Dog Breeding, Whelping and Puppy Care E-Book

Gary England

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 490

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

A practical and up-to-date guide to canine reproduction for dog breeders, veterinary students and veterinary surgeons. Written in an easy-to-use style and presented in a practically useful format with clear illustrations.  The information is supported by references from the author’s published work and his wealth of clinical experience to form the important authoritative text in this field.  A vital aid to those seeking an understanding of normal and abnormal reproduction as well as common reproductive techniques.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Section 1: Breeding, Reproduction and Care of the Normal Animal

1 Care of the Juvenile, Genetics and Planning of Breeding

1.1 BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT

1.2 HEALTH CARE

1.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

1.4 ONSET OF PUBERTY

1.5 SELECTION OF ANIMALS FOR BREEDING

1.6 BASIC GENETICS

1.7 BREEDING SCHEMES

1.8 FIT TO BREED

1.9 BREEDING AT THE FIRST (PUBERTAL) OESTRUS

2 Anatomy of the Female

2.1 VULVA

2.2 VESTIBULE

2.3 VESTIBULO-VAGINAL JUNCTION

2.4 VAGINA

2.5 CERVIX UTERI

2.6 UTERUS

2.7 UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBES

2.8 OVARIES

2.9 MESENTERY

2.10 BLOOD SUPPLY

2.11 MAMMARY GLAND

3 Physiology of the Female

3.1 TERMINOLOGY

3.2 PRE-PUBERTY

3.3 PRO-OESTRUS

3.4 OESTRUS

3.5 METOESTRUS (DIOESTRUS)

3.6 ANOESTRUS

3.7 FALSE PREGNANCY

4 Endocrinology of the Female

4.1 GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH, RARELY TERMED LHRH)

4.2 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

4.3 LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

4.4 OESTROGENS

4.5 PROGESTERONE

4.6 PROLACTIN

4.7 ANDROGENS

4.8 PROSTAGLANDINS

5 Clinical Examination of the Female

5.1 BASIC EXAMINATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

5.2 ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED

5.3 VISUAL EXAMINATION OF THE PERINEUM

5.4 PALPATION OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS

5.5 VAGINAL EXAMINATION

5.6 DIGITAL EXAMINATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

5.7 ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

5.8 ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

5.9 MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA HORMONES

5.10 BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

5.11 CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SUSPECTED PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL

5.12 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STIMULATION TESTS

5.13 LAPAROSCOPY AND LAPAROTOMY

5.14 KARYOTYPING

6 Anatomy of the Male

6.1 PREPUCE (SHEATH)

6.2 PENIS

6.3 TESTES

6.4 EPIDIDYMIS

6.5 DUCTUS DEFERENS (VAS DEFERENS)

6.6 SPERMATIC CORD

6.7 INGUINAL CANAL

6.8 PROSTATE GLAND

6.9 URETHRA

7 Physiology of the Male

7.1 SPERMATOGENESIS

7.2 TEMPERATURE CONTROL

7.3 SPERMATOZOAL TRANSPORT

7.4 PROSTATE GLAND

7.5 ERECTION

7.6 EJACULATION

7.7 SPERM TRANSPORT IN THE BITCH

8 Endocrinology of the Male

8.1 GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)

8.2 FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)

8.3 LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) (ALSO CALLED INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE (ICSH))

8.4 ANDROGENS (TESTOSTERONE AND DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE)

8.5 INHIBIN

8.6 ACTIVINS AND INHIBINS

9 Normal Mating

9.1 PLANNING THE MATING

9.2 TIMING

9.3 PREPARATION FOR MATING

9.4 NORMAL COITAL BEHAVIOUR

9.5 FACTORS PREVENTING NORMAL MATING

9.6 CERTIFICATE OF MATING

10 Clinical Examination of the Male

10.1 BASIC EXAMINATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

10.2 ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES THAT MAY BE CONSIDERED

