Child Art Therapy E-Book

Judith Aron Rubin

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 760

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

An innovative guide to the practice of art therapy

Since 1978, Judith Aron Rubin's Child Art Therapy has become the classic text for conducting art therapy with children. Twenty-five years later, the book still stands as the reference for mental health professionals who incorporate art into their practice. Now, with the publication of this fully updated and revised Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Edition, which includes a DVD that illustrates art therapy techniques in actual therapy settings, this pioneering guide is available to train, inform, and inspire a new generation of art therapists and those seeking to introduce art therapy into their clinical practice.

The text illustrates how to:

• Set the conditions for creative growth, assess progress, and set goals for therapy
• Use art in individual, group, and family situations, including parent-child pairings, mothers' groups, and adolescent groups
• Work with healthy children and those with disabilities
• Guide parents through art and play
• Talk about art work and encourage art production
• Decode nonverbal messages contained in art and the art-making process
• Use scribbles, drawings, stories, poems, masks, and other methods to facilitate expression
• Understand why and how art therapy works

Along with the useful techniques and activities described, numerous case studies taken from Rubin's years of practice add a vital dimension to the text, exploring how art therapy works in the real world of children's experience. Original artwork from clients and the author illuminate the material throughout. Written by an internationally recognized art therapist, Child Art Therapy, Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Edition is a comprehensive guide for learning about, practicing, and refining child art therapy.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Illustrations

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 20

DVD Contents

A Note to the Reader/Viewer

Chapter 1. Roots

Chapter 2. Framework for Freedom

Chapter 3. Understanding Development in Art

Chapter 4. A Picture of the Therapeutic Process

Chapter 5. Some Ways to Facilitate Expression

Chapter 6. An Individual Art Evaluation

Chapter 7. Decoding Symbolic Messages

Chapter 8. Some Case Studies

Chapter 9. Case Illustration: Understanding and Helping

Chapter 10. A Family Art Evaluation

Chapter 11. Family Art Therapy

Chapter 12. Art Therapy with Parents

Chapter 13. Group Art Therapy

Chapter 14. Multimodality Group Therapy

Chapter 15. Art as Therapy for Children with Disabilities

Chapter 16. Art Therapy with Disabled Children and Their Parents

Chapter 17. Helping the Normal Child through Art

Chapter 18. Helping Parents through Art and Play

Chapter 19. What Child Art Therapy Is and Who Can Do It

Chapter 20. Why and How the Art Therapist Helps

Chapter 21. How the Art Therapist Learns through Research

Acknowledgments

Preface

Background

Changes in Art Therapy and Mental Health

Changes in Organization and Content of the Book

PART I - THE CONTEXT

CHAPTER 1 - Roots

Personal

Professional

Personal/Professional Passage

A Personal Experience of the Creative Process

Making Pictures Helps My Mourning Process

About This Book

CHAPTER 2 - A Framework for Freedom

Conditions for Creative Growth

CHAPTER 3 - Understanding Development in Art

Progression in Normal Artistic Development

Where a Child Is

General Issues in Development

CHAPTER 4 - A Picture of the Therapeutic Process

Testing

Trusting

Risking

Communicating

Facing

Understanding

Accepting

Coping

Separating

CHAPTER 5 - Some Ways to Facilitate Expression

A Starter (A Scribble)

A Theme

A Medium

A Dream

A Mask

A Target

A Tape Recorder

A Poem

A Story

A Picture-Taking Machine

Flashlights and Candles

Extending the Range

Conclusion

PART II - THE INDIVIDUAL

CHAPTER 6 - An Individual Art Evaluation

Background

Initiating the Interview

Getting Started

The Art Materials

The Space

Talking about the Artwork

Abstract Artwork

Some Things Are Easier to Say and to See in Art

Productivity

Recommendations

CHAPTER 7 - Decoding Symbolic Messages

To Write or Not to Write?

Verbal Communications

To Talk or Not to Talk?

