Crop Adaptation to Climate Change E-Book

Shyam Singh Yadav

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1659

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A major task of our time is to ensure adequate food supplies for the world's current population (now nearing 7 billion) in a sustainable way while protecting the vital functions and biological diversity of the global environment. The task of providing for a growing population is likely to be even more difficult in view of actual and potential changes in climatic conditions due to global warming, and as the population continues to grow. Current projections suggest that the world's temperatures will rise 1.8-4.0 by 2100 and population may reach 8 billion by the year 2025 and some 9 billion by mid-century, after which it may stabilize. This book addresses these critical issues by presenting the science needed not only to understand climate change effects on crops but also to adapt current agricultural systems, particularly in regard to genetics, to the changing conditions.

Crop Adaptation to Climate Change covers a spectrum of issues related to both crops and climatic conditions. The first two sections provide a foundation on the factors involved in climate stress, assessing current climate change by region and covering crop physiological responses to these changes. The third and final section contains chapters focused on specific crops and the current research to improve their genetic adaptation to climate change.

Written by an international team of authors, Crop Adaptation to Climate Change is a timely look at the potentially serious consequences of climate change for our global food supply, and is an essential resource for academics, researchers and professionals in the fields of crop science, agronomy, plant physiology and molecular biology; crop consultants and breeders; as well as climate and food scientists.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

List of Editors

About the Editors

Foreword by Daniel Hillel and Cynthia Rosenzweig

Foreword by M.S. Swaminathan

Foreword by Martin Parry

Foreword by Ahmed Djoghlaf

Foreword by Cary Fowler

Foreword by David K. Skelly

Foreword by Walter P. Falcon

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1.1: Climate Change, Population Growth, and Crop Production: An Overview

Introduction

Global scenarios on future greenhouse gas emissions and population growth

Climate impacts on crop productivity

Adaptation options in agriculture

Conclusions

Chapter 1.2: Downscaling Global Climatic Predictions to the Regional Level: A Case Study of Regional Effects of Climate Change on Wheat Crop Production in Victoria, Australia

Introduction

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 2: Agroecology: Implications for Plant Response to Climate Change

Introduction

Energy balance

Changing CO2 concentrations on plant growth

CO2–nutrient interactions

Water-use efficiency

Climate impacts on crop yields

Implications for agroecology

Chapter 3.1: Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Production in Latin America

Introduction: A background on agriculture in Latin America

Expected climate change in Latin America

Past impacts of climate on production

Looking toward the future

Conclusions

Chapter 3.2: Changing Climate in North America: Implications for Crops

Introduction

Climate change

Implications of climate change

Challenges

Chapter 3.3: Regional Impacts of Climate Change: Africa

Introduction

Climate change and agricultural production in Africa

Climate-dependent challenges

Perception of African farmers to climate change

Coping and adaptation strategies to climate variability and change

Conclusion

Recommendations

Chapter 3.4: Regional Climate Impacts on Agriculture in Europe

Agriculture in Europe

Present climate conditions for agriculture

Climate change impacts

A specific adaptation option: Crop insurance in Spain

Chapter 3.5: Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union

Introduction

Geography of agriculture

Climate change impacts and adaptations

Discussion

Chapter 3.6: Climate Change Impact in Agriculture: Vulnerability and Adaptation Concerns of Semiarid Tropics in Asia

Introduction

Climate change vulnerability in semiarid tropics of Asia

Climate change impacts in Asia

Adaptation to climate change

Conclusions

Future line of investigation

Chapter 3.7: Climate Change Impacts in Japan and Southeast Asia: Implications for Crop Adaptation

Introduction

Climatic change in Japan and Southeast Asia

Projected climate change impacts on crops

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 3.8: Regional Impacts: Australia

Introduction

Climate and climate change in Australian cropping regions

Grains, oilseeds, and legumes

Rice

Sugarcane

Viticulture

Fruits, nuts, and vegetables (excluding grapes)

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 4: Synthesis of Regional Impacts and Global Agricultural Adjustments

Introduction

Climate change predictions

Implications for crop production

Interventions to minimize climate change impacts

Other implications of climate change

Chapter 5.1: Impacts of High-Temperature Stress and Potential Opportunities for Breeding

Introduction

Effect of high temperature on yield and yield components

Interaction of high temperature with carbon dioxide

Effects of CO2 and temperature on C3 and C4 species

Traits of interest and breeding opportunities for high-temperature tolerance

Breeding for adaptation to increased temperature stress

Sources of genetic variation for heat tolerance

Acknowledgments

Chapter 5.2: Responses to Increased Moisture Stress and Extremes: Whole Plant Response to Drought under Climate Change