10.3 VISUAL EXAMINATION OF THE PENIS AND PREPUCE

10.4 PALPATION OF THE SCROTAL CONTENTS

10.5 SEMEN COLLECTION AND EVALUATION

10.6 MEASUREMENT OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE CONCENTRATIONS

10.7 ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

10.8 MEASUREMENT OF PLASMA HORMONES

10.9 OBSERVATION OF MATING BEHAVIOUR

10.10 BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

10.11 TESTICULAR BIOPSY

10.12 TESTICULAR FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION

10.13 PROSTATIC BIOPSY

10.14 PROSTATIC MASSAGE/URETHRAL FLUSHING

10.15 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL STIMULATION TESTS

10.16 KARYOTYPING

11 Fertilization and the Optimal Breeding Time

11.1 MATING TIME AND FERTILIZATION TIME

11.2 REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

11.3 ASSESSING THE OPTIMAL TIME FOR MATING

12 Pregnancy and Lactation

12.1 PREGNANCY LENGTH

12.2 ENDOCRINE CHANGES IN BLOOD

12.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTUS

12.4 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLACENTA

12.5 OTHER CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

12.6 PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND EJECTION OF MILK

13 Pregnancy Diagnosis

13.1 ABSENCE OF A RETURN TO OESTRUS

13.2 BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES

13.3 PHYSICAL CHANGES

13.4 ABDOMINAL PALPATION

13.5 IDENTIFICATION OF FETAL HEART BEATS

13.6 RADIOGRAPHY

13.7 ENDOCRINOLOGICAL TESTS

13.8 ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS

13.9 ULTRASOUND EXAMINATION

14 Normal Whelping

14.1 ENDOCRINE CONTROL

14.2 PREPARATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

14.3 EQUIPMENT

14.4 PREPARATION OF THE BITCH

14.5 THE ‘OVERDUE’ BITCH

14.6 FIRST STAGE PARTURITION

14.7 SECOND STAGE PARTURITION

14.8 THIRD STAGE PARTURITION

14.9 INDUCTION OF PARTURITION

14.10 CARE OF THE BITCH AFTER PARTURITION

15 Care of Neonatal Puppies

15.1 PHYSIOLOGY AND HUSBANDRY

15.2 BEHAVIOUR

15.3 APPEARANCE OF THE NORMAL HEALTHY NEONATAL PUP

15.4 CARE OF NEONATES AFTER PARTURITION

Section 2: Abnormalities of Reproduction and the Perinatal Period

16 Abnormalities of the Female

16.1 VULVA

16.2 VESTIBULE

16.3 VAGINA

16.4 CERVIX

16.5 UTERUS

16.6 UTERINE TUBES

16.7 OVARIES

16.8 MAMMARY GLAND

16.9 URETHRA

17 Abnormalities of the Male

17.1 PREPUCE (SHEATH)

17.2 PENIS

17.3 TESTES

17.4 EPIDIDYMIDES

17.5 VASA DEFERENTIA

17.6 URETHRA

17.7 PROSTATE GLAND

17.8 SCROTUM

17.9 MAMMARY GLAND

18 Intersex Animals

18.1 DEFINITIONS

18.2 AETIOLOGY

18.3 CLINICAL SIGNS

18.4 EXTERNAL PHYSICAL SIGNS

18.5 INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

18.6 TREATMENT

19 Abnormal Female Physiology and Endocrinology

19.1 DELAYED PUBERTY (PRIMARY ANOESTRUS)

19.2 PROLONGED FIRST PRO-OESTRUS

19.3 PROLONGED PRO-OESTRUS OR OESTRUS

19.4 SHORT INTER-OESTROUS PERIODS (OVULATION FAILURE)

19.5 PROLONGED ANOESTRUS (SECONDARY ANOESTRUS)

19.6 UNPREDICTABLE OVULATION TIME

19.7 SILENT OESTRUS

19.8 PSEUDOPREGNANCY

19.9 THYROID DEFICIENCY

19.10 OTHER HORMONAL ABNORMALITIES

20 Abnormal Male Physiology and Endocrinology

20.1 HYPOGONADISM

20.2 POOR LIBIDO

20.3 ABSENCE OF SPERMATOGENESIS

20.4 OTHER CAUSES OF ABNORMAL SPERMATOGENESIS

20.5 IMPAIRED SPERMATOZOAL TRANSPORT