Nonverbal Communications

Interaction with the Therapist

Response to the Task

Response to the Materials

The Working Process

Products: Form

Form and Process as Content

Products: Content

Common Themes

Self-Representations

Degree of Disguise

Attitude toward the Product

Making Sense

Reporting

CHAPTER 8 - Some Case Studies

Ellen: An Elective Mute

Dorothy: A Child with Schizophrenia

Randy: A Boy with Encopresis

Conclusion

CHAPTER 9 - Case Illustration

Individual Art Evaluation

Group Art Therapy

Joint Mother-Child Art Sessions

Family Art Evaluation

Family Art Therapy

Joint Nonverbal Drawing

PART III - THE FAMILY AND THE GROUP

CHAPTER 10 - A Family Art Evaluation

Format

Scribble Drawing

Family Representations

Family Mural

Free Products

Making Sense

Characteristics

Modifications

CHAPTER 11 - Family Art Therapy

Family Member Dyads

Conjoint Family Art Therapy

Occasional Conjoint Family Art Sessions

Multimodal Family Art Sessions

CHAPTER 12 - Art Therapy with Parents

Individual Art Therapy

Mother-Child Art Therapy Group

Short-Term Parent-Child Art Therapy Groups

Mothers’ Art Therapy Groups

Conclusion

CHAPTER 13 - Group Art Therapy

History and Development

Deciding What to Do

Activities in Art Therapy Groups

Groups and How They Grow

The Use of Structure in Unstructured Groups

Group Themes and Concerns

Creative Play with Food

Role-Taking in Interviews

Interviewing Each Other

Reviewing in a Group

Individual Growth in a Group: Don

Group Growth: New Members and Endings

Conclusion

CHAPTER 14 - Multimodality Group Therapy

Relationships among the Arts

The First Art-Drama Therapy Group: Latency-Age Boys

The Second Art-Drama Therapy Group: Adolescents

Role of the Leader

Conclusion

PART IV - ART THERAPY FOR DISABLED CHILDREN

CHAPTER 15 - Art as Therapy for Children with Disabilities

The Universality of Creativity

Children with Schizophrenia in a Psychiatric Hospital

Children with Physical Disabilities in a Residential Institution

Deaf Children in a Day School

Children with Developmental Delays in a Preschool

Blind Children with Multiple Disabilities in a Residential School

Changes over the Years Since the First Edition

Special Considerations in Art for Children with Disabilities

Values of Art for Children with Disabilities

CHAPTER 16 - Art Therapy with Disabled Children and Their Parents

Similarities and Differences

Coming to Terms with Blindness

Outpatient Mothers’ Therapy Group: Sustenance and Support

PART V - ART AS THERAPY FOR EVERYONE

CHAPTER 17 - Helping the Normal Child through Art

Therapeutic Values in Art Education

Dealing with Normal Stresses through Art

Loss of Parental Figures

Conclusion

CHAPTER 18 - Helping Parents through Art and Play

Art as Therapy for Normal Adults

Education in the Community

Family Art Workshop: Elementary School

Parent Art Workshop in a School

Mothers and Toddlers in a Church

Parent Play Groups

Sample Activities to Help Parents Understand Developmental Phases

Possible Ways to Proceed

PART VI - GENERAL ISSUES

CHAPTER 19 - What Child Art Therapy Is and Who Can Do It

Art Therapy and Art Education

Art Therapy and Play Therapy

Qualities of Good Child Art Therapists

CHAPTER 20 - Why and How the Art Therapist Helps

The Need and Capacity to Create

The Creative Process as a Learning Experience

The Art Therapist as a Real Person and Symbolic Other: Transference

An Artist and a Therapist

The Art Therapist as a Change Agent

Extending Opportunities: Art Therapy Consultation

CHAPTER 21 - How the Art Therapist Learns through Research

Introduction and Issues

Objective Observation

Subjective Clinical Assessments

Grouping and Goal-Setting

Assessing Change in Blind Children I

Assessing Change in Blind Children II

A Phenomenological Investigation

Self-Assessments of Art Products

Measurement of Media Popularity

Group Drawings and Group Dynamics

Diagnostic Questions about Child Art

Variability in Children’s Art

Free Association in Art Imagery

Relationships between Creativity and Mental Health

Comparing Products from Art and Drama Interviews

Conclusion

A Cautionary Note

References

Index

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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ISBN 0-471-67991-7 (pbk.)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Illustrations