Introduction

Thermodynamic effects

Growth and development processes

Conclusion

Chapter 6: Plant Responses to Increased Carbon Dioxide

Introduction

Methods to investigate crop responses to CO2

Overview of plant growth response to e[CO2]

Regulation of photosynthetic response to e[CO2]

Interactions of e[CO2] with climate factors

Summary and future directions

Chapter 7: Genetics Options for Improving the Productivity of Wheat in Water-Limited and Temperature-Stressed Environments

Introduction

Traits that influence plant response to drought and high temperature

Sources of genetic variation for drought and heat tolerance

Combining genetic variation for drought and heat tolerance in applied wheat breeding

Managing plant breeding information to make better decisions: The importance of informatics

Integrating genetic improvement and conservation agriculture to increase productivity under stress

Conclusion

Chapter 8: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: Pea

Introduction

Research on climate change and pea

Genetic resources, gene pools, populations

Genetic manipulation

Chapter 9: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: Chickpea

Introduction

Climates of the chickpea growing regions

Future climate change impacts on chickpea

Adaptation of chickpea to climate change

Conclusions

Chapter 10: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: faba bean

Introduction

Genotype × environment interactions

Resistance to freezing and waterlogging

Resistance to drought, heat, and salinity

Adaptation to elevated carbon dioxide concentration in the air

Resistance to parasites and diseases

Interactions with beneficial organisms

Conclusion

Chapter 11: Adaptation of the Potato Crop to Changing Climates

Introduction

Expected climate change effects for potato areas

Potato responses to climate change effects—heat, drought, and cold stress

Potato biodiversity—sources for abiotic stress tolerance

Breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in potato

Conclusions

Chapter 12: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: Rice

Introduction

Direct effects of elevated CO2 concentration

High nighttime temperature

Interaction of CO2 concentration and temperature

Opportunities for genetic improvement for tolerance

Conclusion and outlook

Acknowledgments

Chapter 13: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: Maize

Introduction

Drought limits the capacity to produce and utilize photosynthate for reproductive growth

Molecular approaches to improve performance under drought

Optimizing root architecture and function for drought tolerance

Pipeline for analysis of candidate genes for drought tolerance

Temperature effects on maize growth and yield

Prospects for the near future

Chapter 14: Sorghum Genetic Enhancement for Climate Change Adaptation

Introduction

Climate change impacts on sorghum production

Predicted climate change effects on crop growth and yield in major sorghum growing areas

Disaggregated effects of predicted changes in temperatures and rainfall on sorghum yields

Characteristics of sorghum that help in coping with climate change

Climate change adaptation and genetic options

Redeployment of germplasm

Drought tolerance

Heat tolerance

Chapter 15: Breeding Cowpea for Future Climates

Introduction

Adaptation to elevated atmospheric [CO2]

Adaptation to global warming

Conclusions

Chapter 16: Genetic Improvement of Common Beans and the Challenges of Climate Change

Introduction

Crop evolution and context

Modeling approach and expected climatic changes

Climate data

Modeling approach

Interaction of climate change with specific constraints

Potential for crop improvement

Future perspectives

Acknowledgments

Chapter 17: Improving Soybean Cultivars for Adaptation to Climate Change and Climate Variability

Introduction

Elevated carbon dioxide and genetic improvement of soybean

Effects of elevated temperature on soybean reproductive processes and yield

Drought and genetic improvement of soybean

Conclusion and future challenges

Chapter 18: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: Vegetables

Global warming and vegetable productivity in the tropics

Genetic variability and development of heat tolerance in selected vegetables

Vegetable genetic resources and adaptation to global warming

Chapter 19: Adaptation of Cassava to Changing Climates

Introduction

Expected climatic changes and the cassava models

Abiotic stresses: expected effects

Biotic stresses: expected effects

Technical solutions

Chapter 20: Changing Climates: Effects on Growing Conditions for Banana and Plantain (Musa spp.) and Possible Responses

Introduction

Modeling approach

Climatic requirements for banana production and modeling of current climatic suitability for banana production

Future perspectives and adaptation measures

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 21: Genetic Adjustment to Changing Climates: Sugarcane

Introduction

Genetic background

Use of sugarcane for bioenergy

Traits for climate change

Conclusions

Chapter 22: Breeding Oilseed Brassica for Climate Change

Introduction

Quality changes during seed development

Effect of climate change on seed development

Effect of climate change on diseases and insects

Breeding for climate change

Conclusions and future directions

Chapter 23: The Genetic Envelope of Winegrape Vines: Potential for Adaptation to Future Climate Challenges