20.6 IMPOTENCE (INABILITY TO COPULATE)

20.7 ATTRACTIVENESS TO OTHER MALE DOGS

21 Abnormal Pregnancy

21.1 FERTILIZATION FAILURE

21.2 EARLY EMBRYONIC DEATH

21.3 RESORPTION

21.4 UTERINE BODY PREGNANCY

21.5 ABORTION

21.6 FETAL ABNORMALITIES

21.7 METROCOELE

21.8 UTERINE RUPTURE

21.9 LOSS OF FETAL FLUID

21.10 PREGNANCY DIABETES

21.11 HYPOGLYCAEMIA

22 Abnormal Parturition and Problems After Whelping

22.1 CLASSIFICATION OF DYSTOCIA

22.2 THE ‘OVERDUE’ BITCH

22.3 BLACK/GREEN DISCHARGE WITH NO SIGNS OF PARTURITION

22.4 NERVOUS INHIBITION OF PARTURITION

22.5 INEFFECTUAL STRAINING FOR OVER 1 HOUR

22.6 BITCH HAD SEVERAL PUPPIES BUT RESTLESS OR LARGER LITTER EXPECTED

22.7 OXYTOCIN TREATMENT

22.8 OBSTETRICAL MANIPULATION

22.9 UTERINE RUPTURE

22.10 UTERINE TORSION

22.11 RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES

22.12 POST-PARTUM METRITIS

22.13 POST-PARTUM HAEMORRHAGE

22.14 SUBINVOLUTION OF PLACENTAL SITES

22.15 HYPOCALCAEMIA (PUERPERAL TETANY OR ECLAMPSIA)

22.16 CANNIBALISM

22.17 PROLAPSED UTERUS

22.18 FAILURE OF MILK LET-DOWN

22.19 AGALACTIA

22.20 MASTITIS

22.21 GALACTOSTASIS

23 Care of the Sick Neonate

23.1 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS

23.2 SIGNS THAT THE NEONATE MAY BE SICK

23.3 TREATING A SICK PUP WITH MINOR SIGNS OF DISEASE

23.4 TREATING A SICK PUP WITH SERIOUS SIGNS OF DISEASE

23.5 CAUSES OF DEATH IN NEONATES

23.6 COMMON CAUSES OF ILLNESS IN NEONATES

24 Approach to Infertility Cases

24.1 DEFINITIONS

24.2 EXPECTATIONS OF FERTILITY

24.3 THE INFERTILE BITCH

24.4 TREATMENT OF INFERTILITY IN THE BITCH

24.5 THE INFERTILE DOG

24.6 TREATMENT OF INFERTILITY IN THE DOG

24.7 INFERTILITY IN KENNELS

24.8 WHY DO WE KNOW SO LITTLE ABOUT INFERTILITY IN DOGS?

Section 3: Control of Reproduction and Reproductive Technologies

25 Hormonal Contraception

25.1 ADVANTAGES OF PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF OESTRUS

25.2 DISADVANTAGES OF PREVENTION AND SUPPRESSION OF OESTRUS

25.3 SUPPRESSION OF A PRO-OESTRUS THAT HAS ALREADY STARTED

25.4 PREVENTION OF AN EXPECTED PRO-OESTRUS/OESTRUS

25.5 PREVENTION OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR FOR EXTENDED PERIODS OF TIME

25.6 FUTURE METHODS OF PREVENTING OESTRUS

25.7 UNWANTED MATING

25.8 HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION IN DOGS

26 Surgical Neutering

26.1 OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY OF THE BITCH

26.2 OVARIECTOMY OF THE BITCH

26.3 ORCHIDECTOMY (CASTRATION) OF THE DOG

26.4 VASECTOMY

27 Pharmacological Control of Reproduction

27.1 PROGESTOGENS

27.2 OESTROGENS

27.3 ANDROGENS

27.4 GONADOTROPHINS

27.5 GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) AGONISTS

27.6 GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) ANTAGONISTS

27.7 PROSTAGLANDINS

27.8 PROGESTERONE ANTAGONISTS

27.9 PROLACTIN INHIBITORS

27.10 OXYTOCIN AND ERGOT PREPARATIONS

27.11 SYNTHETIC ANTI-ANDROGENS

28 Reproductive Biotechnology

28.1 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

28.2 ENHANCING FERTILITY IN MALES AND FEMALES WITH REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DISEASE

28.3 HARVESTING GONADAL TISSUE

28.4 CLONING

Index

This edition first published 2013

© 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

England, Gary C. W.

