Clinical Anatomy For Dummies E-Book

David Terfera

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 515

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Your ticket to acing Clinical Anatomy

Clinical anatomy is the study of human anatomy as it relates to clinical practice. Unlike a basic anatomy and physiology course designed to teach general anatomical knowledge, clinical anatomy focuses on specific structures and issues that people may encounter in a clinical setting.

Clinical Anatomy For Dummies presents a friendly, unintimidating overview of the material covered in a typical college-level Clinical Anatomy course. Clear definitions, concise explanations, and plenty of full-color illustrations make Clinical Anatomy For Dummies the most accessible book available to supplement your classroom texts.

• Plain-English explanations make difficult concepts easy to grasp
• Tracks to a typical college-level Clinical Anatomy course
• Features a 16-page color insert

Whether you're a student or a practicing healthcare worker, Clinical Anatomy for Dummies makes this subject accessible and easy to grasp.

Leseprobe

Clinical Anatomy For Dummies®

Visit www.dummies.com/cheatsheet/clinicalanatomy to view this book's cheat sheet.

Table of Contents

Introduction

About This Book

Conventions Used in This Book

What You’re Not to Read

Foolish Assumptions

How This Book Is Organized

Part I: Beginning with Clinical Anatomy Basics

Part II: Understanding the Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis

Part III: Looking at the Head, Neck, and Back

Part IV: Moving to the Upper and Lower Extremities

Part V: The Part of Tens

Icons Used in This Book

Where to Go from Here

Part I: Beginning with Clinical Anatomy Basics

Chapter 1: Entering the World of Clinical Anatomy

Studying the Body in Different Ways

Looking under the microscope or with your eyes

Speaking clinically: Terms used in clinical anatomy

Dividing the Body into Systems and Regions

Organizing the body by systems

Organizing the body by regions

Chapter 2: Getting a Grip on Terms Used in Clinical Anatomy

Describing Anatomy by Position, Region, and Plane

Beginning with the anatomical position

Figuring out what goes where in anatomical regions

Knowing what’s up, down, back, and front in specific terms

Slicing the body into anatomical planes

Labeling Anatomical Movement

Bending and straightening

Going away and getting closer

Moving in circles

Surveying other ways to move

Chapter 3: Examining the Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, and Nervous Systems

Showing Interest in Integument

Looking at the layers and structures of the skin

Going in farther to the fascia

Boning Up on the Skeleton

Figuring out what makes a bone

Surveying the shapes of bones

Feeling out bumps, ridges, and indentations

Catching Up to Cartilage

Joining the Joints

Making the Body Move with Muscles

Moving the bones with skeletal muscle

Keeping the heart ticking with cardiac muscle

Having no control over smooth muscle

Getting on Your Nerves

Determining what’s in (and on) a neuron

Coordinating input and signals with the central nervous system

Touching and moving with the peripheral nervous system

Feeling and reacting with the somatic nervous system

Taking control with the autonomic nervous system

Chapter 4: Moving Along with the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Tracing Circulatory Pathways in the Cardiovascular System

Making the rounds: Systemic circulation

Fueling up: Pulmonary circulation

Moving Blood Away from the Heart with Arteries

Looking inside large elastic arteries

Moving to medium muscular arteries

Surveying small arteries and arterioles

Taking Blood Back to the Heart with Capillaries and Veins

Exchanging gases, nutrients, and wastes in capillaries

Peeking into veins and venules

Breathing In and Out: The Respiratory System

Chapter 5: Looking at the Immune and Lymphatic Systems

Beginning with Red Bone Marrow and Leukocytes

Fighting infection with lymphocytes

Binging on bacteria with phagocytes

Controlling histamines with basophils

Surveying the Lymphatic System

Networking with lymphatic capillaries and vessels

Filtering lymph through nodes

Collecting lymph in ducts

Assessing Additional Lymphoid Organs

The thymus

The spleen

The tonsils, the appendix, and the gut

Chapter 6: Delving into the Digestive, Urinary, and Endocrine Systems

Breaking Down and Absorbing Your Food: The Digestive System

Starting in the mouth

Continuing through the esophagus and into the stomach

Finishing in the small intestine with help from the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver

Forming and removing bulk in the large intestine

Removing Wastes: The Urinary System

Handling Hormones: The Endocrine System

The master gland: The pituitary

The pituitary’s assistants: The hypothalamus and pineal glands

The body’s metabolism booster: The thyroid gland

Fighting infection: The thymus

Stressing out: The suprarenals

Digestive aid: The pancreas

Mars and Venus: The testes and the ovaries

Part II: Understanding the Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis

Chapter 7: Checking Out the Thoracic Cage and Coverings

Getting Under Your Skin: Thoracic Bones, Joints, Muscles, and More

Forming the thoracic cage: The bones

Moving just a little: The joints

Helping you breathe: The respiratory muscles

Running through the thorax: The nerves and blood vessels

Covering It All Up: The Surface Anatomy of the Thorax

Using imaginary lines in your assessment

Looking at the anterior chest wall

Examining the posterior chest wall

Chapter 8: Assessing the Thoracic Organs

Understanding the Mediastinum and Pleural Cavities

The mediastinum

The pleural cavities

Looking at the Lungs

Surveying the lungs’ surfaces and borders

Getting air in and out with the trachea

Branching into the bronchi

Checking out the lobes

Flowing with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Having a Heart

Surrounding the heart with the pericardium

Examining the surfaces of the heart

Putting together the four chambers

Feeding the heart: Arteries and veins

Giving the heart its spark

Exploring Thoracic Circulation

Circulating blood in the major vessels

Moving lymph through the lymphatic vessels

Discovering What Else Is in the Thoracic Cavity

Chapter 9: Bellying Up to the Abdominal Wall

Drawing Quadrants and Regions on the Abdominal Wall

Using two lines: The four quadrants

Using four lines: The nine regions

Making Up the Abdominal Wall: Muscles and More

Absolutely fabulous abdominal muscles

Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics for maintaining tissues

Lining the abdomen: The peritoneum

Inspecting the Inguinal Region

The inguinal ligament and the iliopubic tract

The inguinal canal

The spermatic cord

The testes

The scrotum

Seeing the Skin and Surface Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall

Chapter 10: Probing the Abdominal Organs

Poking Around the Peritoneum

The mesentery and the peritoneal folds and ligaments

The greater and lesser omentums

Digging into the Main Digestive Organs

Entering the esophagus

Churning in the stomach

Winding through the small intestine

Moving into the large intestine

Observing Organs that Assist with Digestion

Locating the liver

Glancing at the gallbladder

Pinpointing the pancreas

Identifying Renal Anatomy

Knowing the kidneys

Tracing the ureters

Spying the suprarenal glands

Figuring Out What Else Is in the Abdominal Cavity

The spleen

Nerves

Major abdominal blood vessels

Lymphatics

Chapter 11: Seeing the Pelvis and the Perineum

Pinpointing the Pelvic Structures

Forming the pelvic girdle: Bones and joints

Making note of muscles and fascia

Personal space: The peritoneum

Feeling out the nerves of the pelvis

Viewing blood vessels

Looking at lymphatics

Comparing Pelvic Organs

Locating pelvic organs that everyone has

Finding Mars: The male pelvic organs

Finding Venus: The female pelvic organs

Exit Strategy: The Perineum

The male perineum

The female perineum

Part III: Looking at the Head, Neck, and Back

Chapter 12: Head of the Class

Sticking to the Skull Bones

Cradling the brain in the cranial cavity

Facing forward with the facial bones

Encasing the Brain: The Meninges

The dural infoldings

The dural venous sinuses

Locating the Areas and Structures of the Brain

Thinking about the cerebrum

Going inside the diencephalon

Balancing the cerebellum

Surveying the brainstem

Draining the brain with the ventricles

Getting the glands

Counting the cranial nerves

Serving the brain: The blood supply

Putting on a Face

Expressing yourself with facial muscles

Moving with motor nerves

Feeling out sensory nerves

Viewing blood vessels

Getting a handle on lymphatics

Enveloping the Head: Facial Surface Anatomy and the Scalp

Chapter 13: Seeing, Smelling, Tasting, and Hearing

Seeing into the Eyes

Taking cover with eyelids

Having a ball — an eyeball, that is

Rolling your eyes with extraocular muscles

Serving the eyes: The nerves

Providing blood flow to and from the eyes

Knowing the Nose

Sniffing out the exterior of the nose

Scoping out the nasal cavity

Insinuating your way into the paranasal sinuses

Sensing the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

Investigating the Mouth

Open wide: The oral cavity

Chew on this: The teeth and gums

Picking on the palate

Sticking out your tongue

Making spit in the salivary glands

Tapping into the temporomandibular joint

Noting nerves

Viewing blood vessels

Sorting through lymphatics

Entering the Ear

Examining the external ear

Moving into the middle ear

Diving deeper into the inner ear

Keeping an ear out for nerves and vessels

Chapter 14: It’s Neck and Neck

Sizing Up the Superficial Structures: Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels

Dividing the triangles: The sternocleidomastoid

Going back to the posterior triangle of the neck

Understanding the anterior triangle of the neck

Neck Deep: Diving into the Deep Structures

Flexing the neck: The prevertebral muscles

Rooting around the root of the neck

Homing In on the Neck Organs

Front and center: Thyroid and parathyroid glands

Speaking of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea

Locating lymphatic vessels and nodes

Surrounding the Neck: Skin and Surface Anatomy

Chapter 15: Back to Back

Stacking Up the Vertebral Column

Analyzing a typical vertebra

Putting the vertebrae into groups

Connecting with the vertebral joints

Studying the Spinal Cord and Meninges

Spying on the spinal cord and nerves

Coverings and cushions: Understanding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Flexing Your Back Muscles

Shouldering the load: The extrinsic muscles

Twisting and turning: The intrinsic muscles

Nodding your head: The suboccipital muscles

Providing Blood Flow and Lymphatic Drainage in the Back

Assessing the Surface Anatomy of the Vertebrae and Back Muscles

Looking for curves in the spine

Seeing bones on the back’s surface

Viewing the back muscles

Part IV: Moving to the Upper and Lower Extremities

Chapter 16: Shouldering the Load: The Pectoral Girdle and the Arm

Boning Up on the Shoulder and the Arm

Looking at the bones of the pectoral girdle

It’s not funny, but it’s humerus

Joining the Parts

Collaring the sternoclavicular joint

Reviewing the acromioclavicular joint

Hanging on to the humerus

Sniffing around the Axilla (Armpit)

Forming the apex, the base, and the walls

Tracking the axillary artery and vein

Moving the Shoulder and the Arm

Taking a look at the anterior muscles

Moving to the posterior muscles

Shaping up the shoulder muscles

Maintaining the Tissues

Acknowledging the nerves and blood supply

Remembering the lymphatic vessels

Covering Your Shoulders and Arms: The Surface Anatomy

Chapter 17: Bending the Elbow and Focusing on the Forearm

Forming the Elbow and the Forearm: The Bones

Handling the humerus

Regarding the radius

Understanding the ulna

Joining the Elbow and the Forearm

Bending the elbow

Reviewing the radioulnar joints

Making the Elbow and Forearm Move: The Muscles

The muscles of the arm

The muscles of the forearm

Giving a Nod to the Nerves and Blood Supply

Nerves

Blood supply

Looking Only Skin Deep: The Surface Anatomy

Chapter 18: Shaking Hands and Grabbing the Wrist

Putting Your Hands (and Wrists) Together

Starting with the carpal bones

Moving to the metacarpal bones

Finding the phalanges

Waving and Wiggling with the Help of Joints

Looking at the wrist joints

Handing over the hand joints

Pointing to the finger joints

Making the Most of Wrist and Hand Muscles

Flexing and extending the wrist

Sticking out your thumb with the thenar muscles

Honing in on the hypothenar muscles

Investigating the interosseous muscles and the lumbricals

Knowing the Nerves and Blood Supply of the Wrist and Hand

Getting a feeling for the nerves

Uncovering the arteries and veins

Fitting Like a Glove: The Surface Anatomy of the Wrist and Hand

Chapter 19: Getting Hip to the Hip and the Thigh

Honing In on Hip and Thigh Bones

Understanding the Hip and Thigh Joints

Seeking the sacroiliac joint

Surveying the symphysis pubis

Looking at the acetabulofemoral joint

Swaying Your Hips and Moving Your Thighs with the Help of Muscles

Minding the muscles of the buttocks

Turning with the thigh muscles

Maintaining the Hip and Thigh Tissues

Knowing the nerves

Flowing through the arteries and veins

Looking at the lymphatics

Summing Up the Surface Landmarks

Chapter 20: Knowing the Knee and the Leg

Logging the Knee and Leg Bones

Knocking the Knee Joint

Coming up with cartilage and the joint capsule

Balancing the menisci

Hanging on with the ligaments

Bumping up against the bursae

Kneeling on the patellofemoral joint

Supervising the superior tibiofibular joint

Mastering the Muscles that Affect the Knee and Leg

Starting with thigh muscles that work with the knee

Aiming at the anterior compartment

Looking at the lateral compartment

Pondering the posterior compartment

Noticing the Nerves, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics of the Knee and Leg

Noting the nerves

Analyzing the arteries and veins

Listing the lymph nodes

Summing Up the Surface Landmarks

Chapter 21: Finding the Ankle and the Foot

Looking at the Framework of the Ankle and Foot

Aiming for the ankle bones

Assessing the architecture of the foot bones

Taking In the Ankle and Foot Joints

Moving up and down: The ankle joint

Supporting your weight: The foot and toe joints

Bending Your Ankle and Curling Your Toes: The Muscles

Turning to leg muscles that move the ankle and the foot

Minding the muscles of the foot

Getting Maintenance with Nerves, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics

Naming the nerves

Looking at blood vessels and lymphatics

Summing Up the Surface Landmarks of the Ankle and the Foot

Part V: The Part of Tens

Chapter 22: Ten Helpful Clinical Anatomy Mnemonics

Thinking about the Cranial Bones

Focusing on the Facial Bones

Memorizing the Cranial Nerves

Summing Up the Heart-Valve Sequence

Ordering the Abdominal Muscles

Tracking the Intestinal Tract

Remembering the Rotator Cuff Muscles

Concentrating on the Carpal Bones

Looking at the Lateral Rotator Muscles of the Hip

Taming the Tarsal Bones

Chapter 23: Ten Ways to Look into the Body without Cutting It Open

Conventional Radiography

Computerized Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Positron Emission Tomography

Fluoroscopy

Mammography

Ultrasonography

Opthalmoscopy

Upper Endoscopy

Colonoscopy

Cheat Sheet

Clinical Anatomy For Dummies®

by David Terfera, PhD, and Shereen Jegtvig, DC, MS

Clinical Anatomy For Dummies®

Published byJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River St.Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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About the Authors

David Terfera, PhD, received his PhD in cell and developmental biology from SUNY Upstate Medical University and currently teaches biomedical sciences at the University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine. In addition, he is an adjunct professor at Quinnipiac University, where he teaches undergraduate anatomy and physiology.

Shereen Jegtvig, DC, MS, is a health and nutrition writer who began her professional career as a chiropractor in western Wisconsin in 1990. Her chiropractic education included an extensive amount of coursework in human anatomy, physiology, physical diagnosis, and chiropractic care.

Shereen also has a master’s degree in human nutrition and is a member of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the Association of Health Care Journalists. She writes about nutrition for the website About.com, is co-author of Superfoods For Dummies (Wiley), and teaches evidence-based nutrition to graduate students at the University of Bridgeport in Connecticut.

Dedication

David dedicates this book to Danielle, for her love and patience, and to his family, especially Raymond and Doris, for their never-ending encouragement.

Shereen dedicates this book to Dr. James Lehman, her partner in love and life, and to her daughter, Kendyl Reis, and son, John Reis, who both make it easy to be a happy mom. Special thanks to her parents, Virgil and Becky Jegtvig, who brought her into this world and bought her that first copy of Gray’s Anatomy in 1978.

Authors’ Acknowledgments

The authors thank the following people:

To our project editor, Georgette Beatty, for her patience and expertise, and special thanks to acquisitions editor Stacy Kennedy for getting us started.

To our agent, Barb Doyen, for her ideas and guidance.

To our illustrator, Kathryn Born, whose beautiful drawings bring our book to life.

We’d also like to thank our copy editor, Caitie Copple, and our technical reviewers, David Brzezinski and Steve Dougherty.

Publisher’s Acknowledgments

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Acquisitions, Editorial, and Vertical Websites

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Introduction

Clinical anatomy is the study of the human body as it pertains to examination and treatment in a clinical setting, so it’s a little different than your typical gross anatomy (which is learning about the body in a lab). We understand how much effort it takes to study anatomy of any kind — the body has a lot of working parts — but knowing where those parts are and how they work together is very important when you’re examining a person who needs your help.

We wrote this book because we want to help you get comfortable with clinical anatomy. Whether you’re a student who needs a study guide for the next test or a seasoned veteran who just wants a handy and practical reference, Clinical Anatomy For Dummies is just what the doctor ordered.

About This Book

If we tried to recreate an anatomical library, this book would weigh a ton and you’d have to buy a new bookshelf just for it. So in the interest of practicality, we give you just an overview of systemic anatomy before diving into the more popular regional approach. With each chapter we hit on the high points of clinical anatomy so you know exactly what’s important from a clinical perspective, complete and succinct. You don’t have to read this book from cover to cover (although we won’t mind if you do); you can look up only the information you need and set this book aside until you need it again.

Conventions Used in This Book

We know this book contains a lot of information. The following conventions are used throughout the book to make things consistent and easy to understand:

Important organs and structures (along with other new terms) are in italics.

Boldface highlights key words in bulleted lists.

Illustrations include callouts naming specific structures noted in the text.

What You’re Not to Read

We’ve written this book so you can find the information you need easily and quickly. All the chapters provide you with important information, but some sections offer greater detail or tidbits of clinical information that you can skip if you’d like. We encourage you to read this information along with the main text, but if you want to focus on the main points of the chapters, you can always come back to these items another time:

Sidebars: Sidebars are shaded boxes that give detailed examples or explore a tangent in more detail. Ignoring these boxes won’t compromise your understanding of the rest of the material.