Introduction

Climate change impacts to the winegrape industry sector

Adaptation through accessing genetic diversity of winegrape varieties

Concluding remarks

Chapter 24: The Potential of Climate Change Adjustment in Crops: A Synthesis

Introduction

Crop options with climate change

Genetic diversity within crops for adaptation to climate change

Chapter 25: Crop Germplasm Diversity: The Role of Gene Bank Collections in Facilitating Adaptation to Climate Change

Climate Change and Agriculture

The breadth and completeness of germplasm collections

The integrity and security of collections

Facilitating use of gene bank collections by generating and making available information

Interdependence

Conclusions

Chapter 26: Underutilized Species and Climate Change: Current Status and Outlook

Introduction

Importance of underutilized species: a brief overview

Climate change and underutilized species: current studies and gaps in knowledge

Future opportunities and priorities for underutilized species under climate change

Conclusions

Chapter 27: Wild Relative and Transgenic Innovation for Enhancing Crop Adaptation to Warmer and Drier Climate

Introduction

The molecular mechanisms of drought and heat resistance

Drought and heat resistance in wild relatives of crop species

Genetic engineering of crops for adaptation to drought and heat stresses

Concluding remarks

Acknowledgment

Chapter 28: Energy Crops to Combat Climate Change

Introduction

Dedicated energy crops

Balancing food and biofuel production

Climate change and biofuels

Environmental impact of biofuels

Life cycle analysis

Economic sustainability of biofuels

Conclusions

Chapter 29: Research from the Past to the Future

Introduction

An overview of the history of crop improvement

Inspiring breakthroughs in plant science

Incremental advances in plant breeding—the hard slog

The potential of biotechnology

Ecosystem complexity—what it means for farm adaptation and plant breeding

Regional impacts of climate change on crop production

Conclusions for progress in plant science—future opportunities

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Crop adaptation to climate change / edited by Shyam S. Yadav … [et al.]. -- [1st ed.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8138-2016-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Crops and climate. 2. Crops--Adaptation. 3. Climatic changes. I. Yadav, S. S. (Shyam S.) S600.5.C76 2011 632′.1–dc23 2011013791

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Top right cover photo taken by Suvidya Yadav. In photo: Dr. Jens Berger (left), Ecophysiologist CSIRO, WA, Australia and Dr. Shyam S. Yadav (right) examining the Chickpea lines planted under the ACIAR-ICAR funded chickpea adaptation field trial at the Merredin Dryland Research Institute in Western Australia, Australia 2002.

List of Contributors

Elizabeth Alvarez International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Mike J. Ambrose John Innes Centre Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK

Ma Cynthia S. Bantilan International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Martin J. Barbetti School of Plant Biology and UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Crawley, W.A. 6009, Australia

Stephen Beebe International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Anthony C. Bellotti International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Craig Beverly Department of Primary Industries Rutherglen, Victoria 3685, Australia

Ranjana Bhattacharjee International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, PMB 5320, Nigeria

Matthew W. Blair International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Osana Bonilla-Findji International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Kenneth J. Boote University of Florida Agronomy Department Gainesville, FL 32611 United States of America

Maryse Bourgault CSIRO Plant Industry QBP, University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Juan M. Bueno International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Hernán Ceballos International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Sunita Choudhary International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Brendan Christy Department of Primary Industries Rutherglen, Victoria 3685, Australia

Peter R. Clingeleffer CSIRO Plant Industry Waite campus, P.O. Box 350 Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia

Clarice J. Coyne USDA Agricultural Research Service Plant Introduction Unit, 59 Johnson Hall Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6402 United States of America

Steven J. Crimp CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship GPO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

Jose I. Cubero Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, edificio C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain

Robert C. de la Peña Monsanto Company, Vegetable Seeds Division 06-08 New Tech Park, 151 Lorong Chuan, Singapore 556741

Nikolay Dronin School of Geography Moscow State University Moscow, Russia

Gérard Duc INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 102, Génétique et Ecophysiologie des Légumineuses à Graines, BP 86510, 21065 DIJON cédex, France

M. Ehsan Dulloo Bioversity International Maccarese (Rome), Italy

Andreas W. Ebert AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan

Daniele Evers CRP—Gabriel Lippmann 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg

Glenn Fitzgerald Department of Primary Industries Horsham, Victoria 3400, Australia