Color files of the illustrations for each chapter are found on the DVD in the folder for that chapter (i.e., folder DVD 1.0 contains the figures for Chapter 1, DVD 2.0 contains the figures for Chapter 2, etc.).

Chapter 1

1.1 “The Scariest Dream” (Two Dead Grandmothers). Age 8. Chalk

1.2 Painting of My Children. Acrylic

Chapter 2

2.1 A Blind Boy Finger Painting in a Tray

2.2 A Blind Boy Mixing Clay and Water in a Bowl

2.3 A Person Drawing by a Brain-Damaged Boy. Age 9

2.4 A Girl Who Is Absorbed in Her Work (Photo by Jacob Malezi)

Chapter 3

3.1 A Toddler Can Manipulate a Paintbrush and Enjoy the Process

3.2

a. A Head-Body (Cephalopod) Figure. Three years, 10 months. Crayon

b. A Person (Mommy) 8 Months Later by the Same Girl. Crayon

3.3 A Partially Sighted Boy Fills in His Own Outlines

3.4 Some of Jenny’s Varied Human Figure Drawings Around Age 4

3.5 “Daddy in Front of Our House,” by Jim. Age 5. Marker

3.6 “X-ray” Drawing of a Mother with a Baby in Her Tummy. Age 5. Marker

3.7 A Family Eating Dinner around a Table. Age 6. Marker

3.8 A Boy’s Pictures of a Clown (a) and of Himself (b). Age 5. Crayon

3.9

a. Lisa’s Usual Style of Painting

b. Lisa’s Smeary Picture

3.10 A Family Doing Things Inside Their House (“X-ray”). Age 5. Crayon

Chapter 4

4.1 Jeremy’s Drawing of Battles and Action. Age 7. Marker

4.2 Donny Filming a Drawing-in-Progress for Animation

Chapter 5

5.1 Carla’s Nightmare Monster. Age 8. Scribble drawing, marker

5.2 “A Girl Was Mad” by Eleanor. Age 15. Marker

5.3

a. A Clay Head, All One Color, by Jerry. Age 11

b. A Multicolored Clay Head, by Jerry. Age 11

5.4 Chip’s Drawing of a Dream about Godzilla. Age 8. Marker

5.5 Lori’s Scary Monster Mask. Age 5. Crayon on cardboard

5.6 (a) Drawing an Enemy and (b) Punching Him on a Bag. Boy, age 6

5.7 Glen’s Drawing of the USS Constitution. Age 11. Pencil

5.8 The Pencil-Snatcher Sneaking Away, by James. Age 13. Pencil

Chapter 6

6.1 (a-g) Jamie’s Products from His Art Interview, in Order

6.2 Melanie’s Lonely, Hungry Eagle. Age 15. Scribble drawing, chalk

6.3 Jim’s Painting of a “Design,” Later Called a “Boat.” Age 9. Tempera

