketchUp parts in VCarve Pro

Figure 6.22 Steps in the toolpath processing (top left to bottom right): Original SketchUp model, roughing toolpath visualization, finishing toolpath visualization, all toolpaths as lines

Figure 6.23 Two 3D printer sizes: Desktop-size (left) and full-size (right)

Figure 6.24 A solid group (left) and a non-solid one (right)

Figure 6.25 A lofted vase

Figure 6.26 After thickening the vase

Figure 6.27 Problematic areas in a model

Figure 6.28 Two separate objects: a 3D “a” and a slanted block

Figure 6.29 A watertight solid with a reversed face

Figure 6.30 Interior cutaway model for 3D printing

Figure 6.31 The model after the Outer Shell operations

Figure 6.32 Arranged parts, ready for 3D printing

Figure 6.33 A house model loaded as an STL file into MakerBot’s MakerWare software

Figure 6.34 Export options in MakerWare

Figure 6.35 Toolpath visualization

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 A parabola-shaped park

Figure 7.2 Parametric solar shading

Figure 7.3 The Ruby language’s website

Figure 7.4 Adding a triangle in SketchUp using Ruby code

Figure 7.5 Ruby Code Editor

Figure 7.6 First example in the Ruby Code Editor

Figure 7.7 SketchUp Ruby API objects

Figure 7.8 125 boxes created quickly by a script

Figure 7.9 Boxes colored in the full spectrum

Figure 7.10 The newly created materials

Figure 7.11 A small city with buildings of random heights

Figure 7.12 Randomly extruded faces

Figure 7.13 Panel layout with sinusoidal pattern

Figure 7.14 Rendered panels

Figure 7.15 Construction points from an imported file

Figure 7.16 Saving vertex locations for a shell

Figure 7.17 Single selected brick and generated wall

Figure 7.18 Rendering of generated wall

Figure 7.19 Selection for example

Figure 7.20 Rendered view of canopy after removal of circle faces

Figure 7.21 Randomized rotation and scaling (left: before; right: after)

Figure 7.22 Single-attractor-based coloring of facade panels

Figure 7.23 Rendering of an entire building with attractor-based facade pattern

Figure 7.24 :4’ × 4’ Wall panel component

Figure 7.25 Modified panels and the two attractor boxes

Figure 7.26 Solar-oriented opening placement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Preface

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Preface

What a difference a few years make! In the time since the first edition of this book was conceived, SketchUp and everyone who makes it left Google and joined Trimble, a company until then mostly known for GPS technology for construction (and other related fields), and Tekla, a steel-design software from Finland. In the meantime, Trimble has integrated SketchUp into many of its work areas and is actively pursuing a broadening of its software offerings. Case in point being the acquisition of Gehry Technologies and its software products.

All of this came along with significant performance increases for SketchUp and the integration of substantial BIM-elements into the software. SketchUp also received an online Extension Warehouse as an easy means for users to find and acquire extensions that add capabilities to SketchUp. 3D Warehouse, an online repository for SketchUp models, has also received a major upgrade, and it now features a WebGL online 3D file viewer.

In the same timeframe, the maker-movement has gone into overdrive, leading to many “maker spaces” where people combine advanced yet cost-efficient fabrication techniques with electronics and programming to create fully functional prototypes of technology-based objects in a much shorter time and at a lower cost than was heretofore possible. 3D modeling has become an essential part of this process during digital prototyping and prefabrication steps (e.g., for 3D printing).

This second edition of Architectural Design with SketchUp pays heed to these developments. SketchUp’s new capabilities have been highlighted mainly in chapters 2, 3, and 4. Where applicable, the updated Ruby scripting environment is reflected in chapter 7. While the title of this book retains its architecture focus, much of the content is now also applicable to many of the construction uses that come along with Trimble’s application of this software.

An entirely new chapter 6, on making with SketchUp, has also been introduced. It covers the most common fabrication techniques in use with SketchUp (3D printing, laser cutting, CNC routing, and fabrication planning) to give the reader step-by-step instructions on using these in his or her work.

This edition, in other words, incorporates the many “faces” of SketchUp to an even greater degree than the previous edition. It provides an essential desk reference for any SketchUp user and a thorough and well-organized learning sourcebook for those that seek to enhance their knowledge of this software.