Bonnie J. Furman USDA Agricultural Research Service Arctic and Subarctic Plant Genetic Resources 533 E. Fireweed Avenue, Palmer, AK 99645 United States of AmericaAs of July 1, 2010: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico, DF MEXICO

Paul A. Gniffke AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan

Raymundo Gutierrez International Potato Center (CIP) Apartado 1558, La Molina, Lima 12, Peru

Anthony E. Hall Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92521-0124 United States of America

Peter Hanson AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan

Jerry L. Hatfield USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment 2110 University Blvd. Ames, IA 50011 United States of America

Toshihiro Hasegawa National Institute for Agro-environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan

Abu Wali R. Hassan Department of Agricultural Extension Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh

Vernon Heywood University of Reading Reading, UK

Mark S. Howden Chief Research Scientist Theme Leader, Adaptive Primary Industries and Enterprises CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship GPO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Honorary Professor: School of Land and Environment The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010, Australia

Danny Hunter Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese, Rome, Italy

Muhammad Imtiaz International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria

Geoff Inman-Bamber CSIRO Plant Industry, ATSIP James Cook University Townsville, Queensland, Australia CSIRO, Climate Adaptation Flagship GPO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

Phillip Jackson CSIRO Plant Industry ATSIP, James Cook University Townsville, Queensland, Australia

S.V. Krishna Jagadish International Rice Research Institute Manila, Philippines

Pasupuleti Janila International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abdullah A. Jaradat USDA-Agricultural Research Service, and Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics University of Minnesota, 803 Iowa Avenue, Morris, MN 56267 United States of America

Andy Jarvis International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Jana Kholova International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Andrei Kirilenko Department of Earth System Science and Policy University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 58202-9011 United States of America

Margaret Kneller Consultant, Bioversity International; John Cabot University Italy

Lakshman Krishnamurthy International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

A. Ashok Kumar International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Pasala Ratna Kumar International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Tanguy Lafarge CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France IRRI, CESD, Los Baños, The Philippines

Wolfgang Link Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen Von Siebold 8, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany

Hermann Lotze-Campen Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany

T. Mahmood Plant Breeding Institute The University of Sydney Cobbitty NSW 2570 Australia

Rajinder S. Malhotra International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria

Pascal Marget INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 102, Génétique et Ecophysiologie des Légumineuses à Graines, BP 86510, 21065 DIJON cédex, France

Rebecca J. McGee USDA Agricultural Research Service Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Unit 303 Johnson Hall, Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164-6434 United States of America

C. Lynne McIntyre CSIRO Plant Industry 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia Brisbane, Qld 4067, Australia

Rolf Meyer Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany

Carol A. Miles Washington State University, Northwest Research and Extension Center, 16650 State Route 536, Mount Vernon WA 98273 United States of America

Gloria Mosquera International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

R.M. Norton International Plant Nutrition Institute 54 Florence St, Horsham, Victoria 3400, Australia

Bonny R. Ntare International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics BP 320, Bamako, Mali

James Nuttall Department of Primary Industries, Rutherglen, Victoria 3685, Australia

Garry O’ Leary Department of Primary Industries Horsham, Victoria 3400, Australia

Emmanuel Otoo National Best Agriculture Research CSIR-CRI P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana

Stefano Padulosi Bioversity International Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy

Shaobing Peng Crop Physiology and Production Center (CPPC) College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Hubei 430070 P.R. China

Sivapuram V.R.K. Prabhakar Senior Policy Researcher Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan 240-0115

P.V. Vara Prasad Department of Agronomy Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 United States of America

Boddupalli M. Prasanna CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) CIMMYT-Kenya, ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041, Village Market, 00621 Nairobi, Kenya

John H. Prueger USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment 2110 University Blvd. Ames, IA 50011 United States of America

William P. Quick Animal and Plant Sciences The University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN, UK

Sampangiramireddy Ramesh University of Agricultural Sciences GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India

Julian Ramirez International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) School of Earth and Environment University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

Idupulapati M. Rao International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Robert J. Redden Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection Grains Innovation Park The Department of Primary Industries Private Bag 260, Horsham Victoria 3401, Australia

Belum V.S. Reddy International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. Raja Reddy Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State 39762 United States of America

Pulluru S. Reddy Directorate of Sorghum Research Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500036, Andhra Pradesh, India

Penny Riffkin Department of Primary Industries Hamilton, Victoria 3300, Australia

Phillip A. Salisbury Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia Department of Primary Industries Victoria VABC, 1 Park Drive, La Trobe R & D Park Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia

Roland Schafleitner International Potato Center (CIP)Current affiliation: AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199 Taiwan

Xavier Scheldeman Bioversity International Colombia

Mariah Scurrah International Potato Center (CIP) Apartado 1558, La Molina Lima 12, Peru

S. Seneweera Department of Agriculture and Food Systems Melbourne School of Land and Environment The University of Melbourne Private Bag 260, Horsham Victoria 3400, Australia

Ambrish K. Sharma Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Plant Physiology/Genetics New Delhi 110012, India

Naveen P. Singh International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Rishi P. Singh Birsa Agricultural University Directorate of Farm and Seed Production Ranchi 834006, Jharkhand, India

Laura K. Snook Bioversity International Maccarese, Rome, Italy

Charles Staver Bioversity International Parc Scientifique Agropolis II 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

Frederick L. Stoddard Department of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.

Rachael C. Symonds AVRDC—The World Vegetable Center P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan 74199, Taiwan

Médulline Terrier International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Ana M. Torres IFAPA, Centro Alameda de Obispo, Area de Mejora y Biotecnologia, Apdo. 3092, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain

R.M. Trethowan Plant Breeding Institute The University of Sydney Cobbitty NSW 2570 Australia

David Turner School of Plant Biology Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009, Australia

Neil C. Turner Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, M080, and UWA Institute of Agriculture The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

Stephen D. Tyerman School of Agriculture Food and Wine The University of Adelaide Waite Campus, Private Mail Bag 1 Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia

Inge Van den Bergh Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier Cedex 5, France

Vincent Vadez International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

Surinder K. Vasal CIMMYT, Mexico

Reiner Wassmann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology/ IMK-IFU Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

Leanne B. Webb Melbourne School of Land and Environment University of Melbourne C/- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research PMB 1, Aspendale, Victoria, 3195, Australia

Anna Weeks Department of Primary Industries Rutherglen, Victoria 3685, Australia

Mark E. Westgate Department of Agronomy Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011 United States of America

EC (Ted) Wolfe EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678 Australia

Gang-Ping Xue CSIRO Plant Industry, 306 Carmody Road St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4067, Australia

Shyam S. Yadav International Advisor in Agriculture—Capacity Development Civilian Technical Assistance Program, General Directorate of Programs, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Kabul, Afghanistan

Pius Z. Yanda Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35097, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Emmanuel Zapata International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) AA 6713, Km 17 recta Cali-Palmira, Cali, Colombia

Paul Zindy International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India

List of Editors

Shyam S. Yadav International Advisor in Agriculture---Capacity Development Civilian Technical Assistance Program, General Directorate of Programs, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Kabul, Afghanistan

Robert J. Redden Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection Grains Innovation Park Department of Primary Industries Private Bag 260 Horsham, VIC, 3401, Australia

Jerry L. Hatfield USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment 2110 University Blvd. Ames, IA 50011 United States of America

Hermann Lotze-Campen Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) P.O. Box 601203 14412 Potsdam, Germany

Anthony E. Hall Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92521-0124 United States of America

About the Editors

Shyam S. Yadav, PhD

Dr Shyam S. Yadav is an International Advisor—Capacity Development in Agriculture at Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, Government of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan. He received his PhD in Genetics & Plant Breeding from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. He started his professional career as Research Associate/Assistant Wheat Breeder with main responsibility to introgress the Mexican dwarf wheat varieties and tall Indian wheat varieties, to develop new high-yielding semidwarf cultivars in wheat breeding program at Division of Genetics, IARI, New Delhi, India, from 1969–1974. He then worked as an agriculture specialist with the Government of Iraq from 1974 to 1979 to assist in the development and dissemination of crop production and management technology program. On returning back to India in 1979, Dr Yadav joined the Chickpea Breeding Program at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, with the responsibility of developing and focusing the program on wide hybridization and introgression in chickpea to develop high-yielding, widely adapted, multiple resistant and quality cultivars.

Under his leadership, the chickpea breeding team developed excellent material of both Kabuli and desi types. As a Program Leader of chickpea breeding team at IARI, he was successful in developing and releasing more than 20 high-yielding, widely adapted commercial chickpea varieties for different planting environments of India from 1988–2006. Some of India's pioneering and foremost chickpea varieties, namely, Pusa kabuli 1053, 1088, 1108, 2024, and Pusa Desi 362, 372, and 1103 were developed and released by him. Simultaneously, he also developed many unique germplasm lines that are being used in various national crop improvement programs by various chickpea breeders nationally and internationally. Dr Yadav has also guided many postgraduates students in the discipline of plant breeding on breeding approaches, methodologies, and techniques from 1990 to 2008. Dr Yadav served as Principal Investigator for various national and international research projects with Indian, Australian, and American research organizations during 1998–2006.