Text marked with the Technical Stuff icon: Like sidebars, text highlighted with the Technical Stuff icon provides extra details on a given topic, but skipping these bits won’t affect your overall understanding.

The stuff on the copyright page: No kidding. You’ll find nothing here of interest unless you’re inexplicably enamored of legal language and Library of Congress numbers.

Foolish Assumptions

This book is for anyone who’s learning about clinical anatomy or brushing up on what they’ve learned in the past. In writing this book, we assume that you, the reader, fall into one or more of the following categories:

You’re a student of medicine or an allied health field and you’re looking for an easy-to-read study guide for a clinical anatomy course.

You’ve been out of school for a while and you want to keep your anatomical knowledge sharp.

You’re comfortable with anatomical terminology or have a large anatomy textbook (or two) on hand.

You’re an anatomy teacher who wants a more clinical perspective.

How This Book Is Organized

Clinical Anatomy For Dummies is divided into five parts that are packed with important information to hone your knowledge of clinical anatomy. We organized these parts so you can easily navigate through the book to find whatever topic you’re looking for. Here’s a quick look at what each part covers.

Part I: Beginning with Clinical Anatomy Basics

Part I starts out with an explanation of clinical anatomy and how it compares to other types of anatomical study. We also cover the vocabulary that anatomists use to describe movements and locations of structures. Part I also sorts out the body’s different anatomical systems.

Part II: Understanding the Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis

Part II focuses on the trunk, which is everything between the neck and the hips. Two chapters tell the story of the thorax — inside and out. Two more chapters cover the abdomen, and one final chapter gets into the very personal pelvic region.

Part III: Looking at the Head, Neck, and Back

Part III moves up and back to take a look at what’s going on in your head, neck, and back. Two chapters describe the structures found in and on the head, while another chapter pokes into the neck. Finally, we’ve got your back with a chapter on spinal anatomy.

Part IV: Moving to the Upper and Lower Extremities

Part IV is all about the upper extremities that swing and the lower extremities that do all the heavy lifting. Three chapters cover the shoulder, arm, wrist, and hand; then three more chapters detail the anatomy of the hip, leg, ankle, and foot.

Part V: The Part of Tens

The Part of Tens is designed to present lots of information in quick, easy-to-read segments. We offer two top-ten lists in this part, starting with our favorite mnemonics, or memory devices, for remembering anatomy. Then we give you ten ways to look into the body without cutting it open. Which, most patients would agree, is a good thing.

Icons Used in This Book

This book uses icons — small graphics in the margins — to help you quickly recognize especially important information in the text. Here are the icons we use and what they mean:

Any time you see this icon, you know the information that follows is so important that it’s worth reading more than once.

This icon provides interesting (yet nonessential) details on how a body part functions, or maybe how certain organs or structures work together.

This icon appears whenever an idea or example can help you understand how the structures being described are clinically relevant.

Where to Go from Here

For Dummies books are organized in such a way that you can surf through any of the chapters and find useful information without having to start at Chapter 1. We (naturally) encourage you to read the whole book, but this structure makes it very easy to start with the topics that interest you the most.

If you’re new to clinical anatomy, we suggest you turn to Chapter 2 so you can get a handle on the descriptive terms used for location and movement. If you want to brush up on your systems, you can start with Chapters 3 through 6. No matter where you go in Clinical Anatomy For Dummies, you’re sure to find out a lot!

Part I

Beginning with Clinical Anatomy Basics

In this part . . .

Clinical anatomy combines the best of regional and systemic anatomy, so before you dig into the details, you want to be sure you have a handle on a few basics. Part I introduces the terminology used in clinical anatomy and then moves on to a review of systemic anatomy, which is a look at the body as it’s arranged by certain physiological functions (such as respiration, digestion, and the like).

Chapter 1

Entering the World of Clinical Anatomy

In This Chapter

Looking at different types of anatomy

Arranging anatomy by systems and regions

You’re reading this book, so you’re probably embarking on a career in medicine and healthcare. That means you need to know how the human body works, and you also need to know how to find and examine the parts of the body. This chapter introduces you to the concept of clinical anatomy and how it compares with other ways to look at anatomy.

Studying the Body in Different Ways

Anatomy is the study of the tissues, organs, and other structures of the body, and it’s often combined with physiology, which describes how the body parts function. We present the info in this book from a clinical perspective, but the following sections describe multiple ways that people in medical fields study and discuss the body.