6.4 A Statue of a Person Being Born, by Ben. Age 12. Clay

6.5 (a-c) Three Products from a 1-hour Interview, in Order. Age 9

6.6 Head of a Man, by Marilyn. Age 16. Clay

6.7

a. A Tree, by Evelyn. Age 16. Paint, marker

b. “Fred,” by Evelyn. Age 16. Paint, marker

Chapter 8

8.1 A Pirate with an Eye Patch, by Ellen. Age 12. Marker

8.2 Ellen’s First Drawing after a 6-week Interruption. Marker

8.3 Ellen’s First Enlargement of Her “Creature,” 1 Week Later

8.4 One of Dorothy’s Many Bird Drawings. Age 10. Pencil and tempera

8.5 Dorothy’s Pencil Drawing of a Destructive Eagle and Its Victim

8.6 The “Tortoise Shell Family” of Cats, by Dorothy. Marker

8.7 Randy Giving the Art Therapist a Gift. Age 10. Marker

8.8 Randy Holding On to the Art Therapist with a Belt. Marker

Chapter 9

9.1 “A Runed Work” (a Crane), by Tim. Age 5. Mixed media

9.2 A House by Tim, Done in Group. Age 5. Wood scraps and glue

9.3 A Boy Holding On to a Pet Snake, by Tim. Age 6. Marker

9.4 A Fire-Breathing Dinosaur, by Tim. Age 6. Marker

Chapter 10

10.1 Mr. F.’s Scribble Drawing: A Bum or a Clown. Chalk

10.2 F. Family Creating Family Portraits

10.3 F. Family Working on Their Dinosaur Mural. Poster chalk

10.4 Mrs. Y.’s Teepee. Free Drawing. Marker

Chapter 11

11.1 Billy and Mrs. K. Drawing Each Other at the Easel

11.2 Josh and Mrs. W. Working Together on a Clay Sculpture

11.3 Family Drawing by Girl with Anorexia

Chapter 12

12.1 Mrs. J.’s Family Drawing. Marker

12.2 Mrs. K.’s “Life Space” Picture. Marker

12.3 A Mother and Son Working Together on a Drawing

12.4 A Young Widow’s “Life-Space” Drawing of Her Many Concerns

Chapter 13

13.1 Two Girls Working Together on the Same Space without Talking

13.2 “Joe Frazier” or “The Stupid Man,” a Boxer Who Got Beaten Up. Marker

13.3 Three Works by Don

a. A Tight Drawing

b. A Bloody Sculpture

c. A Free Painting

Chapter 14

14.1 Matt’s Drawing of a Man Trying to Shoot a Woman. Age 9. Marker

14.2 Soap Crayon “Makeup” Turns Jack into Frankenstein. Age 9

14.3 Two Boys Help Each Other Use Paint to Become “Generals”

14.4 Three Sculptures by Sam

a. An Early Undulating Mass

b. “Need”