In 2002, he worked as International Legumes Consultant with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations in Myanmar. In 2007, he worked as International Technical Expert on standardization of quality products of fruit and vegetable crops for international marketing with United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Saana, Yemen. Later on in the same year of 2007, he was employed as Chief Scientist by Krishidhan Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Maharashtra, India. Then in 2008, he was employed as Chief Scientist and later on as Program Leader of Rice & Grains Program at National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea. Thus, Dr Yadav has a wide working experience as an agriculture scientist, consultant, and expert in different countries across the continents ranging from Australia, United States, Asia, and the Pacific Region.

His primary interest of research has been focused on plant breeding, development of integrated crop production and management technologies and their dissemination at village levels in diversified ecologies, mentoring and coaching of graduate and post graduate students, agricultural personnel, NGOs, and different stakeholders. In his current position, Dr Yadav is responsible for capacity development in the agricultural sector on issues of infrastructure development, administration and management of project planning, management and implementation related issues, and development and dissemination of production technologies. He is also responsible for training of agricultural workers on various technological aspects, which include scientists, extensionists, trainers, farmers, and stakeholders under conflicting environments.

He has published more than 125 research articles in various national and international journals. He is a Fellow of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, and The Linnean Society of London, UK. The current book on Crop Adaptation to Climate Change is Dr Yadav's fourth book as Chief Editor; prior to this he has edited Chickpea Breeding and Management, CABI, UK, 2007;  Lentils: An Ancient Crop of Modern Times, Springer, The Netherlands, 2007; and Climate Change and Management of Cool Season Grain Legume Crops, Springer, The Netherlands, 2010.

Robert J. Redden, PhD

Dr Robert J. Redden completed a PhD in plant breeding and genetics at Cornell University, United States, in 1972. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the CIMMYT wheat breeding program from 1972 to 1974 with responsibility for introgression of spring wheat traits into winter wheat. He was a wheat specialist with IITA Nigeria 1975–1977 to assist with introduction of Mexican wheat into the national wheat program. Dr Redden transferred to the grain legume program at IITA headquarters in Ibadan for the period 1977–1981 with responsibility for the international cowpea breeding program.

Dr Redden was a breeder of Phaseolus for grain in Australia 1982–2000, mainly for small white “navy beans” and also lima and adzuki beans.

From 2001 to present, Dr Redden has been curator of the Australian Temperate Field Crops Collection, with responsibilities for cool season legume germplasm of pea, lentil, chickpea, faba bean and vetch, and for Brassica oilseeds.

Dr Redden has been an author for over 50 refereed articles over topics from biometrics, genetics, plant breeding, entomology, plant pathology, food science, and genetic resources. He has been a coeditor with Dr Yadav for publication of books on Chickpea Management and on Climate Change effects on Cool Season Grain Legumes, and has contributed chapters to books on lentil and on Genetic Resources of Grain Legumes.

Dr Redden has been a guest speaker at legume/climate change workshops with CIAT in both Tanzania and Cali.

In 2008, Dr Redden received the Yunnan Friendship Award for his leadership of two ACIAR legume projects with China.

Jerry L. Hatfield, PhD

Dr Jerry L. Hatfield is the Laboratory Director of the USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment in Ames, Iowa. He received his PhD from Iowa State University in 1975 in the area of Agricultural Climatology and Statistics, an MS in Agronomy from the University of Kentucky in 1972, and BS from Kansas State University in Agronomy in 1971. He served on the faculty of the University of California-Davis as a biometeorologist from 1975 through 1983 and then joined USDA-Agricultural Research Service in Lubbock, Texas, as the Research Leader of the Plant Stress and Water Conservation Research Unit from 1983 through 1989. He was appointed Laboratory Director of the National Soil Tilth Laboratory in 1989 that was renamed to the National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment in 2009. His personal research focuses on quantifying the interactions among the components of the soil–plant–atmosphere system to quantify resilience of cropping systems to climate change. He is the lead author on the Agriculture section of the Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.3 on “The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture, Land Resources, Water Resources, and Biodiversity” a member of the IPCC process that received the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, and contributing author on “Agriculture” for the State of the Knowledge Report on “Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States and Lead Author on an IPCC Special report on the Effects of Climate Extremes. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America and Past-President of the American Society of Agronomy. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the USDA Superior Service Award in 1997, the Arthur S. Flemming award for Outstanding Service to the Federal Government in 1997 along with the Distinguished Service Award, Kansas State University in 2002. He is the author or coauthor of 377 refereed publications and the editor of 13 monographs.