 Dog breeding, whelping and puppy care / Gary C.W. England.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-67313-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Dogs–Breeding. 2. Dogs–Reproduction. 3. Veterinary obstetrics. I. Title.

 SF427.2.E54 2013

 636.7'0887–dc23

2012022786

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover images: background – iStockphoto/© Trevor Reeves; puppies nursing – iStockphoto/© Nikola Miljkovic; canine sperm – courtesy of Gary England

Cover design by Mark Lee (www.hisandhersdesign.co.uk)

Preface

My endeavour throughout the writing of this book has been to provide a clear and practical guide that is clinically useful for the breeder, veterinary student and veterinary surgeon. I have tried to maintain an easy-to-read style with illustrations that are relevant and explain the subject area and aid understanding of normal and abnormal reproduction as well as common reproductive techniques.

Much of my clinical and research work over the last 25 years has been in the field of canine reproduction and this book represents my view of the subject area. At the suggestion of colleagues the text is written as a monograph and is referenced using my own peer-reviewed publications which demonstrate the impact of my contribution to the field. I hope that my interest and explanations will inspire further study in this exciting discipline.

The work involved in this book is a tribute to the late Dr W.E. Allen, my teacher and friend.

Gary C.W. England

Section 1Breeding, Reproduction and Care of the Normal Animal

1

Care of the Juvenile, Genetics and Planning of Breeding

Puppies are most commonly weaned from their dam at approximately 6 weeks of age and will then be placed into a new home.

the exact time of homing will depend upon the opinion of the breeder and the availability of a new home; early placement at 6 weeks has many advantages relating to behavioural development of the pup, but attention needs to be paid to health care and preventative treatments

whilst pups may arrive in a new home ‘fully weaned’, there are substantial physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract which are not complete until several months of age; these put the pup at risk of gastrointestinal upset following minor dietary change

1.1 BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT

there are several important phases of behavioural development, including (1) the neonatal period, (2) the transitional period, and (3) the socialization period (

Figure 1.1

)

on arrival at a new home, pups will have passed through the neonatal and transitional periods (these are discussed later in 15.2) and will be within the socialization period which is probably one of the most important phases of its life

Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of attraction and fear scores for pups demonstrating the ‘critical period’ in relation to the neonatal, transitional and socialization periods.

Socialization Period

this period classically starts at 3–4 weeks of age and is complete at approximately 12 weeks

during this time pups should be learning to live as part of the pack (or household)

the period starts with a general acceptance by the pup that anything experienced is not harmful, therefore the pup will not be frightened by exposure to something new; in the wild exposure to new things at an early age would be regulated by the dam and therefore can be considered safe

the period ends with the pup responding to new stimuli with a fear response; in the wild as the pup roams from the nest it is more likely to meet hostile situations and these things should first be treated as dangerous

as the pup moves through the socialization period it starts to learn what is safe, what is dangerous and how to interact with others in the social hierarchy

a ‘critical period’ between 5 and 7 weeks of age has been identified and this is the time when the pup should be exposed to as many stimuli as possible so that the pup will accept these as normal and will not be fearful of them

for appropriate socialization of the pup into the human household it is imperative that the new owner recognizes the importance of the socialization period and provides a rich, stimulating and social environment:

(a) early exposure of pups to new environments, people, noises, stimuli etc will be accepted as non-threatening and will normally result in a life-long benefit. As examples pups who have their ears cleaned and examined at 4 weeks of age are likely to accept this as a normal event; pups that are exposed to a vacuum cleaner will accept it as not threatening