c. A Late Head of a King

14.5 A Head with Distorted Features, by Sam. Age 16. Pencil

14.6 Sam’s Drawing of the View from His College Window. Pencil

14.7

a. An Early Athlete, by Jim

b. A Later Athlete, by Jim

Chapter 15

15.1 A Boy in a Wheelchair Paints His Ceramic Slab Pot

15.2 A Drawing of the Art Therapist, by Claire. Age 10. Crayon

15.3 Claire’s Drawing, Done Immediately after a Visit to the Dentist. Marker

15.4 Eleanor’s Drawing of “What She Would Like to Do.” Marker

15.5 Carl Making One of His Many Wood Scrap Compositions

15.6 A Blind Child Experiencing Finger Paint

Chapter 16

16.1 Mr. C.’s Picture of His Wife: “The Rock of Gibraltar.” Marker

16.2 Mrs. C.’s Picture of Her Husband and His Many Interests. Marker

16.3 Tommy’s Super-Powerful Sculpture: “Bionic Susquash”

16.4 Two of Larry’s Many Clay Rockets Used for Space Fantasies

16.5 Larry Playing a Recorder during a Therapy Session

16.6 An Artist-Mother “Helps” Her Blind Child to Paint Better

Chapter 17

17.1 A Boy Crying because He Lost His Bike. Age 10. Tempera

17.2 A Bird Knocking Another Bird off the Nest. Age 5. Marker

17.3 A Girl Crying because Her Brother Broke Her Doll. Age 5. Crayon

17.4 A “Bad Scissors” about to Cut Off a Brother’s Nose. Age 5. Pencil

17.5 “I Hope This Didn’t Happen.” Age 5. Pencil

17.6 Ugly Drawing of Older Sister Jenny, by Nona. Age 8. Pen

17.7 Ugly Drawing of Older Sister Nona, by Jon. Age 7. Pencil

17.8 Ugly Drawing of Parents, by Jenny. Age 5. Crayon

17.9 Killer Shark Devouring Bad Mother, by Jon. Age 8. Pencil

17.10 Ugly Drawing of Father by Jon. Age 9. Pen

17.11 A Flying Superhero with a Little Boy Hanging On to Him. Age 5. Marker

17.12 Ugly Picture of Dr. Rubin’s Face. Age 7. Marker

Chapter 18

18.1 Children and Parents Working on an “Endless Easel” at an Arts Festival

18.2 (a-b) Mothers and Children at a “Family Art Workshop” in a School

18.3 Mothers and Toddlers at a Parent-Child Workshop in a Church

18.4 An Adult Blowing Soap Bubbles in a Parent Play Group

Chapter 20

20.1 An Ugly Picture of the Art Therapist During a Period of Angry Feelings

DVD Contents

A Note to the Reader/Viewer

Illustrations, not Instructions

Because the book covers a great deal of ground, the DVD is meant to illustrate rather than to instruct. In order to show a wide variety of examples, I have opted for breadth rather than depth. Another reason for the brevity of most of the film clips is to minimize the likelihood of revealing any sensitive information or material about the participants.

Although the majority of the illustrative clips are from unfinished film and tape materials, some are excerpts from finished works, a few of which may still be available for purchase. I have therefore included any relevant information, as well as a listing of those individuals and institutions who have generously given permission for their inclusion. This can be found in the Acknowledgments.

A Reminder About Confidentiality

One reason for the brevity of most of the film clips on the DVD is to minimize the likelihood of revealing any sensitive information or material about the participants. This is a concern that I hope will be understood and honored by you, the reader/viewer.

Although not all of the people on this DVD are patients, it is important to note that many were at the time these images were made, and that in the majority of instances, they agreed to be photographed specifically for the purpose of professional education.

Since this book is addressed to those in the helping professions, I trust that you will respect the need for privacy of anyone allowing themselves to be filmed, and will maintain the same kind of confidentiality normally accorded to any kind of clinical material.

As all Codes of Ethics state, any personal information about people in treatment is privileged information, intended only for professionals. The need for confidentiality extends to the artwork on this DVD, as well as to all stills and video images of those whose generosity will allow others to be helped.

We remain forever in their debt, and therefore owe them the courtesy of neither reproducing nor showing their images to individuals who are not using this book for educational purposes.

Although art therapy publications have long utilized reproductions and photographs in order to train others; this is the first time that so many images have been made available in a single book, in order to better inform those wanting to learn ways of using art in their clinical work.

As one of those individuals, your strict adherence to keeping these images confidential will help future generations of therapists to be educated more fully and more richly in the use of this active modality than ever before. It is up to each person using this text to respect this request.

It is therefore essential that you refrain from copying these images to your computer’s hard drive or sharing them with others, and that you use them solely for your own education as a mental health professional.

On behalf of those who agreed to be photographed so that you might better learn, and on behalf of those who can be helped through art, I thank you and wish you good fortune in your own efforts.

Judith Aron Rubin, Ph.D. January, 2005

Chapter 1. Roots

1.1 Personal

a. After Peter’s Death

b. Nightmare

c. My Mother

1.2 Memorial for a Wife

1.3 Spontaneous Art of the Mentally Ill

a. A Patient and His Art

b. On Calendar Pages

c. On Toilet Paper

d. Painting by a Patient

e. Aloyse Korbaz—-An Artist with Schizophrenia (“Magic Mirror of Aloyse”)

1.4 Child Art Therapy Pioneers

a. Viktor Lowenfeld

b. Margaret Naumburg

c. Edith Kramer

1.5 Drawing Helps My Mourning Process

a. Pain

b. My Mother in the Hospital Bed

c. Mama-Breast-Love

d. I Love You, I Need You

e. Can You See?

f. Together Again