Hermann Lotze-Campen, PhD

Dr Hermann Lotze-Campen studied Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Economics in Kiel (Germany), Reading (United Kingdom), and Minnesota (United States). He holds a PhD in Agricultural Economics from Humboldt University, Berlin. In a previous position at Astrium/InfoTerra, a European space company, he has developed applications of satellite remote sensing information for agricultural statistics and large-scale modeling, precision farming, and forestry. At the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Dr Lotze-Campen is leading a research group on the interactions between climate change, agriculture and food production, land and water use, and adaptation options through biomass energy production and technological change.

Anthony E. Hall, PhD

Dr Anthony E. Hall is a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Riverside. He received his PhD from the University of California, Davis, in 1970. He had a joint appointment as a professor at the University of California, Riverside, and a Crop Ecologist in the California Agricultural Experiment Station from 1971 to 2003. His research involved enhancing agriculture in California and semiarid zones of Africa by developing improved crop varieties and management methods for irrigated and rain-fed production. He led a program that bred five varieties of cowpeas that are being grown in several African countries and have heat tolerance, drought adaptation, and resistance to various pests, and diseases. He collaborated in breeding two cowpea varieties for California that have heat tolerance and resistance to various pests and diseases. He authored the chapter in the Web site www.plantstress.com that reviews breeding for heat tolerance. He is the lead author of the review of Crop Breeding Strategies for the 21st Century in the book on Climate Change and Global Crop Productivity that was published in 2000. He is a Fellow of the Crop Science Society of America and the American Society of Agronomy. In 2000, he received the USAID/BIFAD Chair's Award for Scientific Excellence “For outstanding research on plant responses to environmental stresses and plant breeding, and advising and collaborating with African scientists; thus contributing significantly to the development and extension of cowpea varieties that have provided millions of poor people with more food.” In 2001, he received the USDA Secretary's Honor Award. He is the author or coauthor of 115 refereed journal articles and 44 monographs. He has served as an editor for the journals Irrigation Science, Crop Science and Field Crops Research, and for four scientific books. He is the author of the book Crop Responses to Environment that was published in 2001.

Foreword

Daniel Hillel and Cynthia Rosenzweig

A major task of our time is to ensure adequate food supplies for the world's current population (now nearing 7 billion) in a sustainable way while protecting the vital functions and biological diversity of the global environment. The task of providing for a growing population is likely to be even more difficult in view of actual and potential changes in climatic conditions due to global warming, and as the population continues to grow. Current projections suggest that the world's temperatures will rise 1.8–4.0°C by 2100 and population may reach 8 billion by the year 2025 and some 9 billion by mid-century, after which it may stabilize. This book addresses these critical issues by presenting the science needed not only to understand climate change effects on crops but also to adapt current agricultural systems, particularly in regard to genetics, to the changing conditions.

The natural “greenhouse effect” makes the temperature regime of some regions more hospitable to life forms than it would be otherwise. However, the progressive rise in concentrations of some atmospheric gases due to human activity (starting with the Industrial Revolution and accelerating during the most recent decades) poses the danger of excessive global warming. That rise is due mainly to combustion of fossil fuels (especially coal and petroleum), to clearing (often burning) of natural vegetation, and to enhanced decomposition of organic matter in cultivated soils. The primary culprit gases emitted are CO2, CH4, and N2O. The accumulation of CO2 has changed from the preindustrial value of 280 parts per million (ppm) to a level approaching 400 ppm—indeed a 40% rise!

Unless the emissions of greenhouse gases are curbed significantly, their concentrations will continue to rise, leading to changes in temperature and precipitation and other climate variables that will undoubtedly affect agriculture around the world. Changes in temperature to date have already begun to affect crops and farmers, with earlier spring growing seasons in Europe and North America, for example. These effects are projected to increase as climate continues to change.

Even though long-term projections suggest that temperatures will increase gradually, potential changes in climate variability—for instance, variations in the patterns of temperature and rainfall—can have profound impacts on food security. In near-term decades, higher CO2 may provide some benefits to plant growth and water use, but these are likely to be offset by negative effects of rising temperatures and altered rainfall in the later decades of this century. Such impacts and their interactions will have region-specific and global effects on agricultural systems. The chapters in this book contribute to the understanding of the impacts of climate change variables and their progressive interactions that is critical to developing agricultural systems that will enhance productivity even in a changing climate.

The chapters included in this book are dedicated to the task of assessing the vulnerability of agriculture and adapting it to changing climatic conditions in the major agricultural regions of the world. Since the greater part of the projected population growth is expected take place in the less developed countries of Africa, as well as in parts of Asia and South America, and since climate change impacts are also projected to be more severe in low-latitude zones where many of the less-developed regions lie, the regional coverage of the volume provides much-needed information. An important criterion in future agriculture will be the selection of crops best adapted to the changing conditions, and their optimal management on a sustainable basis, in the diverse conditions in which agriculture is practiced.

As climate changes and populations continue to grow, production of food must increase by a commensurate amount just to maintain present nutritional levels, and by more than that if the diet in currently deficient regions is to be improved. The necessary improvement is not merely quantitative (i.e., measured in per capita consumption of calories, generally derived from starchy grain, tuber, or root crops). It should be qualitative as well (i.e., based on higher nutritional standards, likely to include the greater consumption of animal-derived protein). Advanced crop breeding that enhances genetics, environment, and management interactions as well as nutrition, as described in this book, is critical to developing the crop varieties needed to satisfy these multiple requirements.

Thus, the agricultural sector faces the significant challenge of increasing production to provide food security for the projected human population of 9 billion by mid-century, while protecting the environment and the functioning of its ecosystems. Therefore, scientists need to develop practices to mitigate climate change and adapt agriculture to the portending changes (to the extent that they cannot be avoided), so as to ensure adequate and nutritious production, along with protection of natural resources. The chapters in this book contribute to these crucial tasks.

Dr. Daniel Hillel Senior Research Scientist NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies Columbia University 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA

Dr. Cynthia Rosenzweig Senior Research Scientist NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies Columbia University 2880 Broadway, New York, NY 10025, USA

Foreword

M.S. Swaminathan

It is now widely accepted that climate change will be one of the greatest threats to sustainable food security. For example in India, even a 1°C rise in mean temperature will result in the loss of about 7 million tons of wheat. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could be the regions that are worst affected by global warming. There is already an unacceptable prevalence of malnutrition, with FAO estimating that nearly 1 billion children, women, and men go to bed hungry every night. It is in this context that the present book by Dr Shyam S. Yadav and his colleagues is a very timely one.

Methods of mitigation and adaptation will have to .be standardized for every agroecological region. Agriculture can make a major contribution to mitigation through enhanced carbon sequestration and the building of soil carbon banks. Adaptation measures will vary according to the climatic characteristics of different ecosystems.

Therefore, it will be prudent to establish a Climate Risk Management Research and Extention Center in each agroclimatic zone. Such centers could develop drought, flood, and good weather codes in order to enable the local population to maximize the benefits of normal weather and minimize the adverse impact of unfavorable changes in temperature, precipitation, and sea level. Drought, flood, and good weather codes will have to be developed for each area indicating the steps we should take to minimize damage and maximize benefits.

Fundamental changes will be needed in breeding strategies. Both anticipatory and participatory research will have to receive much greater attention. Prebreeding centers that will help to develop novel genetic combinations for tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses have to be established. Such prebreeding centers could take up participatory breeding work with farm families in order to combine genetic efficiency with genetic diversity.

Seawater farming is another area that needs attention since seawater constitutes nearly 97% of global water resources. An efficient method of converting seawater into freshwater is through the medium of halophytes. At MSSRF, Chennai, India, a Genetic Garden of Halophytes is being developed. Scientists of MSSRF have also transferred genes for seawater tolerance and for drought resistance from the mangrove Aviccinia marina and the fast growing and drought-tolerant shrub Prosopis juliflora. There are uncommon opportunities now for transferring genes across sexual barriers. In crops like wheat, which are sensitive to night temperature, we should shift the emphasis in breeding from per-crop to per-day productivity.

The book Crop Adaptation to Climate Change contains an extensive range of valuable papers. They will provide a road map for shaping our agricultural future in an era of climate change. I congratulate and thank Dr Shyam S. Yadav, Robert J. Redden, Jerry Hatfield, Hermann Lotze-Campen, and Anthony E. Hall for this timely contribution. I hope it will be read widely by all interested in promoting climate-resilient farming methods.

M.S. Swaminathan Father of the Green Revolution in India World Food Prize Laureate Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) Chairman, M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation Third Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area Chennai - 600 113, India